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- The oldest changes in Proto-Slavic were common to all West-Slavic dialects. Above all, it was the palatalization of velar ch > š (vьšь, all), while s (vьsь) developed in the East and South-Slavic dialects. Some other changes took place during the 10th century: the disappearance and vocalization of yers according to the Havlík’s Yer Law (bъzъ > bez, bъza > bza, later bezu, elder, lilac); the contraction of groups vowel + j + vowel (dobriji > dobr’í, dobroje > dobré, good); the denasalization of nasal ę [ẽ] > ä and ǫ [õ] > u. The disappearance of the odd yers strengthened the phonological contrast of palatalized (softened) and unpalatalized consonants, and resulted in alterations of epenthetic e and 0. The contrast of the vowel quantity (length) was also strengthened. The depalatalization of consonants preceding e and ä took place later, thus the frequency of occurrence of palatalized consonants was lowered, but it strengthened the palatalization contrast at the same time. The change of ’ä > ě and ä > a took place at the end of the 12th century. The vowels were front (ä, e, i, ě) and back (a, o, u), and the front ones had their back variants, and vice versa. The consonants were divided into hard (b, p, v, m, t, d, r, l, n, c, z, s, k, g, ch) and soft – palatal or palatalized (t’, d’, ř, l’, n’, c’, s’, z’, č, š, ž, j, ň). This division was cardinal for the later development. In the nominal declension, the traditional division according to the word-stem ending was progressively replaced by the gender principle (masculine, feminine and neuter) There were also three grammatical numbers: singular, dual and plural. The dual is also applied in verb conjugations. The past is expressed by aorist, imperfect, perfect and plusquamperfect tenses. The future tense is not fixed yet, the present tense is often used instead. The contrast of perfective and imperfective aspects is not fully developed yet, there are also biaspectual and no-aspectual verbs. The Proto-Slavic supine was used after verbs of motion, but it was replaced by the infinitive but it has a remainder: the contemporary infinitive ending -t originates from the supine.
- Historický vývoj češtiny zachycuje významná období vývoje českého jazyka od konce 1. tisíciletí až po současnost. Čeština se jako samostatný jazyk vyvinula na sklonku 1. tisíciletí n. l. z praslovanštiny.
- La lingua ceca si è sviluppata intorno al X secolo dalla lingua proto-slava.
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