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- Als das Massaker von Hama (arabisch مجزرة حَماه Madschzarat Hamah, DMG maǧzarat Ḥamā; in Syrien mit Ahdath Hamah / أحداث حَماه / aḥdāṯ Ḥamāh /‚die Ereignisse von Hama‘ umschrieben) bezeichnet man den Angriff der syrischen Streitkräfte unter dem Kommando von Verteidigungsminister Mustafa Tlas auf die mittelsyrische Stadt Hama im Jahr 1982. Beginnend am 2. Februar des Jahres wurde die 350.000 Einwohner zählende Stadt von syrischen Spezialkräften unter Führung des Präsidentenbruders Rifaat al-Assad unter Granatbeschuss genommen, nachdem die syrische Luftwaffe die Ausfallstraßen systematisch zerstört hatte. 20.000 bis 30.000 Menschen wurden je nach Schätzung während des Angriffs getötet, viele andere flohen aus der Stadt. Große Teile der Stadt, insbesondere der historischen Altstadt, wurden zerstört. Im Zuge der Auseinandersetzungen kam es zu umfangreichen, teilweise willkürlichen Verhaftungen. Betroffen waren nicht nur vermutete Mitglieder der regierungsfeindlichen Muslimbrüder, sondern auch Vertreter anderer, aus verschiedenen Gründen missliebiger Bevölkerungsgruppen. Einige der Inhaftierten wurden im November 2000, im Rahmen der Amnestie Baschar al-Assads, entlassen. Hama war, wie auch kleinere Städte im überwiegend sunnitischen Syrien, ein Zentrum der regierungsfeindlichen Muslimbrüder, einer islamistischen Organisation, die in Opposition zur Baath-Partei von Hafiz al-Assad stand und der nachgesagt wird, dass sie die Regierung stürzen und ein fundamentalistisches Regime errichten wollte. Das Massaker von Hama war Höhepunkt einer jahrelangen Unterdrückung der Organisation durch die syrische Regierung in den späten 1970er und frühen 1980er Jahren. Der Angriff führte im Sinne der Regierung zum Erfolg, denn die Muslimbrüder stellten daraufhin ihre Aktivitäten in Syrien ein. Das Massaker ist international bekannt geworden, die genauen Umstände blieben jedoch ungeklärt, da Syrien große Anstrengungen unternahm, keine Informationen darüber ins Ausland gelangen zu lassen. Dagegen diente es gegenüber der eigenen Bevölkerung als Mittel zur Abschreckung und Einschüchterung. Bis heute ist das Massaker in der syrischen Öffentlichkeit ein Tabuthema.
- The Hama massacre occurred in February 1982, when the Syrian army, under the orders of the country's president, Hafez al-Assad, conducted a scorched earth operation against the town of Hama in order to quell a revolt by the Sunni Muslim community against the regime of al-Assad. The Hama massacre, carried out by the Syrian Army under commanding General Rifaat al-Assad, President Assad's younger brother, effectively ended the campaign begun in 1976 by Sunni Islamic groups, including the Muslim Brotherhood, against Assad's regime, whose leaders were disproportionately from president Assad's own Alawite sect. Initial diplomatic reports from western countries stated that 1,000 were killed. Subsequent estimates vary, with the lower estimates claiming that at least 10,000 Syrian citizens were killed, while others put the number at 20,000, or 40,000 (Syrian Human Rights Committee). About 1,000 Syrian soldiers were killed during the operation and large parts of the old city were destroyed. Alongside such few events as the Black September Massacre in Jordan, the attack has been described as one of "the single deadliest acts by any Arab government against its own people in the modern Middle East". The vast majority of the victims were civilians. According to Syrian media, anti-government rebels initiated the fighting, who "pounced on our comrades while sleeping in their homes and killed whomever they could kill of women and children, mutilating the bodies of the martyrs in the streets, driven, like mad dogs, by their black hatred. " Security forces then "rose to confront these crimes" and "taught the murderers a lesson that has snuffed out their breath"
- La masacre de Hama ocurrió entre el 2 y 28 de febrero de 1982 cuando el ejército sirio, bajo las ordenes del presidente de Siria Hafez Al Assad llevó a cabo una política de tierra arrasada contra la ciudad de Hama, a fin de sofocar una revuelta de la comunidad suní contra el régimen de al-Assad. La masacre fue conducida personalmente por el hermano menor del presidente, Rifaat al-Assad, con eficacia puso fin a la rebelión iniciada en 1976 por grupos islámicos, entre ellos los Hermanos Musulmanes, cuyos líderes eran desproporcionadamente miembros de la secta alauita del propio presidente Assad. Los primeros informes diplomáticos de los países occidentales afirmaron que sólo 1.000 personas habían sido asesinadas. Estimaciones posteriores elevan el número de ciudadanos sirios asesinados a al menos 10.000, aunque la mayoría hablan de 20.000 a 40.000 (acorde al Comité de Derechos Humanos de Siria). Alrededor de 1.000 soldados sirios murieron durante la operación y gran parte de la antigua ciudad fueron destruida. Junto a eventos como la masacre de Septiembre Negro en Jordania, el ataque ha sido descrito como uno de "los actos individuales más mortíferos por algun gobierno árabe contra su propio pueblo en el moderno Oriente Medio". La mayoría de las victimas fueron civiles.
- Haman joukkomurha vuonna 1982 oli tapahtumasarja, jossa Syyrian hallituksen joukot tulittivat raskailla aseilla Haman kaupunkia, jonka seurauksena sai surmansa tuhansia kapinallisen sunnien muslimiveljeskunnan jäseniä. Hallituksen harjoittamat muslimiveljiksi epäiltyjen kidutukset ja murhat jatkuivat vallatussa kapinakaupungissa viikkoja. Eräiden arvioiden mukaan niissä kuoli 7 000–40 000 henkeä.
- Le massacre de Hama résulte de la répression, par le pouvoir syrien d'Hafez el-Assad, des insurgés de la ville de Hama en février 1982. On estime entre et le nombre de victimes lors de la répression de cette insurrection, qui avaient lancé dans les années précédentes une lutte armée et des attaques contre le régime baasiste. Le journaliste britannique Patrick Seale parvient lui aussi à entrer dans Hama. Le 7 mars 1982, il décrypte pour The Observer les massacres : "Dans les combats de Hama, la volonté des Frères musulmans de combattre jusqu'à la mort a rencontré la même volonté de la part des défenseurs du régime. " Le massacre de Hama signe l'échec de l'insurrection des Frères musulmans en Syrie, désormais condamnés à l'exil. Durant les quatre semaines de siège, aucune autre ville syrienne n'est venue soutenir les habitants de Hama, doublement isolés : assiégés physiquement, et sans aucun appui moral à l'extérieur. Hafez Al-Assad, quant à lui, refroidit durablement toute volonté de rébellion au sein de la population et apparaît comme celui qui maintient "l'ordre" entre les communautés alaouite et sunnite. L'épisode de Hama permet au régime de s'assurer un sursis de tranquillité. Trente ans plus tard, les tensions ne sont pas retombées à Hama, ville-pivot de la contestation actuelle contre Bachar Al-Assad. Le 2 février 1982, la population de Hama, à majorité sunnite, menée par 150 officiers, s'insurge contre le pouvoir en place, suite à l'arrestation d'imams fondamentalistes. Les forces armées syriennes répliquent en assiégeant et en bombardant la ville 27 jours durant, pratiquant la politique de la terre brûlée. Un tiers de la ville — comptant de nombreux joyaux architecturaux — est alors détruit. Ces événements n'ont pas été, ou peu, relayés dans la presse occidentale et n'ont pas soulevé l'indignation à l'étranger car ils ont été occultés par la fermeture du pays et par la guerre du Liban. La répression a été décrite comme étant « l'acte isolé le plus meurtrier par un gouvernement arabe contre son propre peuple dans le Moyen-Orient moderne ».
- Il massacro di Ḥamā (in arabo: مجزرة حماة, Majzarat Ḥamā fu la conseguenza di una feroce azione repressiva scatenata dal Presidente siriano Hafiz al-Asad contro gli insorti della città di Ḥamā nel febbraio 1982. Il numero dei caduti è stato stimato tra i 25.000 e i 50.000, tutti dovuti alla repressione di un'insurrezione organizzata dai Fratelli Musulmani che avevano dato il via già negli anni precedenti a una lotta armata e ad attacchi terroristici contro il regime ba'thista. Il 2 febbraio 1982, la popolazione di Hama, in stragrande maggioranza sunnita, guidata da 150 ufficiali, insorse contro il potere dittatoriale del Presidente alawita al-Asad, come reazione a una serie di arresti di elementi fondamentalisti. Le forze armate siriane, organizzate e guidate dal fratello stesso del Presidente, Rifaʿat al-Asad, replicarono con un durissimo assedio e lo spietato bombardamento di Hama, durati 27 giorni, nel corso dei quali praticarono la politica della "terra bruciata" su un terzo della cittadina — che vantava numerosi gioielli architettonici, per lo più d'età zengide e ayyubide — che venne di fatto raso al suolo. Nell'abbandonare la città l'esercito e le forze di sicurezza del regime si abbandonarono a massacri sanguinosi persino all'interno delle varie colonie di rifugiati politici ospitati all'interno di Hama, torturando e giustiziando gli oppositori politici della dittatura, veri o presunti. Tale avvenimento fu conosciuto con grave ritardo dall'opinione pubblica mondiale, visto il ferreo controllo censorio operato dal regime siriano su tutti i mezzi d'informazione, d'altronde distratti dalla contemporanea guerra in Libano. La repressione fu descritta come « l'atto singolo più letale messo in atto da un governo arabo contro il suo stesso popolo nel Vicino Oriente moderno »</div>
- 하마 대학살은 1982년 2월 시리아 정부군이 이슬람 원리주의 단체인 무슬림 형제단의 반란을 진압하기 위해 하마에서 폭격을 가하면서 일어난 학살 사건이다. 이 대학살로 무슬림 형제단이 1976년부터 일으키던 반란은 끝을 보게 되었다. 어림잡아 7,000명에서 35,000명이 하마 시에서 사망했고, 사망자 중 1,000명은 시리아 정부군이었다. 고대 유물들이 위치해있던 하마 시의 주요 장소들이 파괴됐다. 이 공격은 "현대 중동 사회에서 아랍 정부가 자신의 국민들에게 할 수 있는 행동 중 가장 치명적인 행동이다. "라는 평을 받기도 한다. 무슬림 형제단의 테러가 빈번해지고 있을 즈음 1980년 6월 26일 하페즈 알아사드 대통령이 시리아를 방문한 말리의 대통령을 맞이하던 중에 무슬림 형제단의 총기 테러를 당하고 경호원이 사망하는 사건이 벌어지자 정부의 무슬림 형제단에 대한 적개심은 극에 달했다. 1982년 2월부터는 무슬림 형제단의 본거지였던 하마 시를 시리아 정부군이 2주동안 폭격하여 수 많은 사상자가 발생하였다. 그 뒤로 무슬림 형제단의 활동이 거의 사라지게 되었다.
- Het bloedbad van Hama vond plaats op 2 februari 1982 en geldt als één van de bloedigste perioden van de moderne Syrische geschiedenis. Het bloedbad vond plaats in de stad Hama. Het bloedbad werd door het Syrische Volksleger gepleegd op last van de Ba'ath Partij en in het bijzonder president Hafiz al-Assad. Assad wilde de opstand van de fundamentalistische beweging de Moslimbroederschap neerslaan. Althans, dat is de officiële lezing. Volgens sommige tegenstanders van Assad pleegde hij juist een religieuze genocide op de soennitische burgers. Assad zelf behoorde tot de alawieten, een islamitische minderheid. Bij de opstand werden veel leden van de Moslimbroederschap vermoord, maar vele vermoorde Syriërs waren geen lid van de beweging. Ze waren alleen soennitisch. Het officiële dodental bedraagt 700 mensen. Volgens anderen, zoals verslaggever Robert Fisk die ter plekke was, zou het dodental minstens 10.000 mensen bedragen. Volgens Amnesty International kwamen er 25.000 mensen om het leven, en volgens tegenstanders van de regering zeker 48.000 mensen. Het bloedbad van Hama heeft nooit veel internationale aandacht gekregen.
- Hama-massakren skjedde mens Hafez al-Assad regjerte i Syria. Den 2. februar 1982 bombet den syriske hæren byen Hama for å slå ned et opprør fra det Muslimske brorskapet. Amnesty International har estimert at mellom 10 000 og 25 000 mennesker ble drept i angrepene. Regjeringen i Syria har aldri gitt noen offisiell redegjørelse for hvor mange som ble drept.
- O Massacre de Hama ocorreu em 2 de fevereiro de 1982, quando as Forças Armadas sírias bombardearam a cidade de Hama, contra uma sublevação comandada pela Irmandade Muçulmana. A Anistia Internacional estima entre 10.000 e 25.000 pessoas mortas em Hama.
- Massakern i Hamah ägde rum i februari 1982 när den syriska armén bombade staden Hamah, för att kväsa ett uppror av det Muslimska brödraskapet och andra islamistiska grupper. Olika källor anger antalet döda till mellan 7 000 och 25 000 människor, inklusive cirka 1 000 soldater.
- Взятие Хамы — события февраля 1982 года, когда армия Сирии подвергла бомбардировке, а затем взяла штурмом город Хама с целью подавить восстание исламистов под началом Братьев-мусульман. По разным оценкам, от 17 000 до 40 000 человек были убиты (в том числе 1000 солдат). Сильно пострадало историческое наследие города, разрушены были многие старые кварталы.
- 哈马大屠杀（阿拉伯语：مجزرة حماة）是1982年2月发生于叙利亚哈马的屠杀事件，当时叙利亚军队在总统哈菲兹·阿萨德的命令下，对哈马实行烧焦土地的政策，以镇压逊尼派伊斯兰分子的反政府暴动。屠杀事件由哈菲兹·阿萨德的弟弟Rifaat al-Assad亲自指挥，有效地终止了自1976年开始的逊尼派人士的反政府活动。 起初西方国家的外交官报道说有1000人死亡。后来估计至少有1万名叙利亚人被杀。其他数字有2万和4万(叙利亚人权委员会)。大约1000名政府士兵在行动中死亡，哈马旧城的大部分被毁。这次事件被描述为“在现代中东国家历史中阿拉伯政府对本国人民实施的最致命的一次行动”。因为死者大多数是无辜的平民。 一些叙利亚媒体和反对派人士表示“我们的朋友在家中睡觉时遭到安全部队的突然袭击，无论是妇女还是儿童都遭到无情的杀害，死者的尸体像被野狗一样在大街上被肢解和虐待”。
- The Hama massacre occurred in February 1982, when the Syrian army, under the orders of the country's president, Hafez al-Assad, conducted a scorched earth operation against the town of Hama in order to quell a revolt by the Muslim Brotherhood against the government of Hafez al-Assad. The Hama massacre, carried out by the Syrian Army supposedly under commanding General Rifaat al-Assad, President Assad's younger brother, effectively ended the campaign begun in 1976 by Sunni Islamic groups, including the Muslim Brotherhood, against Assad's regime, whose leaders were disproportionately from president Assad's own Alawite sect. Initial diplomatic reports from western countries stated that 1,000 were killed. Subsequent estimates vary, with the lower estimates claiming that at least 10,000 Syrian citizens were killed, while others put the number at 20,000, or 40,000 (Syrian Human Rights Committee). About 1,000 Syrian soldiers were killed during the operation and large parts of the old city were destroyed. Alongside such few events as the Black September Massacre in Jordan, the attack has been described as one of "the single deadliest acts by any Arab government against its own people in the modern Middle East". The vast majority of the victims were civilians. According to Syrian media, anti-government rebels initiated the fighting, who "pounced on our comrades while sleeping in their homes and killed whomever they could kill of women and children, mutilating the bodies of the martyrs in the streets, driven, like mad dogs, by their black hatred. " Security forces then "rose to confront these crimes" and "taught the murderers a lesson that has snuffed out their breath"
- The Hama massacre occurred in February 1982, when the Syrian Arab Army and the Defense Companies, under the orders of the country's president, Hafez al-Assad, conducted a scorched earth operation against the town of Hama in order to quell a revolt by the Muslim Brotherhood against the government of Hafez al-Assad. The Hama massacre, carried out by the Syrian Army supposedly under commanding General Rifaat al-Assad, President Assad's younger brother, effectively ended the campaign begun in 1976 by Sunni Islamic groups, including the Muslim Brotherhood, against Assad's regime, whose leaders were disproportionately from president Assad's own Alawite sect. Initial diplomatic reports from western countries stated that 1,000 were killed. Subsequent estimates vary, with the lower estimates claiming that at least 10,000 Syrian citizens were killed, while others put the number at 20,000, or 40,000 (Syrian Human Rights Committee). About 1,000 Syrian soldiers were killed during the operation and large parts of the old city were destroyed. Alongside such few events as the Black September Massacre in Jordan, the attack has been described as one of "the single deadliest acts by any Arab government against its own people in the modern Middle East". The vast majority of the victims were civilians. According to Syrian media, anti-government rebels initiated the fighting, who "pounced on our comrades while sleeping in their homes and killed whomever they could kill of women and children, mutilating the bodies of the martyrs in the streets, driven, like mad dogs, by their black hatred. " Security forces then "rose to confront these crimes" and "taught the murderers a lesson that has snuffed out their breath"
- The Hama massacre occurred in February 1982, when the Syrian Arab Army and the Defense Companies, under the orders of the country's president, Hafez al-Assad, conducted a scorched earth operation against the town of Hama in order to quell a revolt by the Muslim Brotherhood against the government of Hafez al-Assad. The Hama massacre, carried out by the Syrian Army supposedly under commanding General Rifaat al-Assad, President Assad's younger brother, effectively ended the campaign begun in 1976 by Sunni Islamic groups, including the Muslim Brotherhood, against Assad's government, whose leaders were disproportionately from president Assad's own Alawite sect. Initial diplomatic reports from western countries stated that 1,000 were killed. Subsequent estimates vary, with the lower estimates claiming that at least 10,000 Syrian citizens were killed, while others put the number at 20,000, or 40,000 (Syrian Human Rights Committee). About 1,000 Syrian soldiers were killed during the operation and large parts of the old city were destroyed. Alongside such few events as the Black September Massacre in Jordan, the attack has been described as one of "the single deadliest acts by any Arab government against its own people in the modern Middle East". The vast majority of the victims were civilians. According to Syrian media, anti-government rebels initiated the fighting, who "pounced on our comrades while sleeping in their homes and killed whomever they could kill of women and children, mutilating the bodies of the martyrs in the streets, driven, like mad dogs, by their black hatred. " Security forces then "rose to confront these crimes" and "taught the murderers a lesson that has snuffed out their breath"
- The Hama massacre occurred in February 1982, when the Syrian Arab Army and the Defense Companies, under the orders of the country's president, Hafez al-Assad, conducted a scorched earth operation against the town of Hama in order to quell a revolt by the Muslim Brotherhood against the government of Hafez al-Assad. The Hama massacre, carried out by the Syrian Army supposedly under commanding General Rifaat al-Assad, President Assad's younger brother, effectively ended the campaign begun in 1976 by Sunni Islamic groups, including the Muslim Brotherhood, against Assad's government. Initial diplomatic reports from western countries stated that 1,000 were killed. Subsequent estimates vary, with the lower estimates claiming that at least 10,000 Syrian citizens were killed, while others put the number at 20,000, or 40,000 (Syrian Human Rights Committee). About 1,000 Syrian soldiers were killed during the operation and large parts of the old city were destroyed. Alongside such few events as the Black September Massacre in Jordan, the attack has been described as one of "the single deadliest acts by any Arab government against its own people in the modern Middle East". The vast majority of the victims were civilians. According to Syrian media, anti-government rebels initiated the fighting, who "pounced on our comrades while sleeping in their homes and killed whomever they could kill of women and children, mutilating the bodies of the martyrs in the streets, driven, like mad dogs, by their black hatred. " Security forces then "rose to confront these crimes" and "taught the murderers a lesson that has snuffed out their breath"
- The Hama massacre occurred in February 1982, when the Syrian Arab Army and the Defense Companies, under the orders of the country's then-president, Hafez al-Assad, besieged the town of Hama for 27 days in order to quell an uprising by the Muslim Brotherhood against al-Assad's government. The massacre, carried out by the Syrian Army supposedly under commanding General Rifaat al-Assad, President Assad's younger brother, effectively ended the campaign begun in 1976 by Sunni Islamic groups, including the Muslim Brotherhood, against the government. Initial diplomatic reports from western countries stated that 1,000 were killed. Subsequent estimates vary, with the lower estimates claiming that at least 10,000 Syrian citizens were killed, while others put the number at 20,000, or 40,000 (Syrian Human Rights Committee). About 1,000 Syrian soldiers were killed during the operation and large parts of the old city were destroyed. Alongside such events as Black September in Jordan, the attack has been described as one of "the single deadliest acts by any Arab government against its own people in the modern Middle East". The vast majority of the victims were civilians. According to Syrian media, anti-government rebels initiated the fighting, who "pounced on our comrades while sleeping in their homes and killed whomever they could kill of women and children, mutilating the bodies of the martyrs in the streets, driven, like mad dogs, by their black hatred. " Security forces then "rose to confront these crimes" and "taught the murderers a lesson that has snuffed out their breath"
- The Hama massacre occurred in February 1982, when the Syrian Arab Army and the Defense Companies, under the orders of the country's then-president, Hafez al-Assad, besieged the town of Hama for 27 days in order to quell an uprising by the Muslim Brotherhood against al-Assad's government. The massacre, carried out by the Syrian Army supposedly under commanding General Rifaat al-Assad, President Assad's younger brother, effectively ended the campaign begun in 1976 by Sunni Islamic groups, including the Muslim Brotherhood, against the government. Diplomatic reports from western countries stated that 1,000 were killed. Amnesty International cited claims that between 10,000 to 25,000 were killed in the fighting, which the Syrian Government said were lies and accused the United States of interfering in Syria's internal affairs Other claims are that from 20,000 to 40,000 ("Syrian Human Rights Committee") were killed in the fighting. Alongside such events as Black September in Jordan, the attack has been described as one of "the single deadliest acts by any Arab government against its own people in the modern Middle East". The vast majority of the victims were civilians. According to Syrian media, anti-government rebels initiated the fighting, who "pounced on our comrades while sleeping in their homes and killed whomever they could kill of women and children, mutilating the bodies of the martyrs in the streets, driven, like mad dogs, by their black hatred. " Security forces then "rose to confront these crimes" and "taught the murderers a lesson that has snuffed out their breath"
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