Hubert Walter (c. 1160 – 13 July 1205) was an influential royal adviser in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries in the positions of chief justiciar of England, archbishop of Canterbury, and Lord Chancellor. As chancellor, Walter began the keeping of the Charter Roll, a record of all charters issued by the chancery. Walter was not noted for his holiness in life or learning, but historians have judged him one of the most outstanding government ministers in English history.
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- Hubert Walter (c. 1160 – 13 July 1205) was an influential royal adviser in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries in the positions of chief justiciar of England, archbishop of Canterbury, and Lord Chancellor. As chancellor, Walter began the keeping of the Charter Roll, a record of all charters issued by the chancery. Walter was not noted for his holiness in life or learning, but historians have judged him one of the most outstanding government ministers in English history. Walter owed his early advancement to his uncle Ranulf de Glanvill, who helped him become a clerk of the Exchequer. Walter served King Henry II of England in many different ways, not just in financial administration, including diplomatic and judicial efforts. After an unsuccessful candidacy to the see of York, Walter was elected Bishop of Salisbury shortly after the accession of King Henry's son Richard I to the throne of England. Walter accompanied King Richard on the Third Crusade, and was one of the principals involved in raising Richard's ransom after the king was captured in Germany on his return from the Holy Land. As a reward for his faithful service, Walter was selected to become the next Archbishop of Canterbury in 1193. He also served as Richard's justiciar until 1198, in which role he was responsible for raising the money Richard needed to prosecute his wars in France. Walter set up a system which was the precursor for the modern justices of the peace, based on selecting four knights in each hundred to administer justice. He also revived his predecessor's dispute over setting up a church to rival Christ Church Priory in Canterbury, which was only settled when the pope ordered him to abandon the plan. Following Richard's death in 1199, Walter helped assure the elevation of Richard's brother John to the throne. Walter also served John as a diplomat, undertaking several missions to France.
- ヒューバート・ウォルター（Hubert Walter, ? - 1205年7月13日）はイングランドの政治家・聖職者である。リチャード1世に仕え、カンタベリー大司教兼大法官という聖俗最高の役職を兼務して、宰相の任務を務めた。 叔父グランヴィルはヘンリー2世の腹心の1人だったが、新国王リチャードの不興を買って政界から引退した。1186年にヨーク首席司祭、1189年にはソールズベリーの司教に転じていたウォルターは、この年にリチャードが第3回十字軍を起こすと、名誉回復を願う叔父とともに従軍を志願した。十字軍参加者の保護に良く努めていた彼は、いつしかリチャードからも信頼を寄せられるようになっていく。1193年、リチャードがオーストリア公レオポルト5世に捕えられて、神聖ローマ皇帝ハインリヒ6世の捕虜となると、その身代金集めに奔走して解放を実現させた。この功績によってリチャードはローマ教皇に要請して、彼をカンタベリー大司教に任命されるように取り計らい、翌1194年には大法官を兼任させた。更に1195年にはローマ教皇から教皇使節にも任じられ、リチャードと教皇との連絡・調整にもあたる事になった。 帰国したリチャードはわずか2ヶ月のイングランド滞在の後にフランスへ渡り、対立するフランス王フィリップ2世（尊厳王）との戦いで各地を転戦する。留守を任されたウォルターは新税制の導入や土地調査によって財政収入の増加を目指す一方、法制の充実に努め、後の治安判事の前身となる「コロナー制」の導入などによって地方の有力者を地域の司法・行政に参画させるなどの内政・財政面での改革に手腕を振るった。だが、1198年に新しくローマ教皇となったインノケンティウス3世との対立から、一旦大法官辞任に追い込まれてしまう。 1199年、リチャード1世が戦死してしまう。リチャードには甥アーサーという実質上の王太子が存在した。だが、アーサーの後見人には、リチャードの死の原因となったフランス王フィリップ2世が就いていた。イングランドの独立が侵されることを恐れたウォルターは、アーサーがフランスとの戦いに際してフィリップ側に加わったことなどを理由としてアーサーを廃し、リチャードと対立関係にあった弟のジョンを次のイングランド王に擁立したのである。新王は再びウォルターを大法官に任じた。大法官に復帰したウォルターは、それまでのイングランドには存在しなかった、国王の命令を文書化して大法官が保管するという規則を制定するなど、行政の効率化を図った。 1205年、ウォルターが死亡すると、インノケンティウス3世の任じた後任のカンタベリー大司教の就任をジョンが拒否したことから破門騒動へと発展し、さらにフランス王フィリップ2世との戦いでの敗北も加わって、イングランド国内は政治的混乱に陥る事になった。
- Hubert Walter var en innflytelsesrik kongelig rådgiver på slutten av 1100-tallet og helt i begynnelsen av 1200-tallet i posisjonen som kansler og justiciar av England, og erkebiskop av Canterbury. Som kansler begynte Walter med å administrere det kongelige arkivet, charterrullene (Charter Rolls), en nedtegnelse av alle charter, konsesjoner og tillatelser som ble utstedt av kanselliet. Walter er ikke kjent for sin fromhet eller sin lærdhet, men historikerne har bedømt ham som en av de fremste regjeringsministre i engelsk historie. Walter skyldte mye til sin onkel Ranulf de Glanvill for sin tidlig forfremmelse og som hjalp ham å bli en skriver for skattkammeret. Walter tjenestegjorde for kong Henrik II av England på mange måter, ikke bare i administrasjonen for finans, men også i diplomatiske og juridiske saker. Etter at han ikke lyktes som kandidat for bispedømmet York ble han valgt til biskop av Salisbury kort tid etter kroningen av Henrik IIs sønn Rikard I av England. Walter fulgte kong Rikard på det tredje korstoget, og var en av de fremste som var involvert i å skaffe løsepengene for Rikard da han satt fengslet i Tyskland på veg tilbake fra Det hellige land. Som en belønning for Walters tro tjeneste ble han valgt til den neste erkebiskopen av Canterbury i 1193. Han tjente også som Rikards justiciar fram til 1198 da han ble ansvarlig for å skaffe penger som kongen trengte for sin krigføring i Frankrike. Walter satte opp et system som var forløperen den moderne fredsdommer basert på å velge fire riddere i hvert hundre for å administrere rettspleien og loven. Det kan argumenteres for at det således går en direkte forbindelse mellom reformene til ledet av Ranulf de Glanvill under Henrik II til de tilsvarende ledet av Hubert Walter under Rikard I. Han gjenopptok også forgjengerens strid over å opprette et kirkebygg som konkurrent til Canterburykatedralen, en strid som først ble bilagt da paven beordret ham å oppgi disse planene. Etter Rikards død i 1199 hjalp Walter til å sikre forfremmelsen til Rikards bror Johan av England til tronen. Walter tjenestegjorde også for Johan som diplomat og hadde i denne forbindelsen flere reiser til Frankrike.
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- 12 July 1205
- 13 July 1205
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- Hubert Walter
- Walter, Hubert
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- Lord Chancellor of England; Bishop of Salisbury; Archbishop of Canterbury; Chief Justiciar of England
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- Hubert Walter (c. 1160 – 13 July 1205) was an influential royal adviser in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries in the positions of chief justiciar of England, archbishop of Canterbury, and Lord Chancellor. As chancellor, Walter began the keeping of the Charter Roll, a record of all charters issued by the chancery. Walter was not noted for his holiness in life or learning, but historians have judged him one of the most outstanding government ministers in English history.
- Hubert Walter var en innflytelsesrik kongelig rådgiver på slutten av 1100-tallet og helt i begynnelsen av 1200-tallet i posisjonen som kansler og justiciar av England, og erkebiskop av Canterbury. Som kansler begynte Walter med å administrere det kongelige arkivet, charterrullene (Charter Rolls), en nedtegnelse av alle charter, konsesjoner og tillatelser som ble utstedt av kanselliet.
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- Hubert Walter
- ヒューバート・ウォルター
- Hubert Walter
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