| dbpprop:abstract
|
- Idris Alooma was mai (king) of the Kanem-Bornu Empire, located mainly in Chad and Nigeria. An outstanding statesman, under his rule (1571–1603) Kanem-Bornu touched the zenith of its power. Idris is remembered for his military skills, administrative reforms, and Islamic piety. His feats are mainly known through his chronicler Ahmad bin Fartuwa. His main adversaries were the Hausa to the west, the Tuareg and Toubou to the north, and the Bulala to the east. One epic poem extols his victories in 330 wars and more than 1,000 battles. His innovations included the employment of fixed military camps; permanent sieges and "scorched earth" tactics, where soldiers burned everything in their path; armored horses and riders; and the use of Berber camelry, Kotoko boatmen, and iron-helmeted musketeers trained by Turkish military advisers. His active diplomacy featured relations with Tripoli, Egypt, and the Ottoman Empire, which sent a 200-member ambassadorial party across the desert to Alooma's court at Ngazargamu. Alooma also signed what was probably the first written treaty or cease-fire in Chadian history. Alooma introduced a number of legal and administrative reforms based on his religious beliefs and Islamic law. He sponsored the construction of numerous mosques and made a pilgrimage to Mecca, where he arranged for the establishment of a hostel to be used by pilgrims from his empire. As with other dynamic politicians, Alooma's reformist goals led him to seek loyal and competent advisers and allies, and he frequently relied on slaves who had been educated in noble homes. Alooma regularly sought advice from a council composed of heads of the most important clans. He required major political figures to live at the court, and he reinforced political alliances through appropriate marriages (Alooma himself was the son of a Kanuri father and a Bulala mother). Kanem-Bornu under Alooma was strong and wealthy. Government revenue came from tribute (or booty, if the recalcitrant people had to be conquered), sales of slaves, and duties on and participation in trans-Saharan trade. Unlike West Africa, the Chadian region did not have gold. Still, it was central to one of the most convenient trans-Saharan routes. Between Lake Chad and Fezzan lay a sequence of well-spaced wells and oases, and from Fezzan there were easy connections to North Africa and the Mediterranean Sea. Many products were sent north, including natron, cotton, kola nuts, ivory, ostrich feathers, perfume, wax, and hides, but the most important of all were slaves. Imports included salt, horses, silks, glass, muskets, and copper. Alooma took a keen interest in trade and other economic matters. He is credited with having the roads cleared, designing better boats for Lake Chad, introducing standard units of measure for grain, and moving farmers into new lands. In addition, he improved the ease and security of transit through the empire with the goal of making it so safe that "a lone woman clad in gold might walk with none to fear but God. His capital was N'gazargamu.
- Idriss III Alaoma, est un maï (roi) du Bornou. Son règne, de 1571 à 1603, correspond à l'apogée du royaume du Bornou. Il a sa capitale à Gasr Eggomo. Il introduit des armes à feux achetés à des Turcs ottomans lors de son voyage à La Mecque. Les chevaux de sa cavalerie sont caparaçonnés de tissus matelassés. Sa supériorité militaire lui permet de soumettre les Berbères de l’Aïr, les Haoussas de Kano, les peuples du sud du lac Tchad, les nomades lacustres. Au nord il rallie les Toubou et annexe le Kaouar. Musulman convaincu, il refuse cependant la guerre sainte et laisse aux chefferies vassales islamisées leur autonomies. Idriss Alaoma contrôle la piste du Sahara central dont le trafic s’accroît en raison du déclin du Songhaï. Cette piste du lac Tchad à Tripoli sera la route des esclaves jusqu’au XIX siècle. Idriss Alaoma est réputé pour le faste de sa cour et la puissance de son armée. Ses successeurs se montreront incapables de préserver la puissance et l’unité de ce vaste empire dont la décadence est évidente au cours du XVIIe et du XVIII siècle.
- イドリス・アローマ（Idris Alooma）は、16世紀後半のカネム・ボルヌ帝国の皇帝。在位1571年～1603年。チャド湖南西岸のボルヌ地方だけとなっていた帝国領土をカネム地方に再び広げ、帝国の最盛期を現出した。 イドリスはメッカに巡礼を行いハッジとなった際、火縄銃の威力を知り、オスマン帝国と通商関係を結んで鉄砲を入手し、鉄砲隊を組織して北のカネム地方や東のブララ人、北東のザガワ人、西のハウサ人を打ち破り、13世紀以降帝国の支配から外れていた帝国発祥の地・カネム地方を再征服して、チャド湖を取り囲む大帝国を築き上げた。 また、通商を重視し、岩塩のあるビルマ (ニジェール)やカネムの北のフェザーン地方を征服し、そこを足がかりとしてオスマン帝国とのサハラ交易を盛んにし、西のハウサ諸王国ともコーラ (植物)や象牙の交易を行った。
- Идрис Алаома(Алум) — правитель государства Борну в Центральном Судане в 1580—1617 годах. При нём Борну достиг наибольшего могущества, включив в свой состав после длительных войн ряд областей в районе озера Чад. Идрис Алаома модернизировал армию Борну, которая впервые получила огнестрельное оружие, ввозившееся из Северной Африки. В период правления Идриса Алаома в Борну укрепились позиции мусульманского духовенства, обычное право в судопроизводстве и в быту было заменено шариатом.
|
| rdfs:comment
|
- Idris Alooma was mai (king) of the Kanem-Bornu Empire, located mainly in Chad and Nigeria. An outstanding statesman, under his rule (1571–1603) Kanem-Bornu touched the zenith of its power. Idris is remembered for his military skills, administrative reforms, and Islamic piety. His feats are mainly known through his chronicler Ahmad bin Fartuwa. His main adversaries were the Hausa to the west, the Tuareg and Toubou to the north, and the Bulala to the east.
- Idriss III Alaoma, est un maï (roi) du Bornou. Son règne, de 1571 à 1603, correspond à l'apogée du royaume du Bornou. Il a sa capitale à Gasr Eggomo. Il introduit des armes à feux achetés à des Turcs ottomans lors de son voyage à La Mecque. Les chevaux de sa cavalerie sont caparaçonnés de tissus matelassés. Sa supériorité militaire lui permet de soumettre les Berbères de l’Aïr, les Haoussas de Kano, les peuples du sud du lac Tchad, les nomades lacustres.
- Идрис Алаома(Алум) — правитель государства Борну в Центральном Судане в 1580—1617 годах. При нём Борну достиг наибольшего могущества, включив в свой состав после длительных войн ряд областей в районе озера Чад.
|
![[RDF Data]](/statics/sw-cube.png)
