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- The history of Europe describes the passage of time from humans inhabiting the European continent to the present day. For convenience's sake, historians divide long periods into more manageable eras. Europe's classical antiquity dates from the reappearance of writing in Ancient Greece of around 700 BC. The Roman Republic was established in 509 BC. The Romans expanded their territorial control over Italy, then over the Mediterranean basin and western Europe. The Roman Empire reached its greatest extent around 150. The Christian religion became legal under the emperor Constantine in the early fourth century AD. Within a few generations, Christianity had become the official religion of the empire. The Vulgate Bible in Latin emerged just before the sack of Rome in 410 by a Germanic people, the Visigoths. These were the first of a number of tribes to move west and south from beyond Roman boundaries into former Roman territories. The last Roman emperor in the west was removed from power in 476. Southeastern Europe and some parts of the Mediterranean remained under the increasingly beleaguered Roman Empire, but ruled from Constantinople rather than Rome. Under the Emperor Justinian, Roman armies restored imperial rule to many parts of the Mediterranean, but this expansion began to erode in the later sixth century. As Constantinople's hold on western territories faltered, more Germanic peoples invaded and established kingdoms. Eastern Mediterranean territories remained largely in the hands of the Christian emperor in Constantinople through the sixth century. Historians generally label this remnant of the Roman Empire the Byzantine Empire. A serious threat to its power and lands was to emerge in the seventh century from an unexpected source: the Arabian peninsula and the newly united and converted peoples of Islam. In western Europe, many of the new states had only the Latin written language, some lingering Roman customs, and the Christian religion in common. Much of Christian territory in the west was brought under the rule of the Franks, particularly king Charlemagne, whom the pope crowned as western Emperor in 800. His territories were divided within two generations and Europe came under attack from three groups: Vikings of Scandinavia, Muslims from north Africa, and Magyars from Hungary. The response to these attacks differed; some regions united to deal with the threat, others divided. Starting in the mid-tenth century, the Muslim and Magyar threat to western Europe had diminished, but the Vikings remained entrenched or threatening for longest in the British Isles. A schism within the church in 1054 A.D. aggravated earlier divisions that emerged at the 451 Council of Chalcedon and was followed by the Crusades from the west to rescue the east from Muslim conquests that had begun to encroach on the Byzantines. However, the Crusades were not confined to recapturing Muslim lands taken in the East: Spain, southern France, Lithuania and other pagan regions were consolidated under the papal power at this time. Feudal society began to break down as Mongol invaders broke through frontier areas in Europe and growing trade with other regions brought Black Death to first southern and then most of Europe.. Complex feudal loyalties developed and nobles of most of the new nations were very closely related by intermarriage. Thanks largely to learning recovered from Muslim and Jewish scholars in Spain and the Mideast, and its own monastic traditions, Europe awoke from the medieval period through rediscovery of classical learning of the Greeks and Romans and a few key innovations from the Muslim world - respected to this day by the wearing of caps and gowns originally derived from learned Muslim scholars' attire at graduations. After the Renaissance consolidation of knowledge began to challenge some traditional doctrines in both science and theology, the Protestant Reformation began, as German priest Martin Luther attacked Papal authority. Simultaneously the turbulent love life, desire for a son, and political ambitions of Henry VIII sundered the English Church from that same authority and let the English ally more flexibly in the ensuing religious wars between German and Spanish rulers. The Reconquista of Spain and Portugal in 1492 and opening of the Americas to European colonization by Christopher Columbus simultaneously ended the Crusades east and began European colonization of the Americas west. However, religious wars continued until the Thirty Years War,, which was ended in 1648 by the Peace of Westphalia; the Glorious Revolution consolidated that consensus. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution, beginning in Great Britain, allowed the development of a new economy based more on manufacturing and trade and less on indigenous subsistence agriculture. The early British Empire split as its colonies in America revolted to establish a representative government. Political change in continental Europe was spurred by the French Revolution, as people cried out for liberté, egalité, fraternité. The ensuing French leader, Napoleon Bonaparte, conquered and reformed the social structure of the continent through war up to 1815. As more and more small property holders were granted the vote, in France and the UK, socialist and trade union activity developed and revolution gripped Europe in 1848. The last vestiges of serfdom were abolished in Austria-Hungary in 1848. Russian serfdom was abolished in 1861. The Balkan nations began to regain their independence from the Ottoman Empire. After the Franco-Prussian War, Italy and Germany were formed from the groups of principalities in 1870 and 1871. Conflict spread across the globe, in a chase for empires, until the search climaxed with the outbreak of World War I. In the desperation of war and extreme poverty, the Russian Revolution promised "peace, bread and land", and radically altered the politics of Eastern Europe, and the world, up to the present day. The defeat of Germany came at the price of economic destruction, codified into the Treaty of Versailles, manifested in the Great Depression and the return to a Second World War. With the victory of capitalism and communism over fascism, Western Europe now formed a free trade area, divided by the former Iron Curtain of the Soviet Union, which had formed a complex of communist police states. With the events of Autumn of Nations in 1989, Europe signed a new treaty of union, which, as of 2007, encompasses 27 European countries with a population of over 400 million people. Despite the end of the Cold War, tensions between post-Soviet Russia and Western Europe continue to the present day. NATO, a post World War II military organization, also expanded to include states up to the border of Russia - the most unified and militarily dominant Europe since the first century Roman Empire.
- Die Geschichte Europas wird häufig als ein ständiger Prozess verstanden, der sich aus vielen kleinen Einheiten größere politische, kulturelle und geografische Strukturen formt. Die Geschichte dieses Kontinents wurde von Menschen gemacht, die in einem Puzzle von Herrschaftsgebieten, Stämmen, Kulturen, König- und Kaiserreichen, vielen Kleinstaaten, Mittel-, Groß- und Weltmächten in deren Eroberungs-, Glaubens- und Befreiungskriegen, europäische Großkriege sowie zweier Weltkriege über mehrere Jahrtausende die politische Gestalt Europas geprägt haben. Die Völker Europas mit ihren verschiedenen Kulturen und Sprachen hatten ihre Siedlungsgebiete immer über politische Herrschaftsgebiete bzw. Staatskonstruktionen hinweg, deren willkürliche Grenzziehungen ständig Anlass zu Konflikten gab und sich aufgrund von Fürstenhochzeiten oder Kriegen auch ständig verschoben. Nachdem die politische und kulturelle Landkarte Europas Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts nochmals gewaltsam geändert wurde, hat sich danach allmählich die Einsicht durchgesetzt, man müsse eine neue Form von wirtschaftlicher und politischer Gemeinschaft der Staaten in Europa bilden. Mittlerweile hat sich in Europa eine politische und wirtschaftliche Gemeinschaft von 27 Staaten gebildet, mit rund 493 Millionen Menschen, die im Gegensatz zu früheren Zeiten freiwillig, friedlich, freiheitlich und demokratisch zu gegenseitigem Nutzen zusammengekommen sind. Ob sich die Vision von einem „Europa“ als Inbegriff von Frieden, Freiheit, Sicherheit und Wohlstand auch für die Zukunft halten lässt, wird die Geschichte zeigen. Europa war immer ein Kontinent der extremen Vielfalt an Völkern mit sprachlichen und regionalen Identitäten, den verschiedensten Brauchtümern, Kulturen und Errungenschaften auf allen Wissensgebieten. In dieser vielfältigen Landschaft, vom Nordmeer bis zum Mittelmeer und vom Atlantik bis zum Ural, gab es immer ein stetiges Streben nach Macht, Wohlstand und auch Frieden, wobei es an Ideen und Plänen nie mangelte. Die bitteren Erfahrungen der Geschichte sind für die Menschen in Europa mit ein Grund, eine bessere Zukunft zu gestalten.
- Aquest article és sobre la història del continent europeu i les cultures i civilitzacions que s'hi van establir.
- V souvislosti s evropskou integrací jsou jako nový fenomén zkoumány dějiny Evropy. Nejsou to jen dějiny mezinárodních vztahů, ale zejména obecné dějiny evropského prostoru.
- La historia de Europa se refiere al conjunto de sucesos relativos al continente europeo, desde que fue poblado por los primeros seres humanos hasta la actualidad. Según una de las teorías, el Homo Sapiens nació hace unos 130.000 años en África. Sin embargo, también muchos de estos humanos pueden haber llegado desde Asia y el Cercano Oriente a Europa, donde se asentaron entre 40.000 y 25.000 a. de C.. La Antigüedad clásica está dominada por el influjo de la civilización greco-latina sobre el resto de Europa. La fragmentación política de Europa y los sucesivos intentos forzados de unificación sumieron al continente en numerosos conflictos y guerras durante la Edad Media, como la Guerra de los Cien Años (que duró más de un siglo). La Edad Moderna marca para Europa el inicio de procesos que mucho después darán lugar a la globalización, y es el tiempo en el que los conflictos bélicos se hicieron cada vez más desastrosos, como la llamada Guerra de los Treinta Años. Los procesos económicos y el desarrollo científico y tecnológico se aceleraron en desmedro de otros continentes de manera mucho más notoria durante la Edad Contemporánea, produciendo tensiones por competencias que desencadenaron más guerras (como las guerras Napoleónicas y las guerras mundiales). Hoy los procesos tendentes a la unificación se procuran pacíficamente, tal es el caso de la formación de la Unión Europea, si bien no exenta de avances y retrocesos.
- Euroopan historia on sarja ajallisia tapahtumia, jotka tapahtuivat Euroopan maanosassa. Historialliset tapahtumat käsittävät ajanjakson aina antiikin Kreikasta nykypäivään. Euroopan ensimmäiset korkeakulttuurit minolainen ja mykeneläinen kulttuuri syntyivät nykyisen Kreikan alueella. Euroopan nimi on mahdollisesti peräisin kreikkalaisesta mytologiasta, jossa ylijumala Zeus vietteli Europa-neidon.
- Cet article contient un résumé de l'histoire de l'Europe.
- Per Storia d'Europa s'intende convenzionalmente la storia dell'omonimo continente e dei popoli che l'hanno abitato e che lo abitano. In un'accezione più ristretta per storia d'Europa si intende invece la storia dell'Unione Europea, dalla creazione della Comunità Economica Europea con i Trattati di Roma fino ad oggi.
- ヨーロッパ史（ヨーロッパし）とは、ヨーロッパにおける歴史である。欧州史（おうしゅうし）とも呼ばれる。
- Dit artikel is een overzicht van de (menselijke) geschiedenis van het werelddeel Europa. Deze valt ruwweg chronologisch in te delen in de prehistorie, de klassieke oudheid, de Middeleeuwen, de Nieuwe tijd, de Moderne Tijd en de Eigentijdse tijd. Een Europese economische eenheid bestond in de oudheid in de vorm van het Romeinse handelsnetwerk; dit besloeg echter vooral het zuidelijke deel van het continent. Vanaf de Middeleeuwen is een groeiende culturele eenwording waar te nemen, die hand in hand ging met de verspreiding van het christendom over het gehele continent; dit verdrong langzaamaan vrijwel alle andere religies, zij het dat het noordelijk deel veel langer aan de oude cultus vasthield. Een mate van economische eenheid, vergelijkbaar met die in Romeinse tijden, werd pas weer bereikt in de 16e eeuw met de opkomst van het kapitalisme. Desondanks werd Europa nooit een staatkundige eenheid en was het getuige van bloedige strijd, die haar dieptepunt vond in de Eerste en Tweede Wereldoorlog, beide Europese conflicten die zich over de aardbol verspreidden. Vanaf de 16e eeuw begonnen Europese koloniale mogendheden andere delen van de wereld te overheersen, een overheersing die leidde tot een Europese hegemonie op het wereldtoneel in de 19e eeuw. In de Wetenschappelijke- en Industriële revoluties ontstane nieuwe ideeën en technieken konden door deze hegemonie vanuit Europa over de rest van de wereld worden verspreid. De opkomst van de Verenigde Staten (van oorsprong een Europese kolonie) en de Sovjet-Unie (die deels in Europa lag) en de twee wereldoorlogen verdeelden het continent in de tweede helft van de 20e eeuw grofweg in twee gescheiden economisch-politieke blokken. Tegelijkertijd begon een groeiende groep landen door middel van economische en politieke samenwerking aan een proces dat de Europese eenwording wordt genoemd, vanuit de wens verdere oorlogen te voorkomen.
- Europas historie omhandler historien til verdensdelen Europa, som det moderne mennesket har bebodd i nesten 40 000 år. Området ble tidlig dominert av sivilisasjonsdannelser omkring Middelhavet, spesielt den greske og latinske. Senere har den politiske hovedtyngden blitt flyttet mellom ett flertalls stormaktsdannelser, men ingen klarte å opprettholde hegemoniet over lengre perioder. Rivalisering mellom stormaktene førte i første halvdel av 1900-tallet til to blodige verdenskriger. I nyere tid er det blitt satt i gang en omfattende prosess for å samle verdensdelens mange nasjonalstater til en økonomisk og politisk union.
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- A História da Europa descreve a passagem do tempo desde os primeiros humanos que habitaram o continente europeu até a atualidade. A primeira evidência do Homo sapiens na Europa data de 35 000 a.C. O relato mais antigo feito sobre o continente é a Ilíada, de Homero, da Antiga Grécia, que data de 700 a.C. A república romana foi estabelecida em 509 a.C. , e usurpada pelo Novo Império de Otaviano na metade do primeiro século. A religião cristã foi adotada no século IV e organizada no sexto, dentro do Império, pelo Imperador Justiniano I como uma Pentarquia em suas cinco cidades mais importantes: Roma, Constantinopla, Antioquia, Jerusalém e Alexandria. Confrontado com ataques bárbaros e a praga, o Império foi dividido entre Leste e Oeste, e a Idade Média se instalou no coração da Europa Ocidental. O Império Bizantino manteve a luz da civilização queimando no Leste. O cisma dentro da autoridade da igreja em 1054 aconteceu em seguida à divisão anterior de 451, e foi prosseguida das Cruzadas do oeste para recuperar o leste da Invasão dos Muçulmanos. A sociedade feudal começava a ruir enquanto os invasores mongóis carregavam a peste negra com eles. Os muros de Constantinopla caem em 1453, e ainda o Novo Mundo é descoberto em 1492, por iniciativa de Portugueses e Espanhóis. A Europa acorda do período medieval através do redescobrimento do ensinamento clássico. A Renascença foi seguida da Reforma Protestante, do padre alemão Martinho Lutero, que atacou a autoridade papal. A guerra dos 30 anos, o Tratado de Vestfália e a revolução Gloriosa deram a base para uma nova era de expansão e o Iluminismo. A revolução industrial, começando na Grã-Bretanha, permitiu às pessoas, pela primeira vez, não dependerem mais de material de subsistência. O recente Império Britânico dividiu-se assim como suas colônias na América revoltadas para estabelecer um governo representativo. Uma mudança política na Europa aconteceu a partir da Revolução Francesa, quando as pessoas gritavam "Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité". O líder francês seguinte, Napoleão Bonaparte, conquistou e reformou a estrutura social do continente através de guerras até 1815. Quanto mais e mais donos de pequenas propriedades ganhavam poder de voto, na França e no Reino Unido, a atividade socialista e dos sindicatos desenvolveu-se e a revolução se instalou na Europa em 1848. Os últimos vestígios de servidão foram abolidos da Áustria-Hungria no mesmo ano. A servidão russa foi abolida em 1861. As nações balcânicas começaram a ganhar suas independências do Império Otomano. Depois da Guerra Franco-Prussiana, Itália e Alemanha foram formadas de grupos de principados em 1870 e 1871. Conflitos desencadearam-se ao redor do globo, em uma série de impérios, até que a procura do lugar ao sol acabou com o início da Primeira Guerra Mundial. No desespero da guerra, a Revolução Russa prometia ao povo "paz, pão e terra". Além de humilhada com o Tratado de Versalhes, a Alemanha tem sua economia destruída com a grande depressão e uma nova grande guerra. Com a vitória do capitalismo e do comunismo sobre o fascismo, começou uma nova ordem mundial conhecida como guerra fria. A Europa Ocidental formou uma área de livre comércio, dividida pela Cortina de Ferro da União Soviética. Quando o muro de Berlim caiu em 1989, a Europa assinou um novo tratado de união, que em 2007, compreendia 27 países europeus.
- Fişier:Parthenon. jpg Parthenon cca. 480-479 î. Hr. La sfârşitul epocii bronzului din civilizaţiile precedente se naşte cea greacă (elenă), care se va dezvolta şi va ajunge la apogeu în cadrul unor structuri specifice de organizare politico-militară şi economico-socială numite oraşe-state - polisuri - sclavagiste, extrem de diferite în termeni de cultură şi organizare politico-economică. Prin salbele de colonii înfiinţate de metropolele greceşti modelul cultural elen s-a extins, teritorial, în întreaga Mare Mediterană şi în Asia Mică. În secolul IV î. Hr. , disputa dintre oraşele state, referitoare la teritoriile lor, facilitează ocuparea peninsulei elene de către regele macedonean Filip al II-lea. Campania fiului său, Alexandru cel Mare, răspândeşte cultura elenă în cea mai mare parte a Asiei şi a Africii nordice.
- Эта статья посвящена истории Европейского континента.
- De första människorna kom till Europa för cirka 800 000 år sedan. Medan Homo sapiens utvecklades i Afrika levde Homo heidelbergensis och Homo neanderthalensis i Europa. Med yngre stenåldern och bronsåldern började en lång historia av stora kulturella och ekonomiska omvandlingar, först vid Medelhavet och senare längre norrut och österut. Europa anses än idag som den kanske mest handelskraftiga kontinenten
- Avrupa tarihi Avrupa kıtasında yaşayan insanların tarihin başlangıcından günümüze kadar gelen tarihini kapsar. Avrupa kıtasında M. Ö. 35.000 yılına kadar uzanan bir insan varlığı saptanmışsa da M. Ö. 700 yıllarında Antik Yunanistan'da Homer'in yazdığı İlyada destanı Avrupa kıtasında kayda geçmiş ilk yazılı belgeler arasındadır. Gene aynı yüzyılda kurulmuş olan Roma Krallığı da Batı Avrupa'da kayda geçmiş ilk uygarlıklar arasındadır. Antik Yunanistan ve Antik Roma uygarlıkları 4. yüzyıl'da çökmüş, aynı yüzyılda Hristiyanlık dini Avrupa kıtasında söz sahibi olmuştur.
- 欧洲历史是欧洲从开始有人居住以来至今的时间段内的历史。 为方便起见，历史学家将长段历史分为较短的历史时期。
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