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- Die Geschichte des Bieres reicht weit in die Geschichte der Menschheit zurück: Bier ist eines der ältesten alkoholischen Getränke. Es ist vermutlich der Menschheit bekannt, seit im Gebiet des Fruchtbaren Halbmondes Menschen begannen, vor etwa 10.000 Jahren Getreide zu sammeln und zufällig entdeckten, dass Getreidebrei, den man einige Tage stehen ließ, zu gären anfing. Etwa gleichzeitig mit vergorenem Gerstensaft entdeckte man auch die Gärung von Honig und der Gärung von Fruchtsaft.
- Beer is one of the world's oldest beverages, with the history of beer dating back to the 6th millennium BC, and being recorded in the written history of Ancient Iraq. The earliest Sumerian writings contain references to beer. A prayer to the goddess Ninkasi known as "The Hymn to Ninkasi" serves as both a prayer as well as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people. As almost any substance containing carbohydrates, mainly sugar or starch, can naturally undergo fermentation, it is likely that beer-like beverages were independently invented among various cultures throughout the world. The invention of bread and beer has been argued to be responsible for humanity's ability to develop technology and build civilization. The earliest chemically confirmed barley beer to date was discovered at Godin Tepe in the central Zagros Mountains of Iran, ca. 3400-3000 B.C. (Chalcolithic/Late Uruk Period). Beer may have been known in Neolithic Europe as far back as 3000 BC, and was mainly brewed on a domestic scale. Beer produced before the Industrial Revolution continued to be made and sold on a domestic scale, although by the 7th century AD beer was also being produced and sold by European monasteries. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, and domestic manufacture ceased to be significant by the end of the 19th century. The development of hydrometers and thermometers changed brewing by allowing the brewer more control of the process, and greater knowledge of the results. Today, the brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. More than 133 billion liters (35 billion gallons) are sold per year—producing total global revenues of $294.5 billion (£147.7 billion) in 2006.
- La birra è una delle più antiche bevande prodotte dall'uomo, risalente almeno al V millennio a.C. di cui rimane traccia su fonti scritte dell'Antico Egitto e della Mesopotamia.
- Ølets historie strekker seg minst tilbake til det 5. årtusen f. Kr. , noe som gjør øl til en av de eldste drikkene mennesker har laget. Det finnes skriftlige spor tilbake til oldtidens Egypt og Mesopotamia. Ingen vet sikkert når man begynte å brygge øl i Norge, men nordmenn i middelalderen mente at det var Odin som hadde lært menneskene å brygge øl. De første spor etter øldrikking i Norden er fra rundt 1500-tallet f. Kr. Det finske eposet Kalevala, skrevet ned i det 19. århundre, men basert på lange muntlige tradisjoner, gir mer plass til ølets opprinnelse enn det gir til menneskets opprinnelse.
- Mniej więcej pomiędzy 13000 a 9000 lat p.n.e. ludzie zaczęli poszukiwać innych form pożywienia niż mięso dzikich zwierząt, i rezygnując z koczowniczego trybu życia coraz częściej osiedlali się w jednym miejscu. Zaczęli uprawiać ziemię, jedząc jej plony i hodować zwierzęta. W tym czasie człowiek nauczył się wyłuskiwać, rozdrabniać w ustach i połykać ziarna dziko rosnących zbóż. Z czasem nauczono się uprawiać zboża, kosić je, oddzielać ziarna bijąc kijami, następnie to ziarno kruszyć między kamieniami, potem dodawać trochę wody, uklepywać i piec na rozgrzanym kamieniu. W taki sposób przyrządzano chleb już 10000 lat p.n.e. Do wytworzenia prymitywnego piwa wystarczy właśnie chleb i woda – dwa składniki, dzięki którym zachodzi fermentacja alkoholowa. Taki napój o konsystencji papki jest pożywny, choć mętny i niezbyt dobry, ale zawiera już alkohol. Nie wiadomo czy ludzie umiejący upiec chleb znali również piwo. Ale chleb do przygotowania piwa wykorzystywali Sumerowie – pierwsza cywilizacja, w której spuściźnie kulturowej znajdują się dokumenty świadczące o produkcji piwa.
- 啤酒是一種世界上最古老的飲料，啤酒的歷史可以追溯到前6千年，當時美索不達米亞地區的蘇美人已經把啤酒的製作方法用文字記錄起來。此外，當時蘇美神話中也有一位掌管釀酒的女神「寧卡絲」，人們甚至為她寫了一首《寧卡絲的讚歌》，而其內容主要是描述啤酒的製作方法。 As almost any substance containing carbohydrates, mainly sugar or starch, can naturally undergo fermentation, it is likely that beer-like beverages were independently invented among various cultures throughout the world. The invention of bread and beer has been argued to be responsible for humanity's ability to develop technology and build civilization. The earliest chemically confirmed barley beer to date was discovered at Godin Tepe in the central Zagros Mountains of Iran, ca. 3400-3000 B.C. (Chalcolithic/Late Uruk Period). Beer may have been known in Neolithic Europe as far back as 3000 BC, and was mainly brewed on a domestic scale. Beer produced before the Industrial Revolution continued to be made and sold on a domestic scale, although by the 7th century AD beer was also being produced and sold by European monasteries. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, and domestic manufacture ceased to be significant by the end of the 19th century. The development of hydrometers and thermometers changed brewing by allowing the brewer more control of the process, and greater knowledge of the results. Today, the brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. More than 133 billion liters (35 billion gallons) are sold per year—producing total global revenues of $294.5 billion (£147.7 billion) in 2006.
- Fichier:Copia de Enki. jpg Enki, dieu sumérien des agriculteurs et des cultures, père de Ninkasi, déesse de la bière. Cet article contient un résumé de l'histoire de la bière de l'Antiquité à nos jours.
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- Die Geschichte des Bieres reicht weit in die Geschichte der Menschheit zurück: Bier ist eines der ältesten alkoholischen Getränke. Es ist vermutlich der Menschheit bekannt, seit im Gebiet des Fruchtbaren Halbmondes Menschen begannen, vor etwa 10.000 Jahren Getreide zu sammeln und zufällig entdeckten, dass Getreidebrei, den man einige Tage stehen ließ, zu gären anfing. Etwa gleichzeitig mit vergorenem Gerstensaft entdeckte man auch die Gärung von Honig und der Gärung von Fruchtsaft.
- La birra è una delle più antiche bevande prodotte dall'uomo, risalente almeno al V millennio a.C. di cui rimane traccia su fonti scritte dell'Antico Egitto e della Mesopotamia.
- Beer is one of the world's oldest beverages, with the history of beer dating back to the 6th millennium BC, and being recorded in the written history of Ancient Iraq. The earliest Sumerian writings contain references to beer. A prayer to the goddess Ninkasi known as "The Hymn to Ninkasi" serves as both a prayer as well as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people.
- Ølets historie strekker seg minst tilbake til det 5. årtusen f. Kr. , noe som gjør øl til en av de eldste drikkene mennesker har laget. Det finnes skriftlige spor tilbake til oldtidens Egypt og Mesopotamia. Ingen vet sikkert når man begynte å brygge øl i Norge, men nordmenn i middelalderen mente at det var Odin som hadde lært menneskene å brygge øl. De første spor etter øldrikking i Norden er fra rundt 1500-tallet f. Kr. Det finske eposet Kalevala, skrevet ned i det 19.
- Mniej więcej pomiędzy 13000 a 9000 lat p.n.e. ludzie zaczęli poszukiwać innych form pożywienia niż mięso dzikich zwierząt, i rezygnując z koczowniczego trybu życia coraz częściej osiedlali się w jednym miejscu. Zaczęli uprawiać ziemię, jedząc jej plony i hodować zwierzęta. W tym czasie człowiek nauczył się wyłuskiwać, rozdrabniać w ustach i połykać ziarna dziko rosnących zbóż.
- 啤酒是一種世界上最古老的飲料，啤酒的歷史可以追溯到前6千年，當時美索不達米亞地區的蘇美人已經把啤酒的製作方法用文字記錄起來。此外，當時蘇美神話中也有一位掌管釀酒的女神「寧卡絲」，人們甚至為她寫了一首《寧卡絲的讚歌》，而其內容主要是描述啤酒的製作方法。 As almost any substance containing carbohydrates, mainly sugar or starch, can naturally undergo fermentation, it is likely that beer-like beverages were independently invented among various cultures throughout the world. The invention of bread and beer has been argued to be responsible for humanity's ability to develop technology and build civilization.
- Fichier:Copia de Enki. jpg Enki, dieu sumérien des agriculteurs et des cultures, père de Ninkasi, déesse de la bière. Cet article contient un résumé de l'histoire de la bière de l'Antiquité à nos jours.
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