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- The Roman Imperial cult identified emperors and some members of their families with the divinely sanctioned, charismatic authority of the Roman State. The framework for Imperial cult was formulated during the early Principate of Augustus, and was rapidly established throughout the Empire and its provinces, with marked local variations in its reception and expression. The institution of the Augustan principate marked Rome's transition from a Republican system of government to a de facto monarchy couched in traditional Republican forms. The princeps (later known as Emperor) was expected to balance the interests of the Roman military, senate and people and maintain peace, security and prosperity throughout an ethnically diverse empire. The official offer of cult to a living emperor acknowledged his office and rule as divinely approved and constitutional: his principate should therefore demonstrate pious respect for traditional Republican deities and mores. A deceased Emperor held worthy by the senate could be voted a state divus (pl divi) (divinity) by an act of apotheosis. The granting of apotheosis therefore served religious, political and moral judgment on Imperial rulers and allowed living Emperors to associate themselves with a well regarded lineage of Imperial divi from which unpopular or unworthy predecessors were excluded. This proved a useful instrument to Vespasian in his establishment of the Flavian imperial dynasty following the death of Nero and civil war, and to Septimius in his consolidation of the Severan dynasty after the assassination of Commodus. In the development of Imperial rule from principate to Dominate, the role of the senate was increasingly marginalised and military loyalty became the key to Imperial authority. The Imperial cult was inseparable from that of Rome's official deities, whose cult was essential to Rome's survival and whose neglect was therefore treasonous. Traditional cult was a focus of Imperial revivalist legislation under Decius and Diocletian. Christian apologists and martyrologists identified cult to Emperors as a particularly offensive instrument of "pagan" impiety and persecution. It therefore became a focus of theological and political debate during the ascendancy of Christianity under Constantine I. The emperor Julian failed to reverse the declining support for Rome's official religious practises: Theodosius I adopted Christianity as Rome's State religion. Rome's traditional gods and "Imperial cult" were officially abandoned. However, many of the rites, practices and status distinctions that characterised the cult to emperors were perpetuated in the Christian theology and politics of Empire. The Roman imperial cult is sometimes considered a deviation from Rome's traditional Republican values, a religiously insincere cult of personality which served Imperial propaganda. Many modern historians disagree with this interpretation, and regard the Imperial cult as a well-integrated unifying feature of the Principate. Its ritual, organisational and ideological frameworks can be found as distinctive features of later institutions, especially those of Western monarchies, Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox Churches.
- Der Kaiserkult war eine kultische Verehrung der Kaiser des Römischen Reichs. Man brachte den toten oder lebenden Herrschern Opfer dar, betete ihr Bildnis an und machte sie dadurch zu einem Gottkönig.
- El culto imperial en la Antigua Roma era la veneración de unos pocos emperadores elegidos como dioses una vez que fallecieron; el único emperador que se declaró a si mismo dios mientras aún vivía fue Domiciano lo que causó escándalo. Hacer que ciertos emperadores fallecidos se convirtieran en dioses se convirtió en un elemento prominente de la religión en el Imperio Romano durante el Principado, hasta el punto de que algunos parientes de emperadores fueron también deificados (con la palabra Divus precediendo a sus nombres, o Diva si eran femeninos). El culto pronto se divulgó por toda la extensión del Imperio. Sólo se abandonó en el Dominado, después de que el emperador Constantino I comenzara a apoyar el cristianismo. La apoteosis de un emperador era un acto esencialmente político interpretado por el sucesor del emperador muerto para reforzar la majestad del oficio imperial y, a menudo bastante efectivamente, para asociar al actual emperador con un predecesor bien considerado. Puesto que era una herramienta de propaganda centrada en los líderes, el culto imperial romano puede considerarse un culto de la personalidad.
- Le culte impérial est une manière d'habituer les habitants de l'Empire, si dissemblables par la culture et les croyances à respecter le pouvoir de Rome à travers un empereur divinisé. Des cérémonies sont organisées en l'honneur de l'empereur. C'est l'occasion pour la communauté de se retrouver dans des processions devant des sacrifices, des banquets et toutes sortes de spectacles.
- Il culto imperiale è una forma di culto dedicata nell'ambito della religione romana all'Imperatore e all'Impero, personificato nella dea Roma.
- De termen keizercultus of keizerverering worden gebruikt om de verering van de Romeinse keizer aan te duiden. Deze praktijk werd een prominent element van de Romeinse religie onder het principaat, waarbij ook sommige familieleden van de keizer zouden worden vergoddelijkt (waarbij Divus of Diva voor de naam van de vergoddelijkte werd geplaats). De cultus verspreid zich al snel over het hele Romeinse Rijk. Het was pas onder het dominaat dat de cultus zou worden afgeschaft, nadat keizer Constantijn de Grote zich had uitgesproken voor het christendom. De apotheose van een keizer was in wezen een politieke daad verricht door de opvolger van een overleden keizer om de majesteit van het keizerlijk ambt te versterken, en om, vaak met succes, zich te associëren met een voorganger met een goede reputatie. Daar het een propagandamiddel was dat was gericht op de leiders, kan de Romeinse keizerscultus worden beschouwd als een vorm van persoonsverheerlijking of persoonlijkheidscultus.
- O culto imperial em Roma iniciou-se com Octaviano César Augusto, que era filho adoptivo de Júlio César. O imperador era assim visto como um Deus (augustus) e por isso muitos imperadores acrescentaram ao seu nome o título de augustus. O culto imperial foi um dos factores da centralização e de unificação do Império Romano, encontrando resistências no Cristianismo, que por isso não foi aceite na sua fase inicial. Muitos cristãos foram perseguidos nos séculos II e III.
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- The Roman Imperial cult identified emperors and some members of their families with the divinely sanctioned, charismatic authority of the Roman State. The framework for Imperial cult was formulated during the early Principate of Augustus, and was rapidly established throughout the Empire and its provinces, with marked local variations in its reception and expression.
- Der Kaiserkult war eine kultische Verehrung der Kaiser des Römischen Reichs. Man brachte den toten oder lebenden Herrschern Opfer dar, betete ihr Bildnis an und machte sie dadurch zu einem Gottkönig.
- El culto imperial en la Antigua Roma era la veneración de unos pocos emperadores elegidos como dioses una vez que fallecieron; el único emperador que se declaró a si mismo dios mientras aún vivía fue Domiciano lo que causó escándalo.
- Le culte impérial est une manière d'habituer les habitants de l'Empire, si dissemblables par la culture et les croyances à respecter le pouvoir de Rome à travers un empereur divinisé. Des cérémonies sont organisées en l'honneur de l'empereur. C'est l'occasion pour la communauté de se retrouver dans des processions devant des sacrifices, des banquets et toutes sortes de spectacles.
- Il culto imperiale è una forma di culto dedicata nell'ambito della religione romana all'Imperatore e all'Impero, personificato nella dea Roma.
- De termen keizercultus of keizerverering worden gebruikt om de verering van de Romeinse keizer aan te duiden. Deze praktijk werd een prominent element van de Romeinse religie onder het principaat, waarbij ook sommige familieleden van de keizer zouden worden vergoddelijkt (waarbij Divus of Diva voor de naam van de vergoddelijkte werd geplaats). De cultus verspreid zich al snel over het hele Romeinse Rijk.
- O culto imperial em Roma iniciou-se com Octaviano César Augusto, que era filho adoptivo de Júlio César. O imperador era assim visto como um Deus (augustus) e por isso muitos imperadores acrescentaram ao seu nome o título de augustus. O culto imperial foi um dos factores da centralização e de unificação do Império Romano, encontrando resistências no Cristianismo, que por isso não foi aceite na sua fase inicial. Muitos cristãos foram perseguidos nos séculos II e III.
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