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- The giudicati (singular giudicato) were the indigenous kingdoms of Sardinia from about 900 until 1410, when the last fell to the Aragonese. The rulers of the giudicati were giudici (singular giudice), from the Latin iudice (pl. iudices), often translates as "judge". The Latin for giudicato (judgeship) was iudicatus (pl. iudicati), sometimes spelled with a "j", as in judicatus. The Latin terms were corrupted over time into judike/judikes (iudike/iudikes). The title of iudex was that of a Byzantine governor (prases or judex provinciae) dating from the creation of the Exarchate of Africa in 582. The Byzantines were totally cut off from the Tyrrhenian Sea by the Muslim conquest of Sicily in 827. A letter of Pope Nicholas I in 864 mentions for the first time the "Sardinian judges," and their autonomy was clear in a later letter of Pope John VIII in which he referred to them as principes ("princes"). The local authority was exercised initially by curatores — who each ruled over a curatoria — who were subject to the judges, whose responsibilities included the administration of justice and command of the army. Originally the giudicati were Byzantine districts that became independent during the period the Arab expansion in the Mediterranean. The governors were originally elected by the Corona de Logu (parliament), but the establishment of dynasties there was, as elsewhere in Dark Age Europe, inevitable. The known medieval giudicati were: Giudicato of Agugliastra (also known as Ogliastra; short-lived, annexed by Cagliari) Giudicato of Arborea (with capital in Oristano), 13 or 14 curatoriae Giudicato of Cagliari (also known as Cagliaritano or Pluminos), 14 curatoriae Giudicato of Gallura, 10 curatoriae Giudicato of Logudoro (also known as Torres), 20 curatoriae In the early thirteenth century, three of the giudicati successively passed to women by inheritance: Gallura to Elena in 1203, Cagliari to Benedetta in 1214, and Logudoro to Adelasia in 1232. By the end of the century, three giudicati had fallen to either the Republic of Pisa or Genoa: Cagliari in 1258 to Pisa, Logudoro in 1259 to powerful Genoese families of merchants (most notably the Dorias), and Gallura in 1288 to Pisa, although the latter was disputed until the early fourteenth century. In the fourteenth century the territories conquered by Pisa were seized by the Crown of Aragon. The Genoese who had taken possession of parts of Sardinia also clashed with the Aragonese expansion. The giudicato of Arborea survived much longer compared to the other giudicati and greatly expanded its territory in the fourteenth century, reaching its peak under Marianus IV the Great and Eleanor, its heroine. The expansion of Arborea to clashes with Aragon, which desired the mineral resources of the island and command of the sea routes of the western Mediterranean. The war between Arborea and Aragon was fought on and off for more than 100 years. During this time the rulers of Arborea developed the ambition to unite all of Sardinia under their rule and create an independent Sardinian state. This ambition is given voice in the frequent references to the Republica Sardisca ("Sardinian Republic") in official Arborean documents. Arborea lost the war against Aragon through defeat in the Battle of Sanluri in 1409 and the loss of the capital Oristano in 1410. After some years during which Arborean rulers failed to organise a successful resurgence, they sold the giudicato to the Crown of Aragon in 1420.
- Les Judicats étaient quatre régions de la Sardaigne médiévale qui ont conservé une grande autonomie entre le VIII siècle (leur création est certaine dès 851, grâce à une lettre du pape Léon IV qui demande de l'aide aux Judices Sardinae) et le XIII siècle. Leur structure reposait sur un découpage administratif de l'Empire byzantin, pendant que la Sardaigne dépendait de l'exarchat d'Afrique, situé à Carthage. Le magistrat résident à Cagliari était appelé Praeses ou Judex Provincae et disposait du gouvernement civil tandis qu'un commandement militaire était confié à un Dux, installé à Forum Traiani pour contrôler la Barbagia. Rapidement, chaque judicat, contrairement aux systèmes féodaux continentaux, reposait sur un territoire administré, nommé Logu (lieu) ou Rennu (règne), avec des terres d'État, et était gouverné selon les règles de droit romano-byzantines. Ce sont les razzias incessantes et la lutte permanente contre les Sarrasins, qui finirent par isoler l'île et provoquèrent une autonomie croissante des judicats du pouvoir byzantin, trop lointain, à tel point qu'ils se considéraient comme indépendants et souverains. Leurs chefs en étaient les Juges, élus par la Corona de Logu (un parlement sarde). Leurs noms étaient du nord au sud : Logudoro (de Logu d'or), ou Torres, autour de la ville de Torres près de l'actuelle Porto Torres; Gallura Arborée, autour de la ville d'Oristano, après l'abandon de Tharros; Calaris ou Pluminos. Ils perdirent progressivement leur indépendance entre 1258 et 1410 en raison de la présence croissante des Pisans et du Royaume d'Aragon. Le plus célèbre judicat est celui d'Arborée qui maintint son indépendance jusqu'en 1410, notamment grâce au personnage que fut Éléonore d'Arborée.
- I Giudicati sardi furono entità statuali autonome che ebbero potere in Sardegna fra il IX ed il XV secolo e furono assai diverse dalla forma feudale vigente nell'Europa medievale, essendo più prossime alle esperienze tipiche dei territori dell'impero bizantino con istituti giuridici romano-bizantini, sebbene con grandi peculiarità locali (usi ed istituti di presumibile derivazione dalla civiltà nuragica). Furono Stati sovrani - con summa potestas (capacità di stipulare trattati internazionali) governati da re chiamati in sardo judikes. Si segnalarono grandi fattori di modernità rispetto ai coevi regni europei di tradizione barbarico-feudale trattandosi di stati non patrimoniali (non di proprietà del sovrano) ma superindividuali, cioè del popolo, il quale esprimeva la sovranità con forme semidemocratiche come le coronas de curatorias che eleggevano i propri rappresentanti alla massima assise parlamentare chiamata Corona de Logu. I Giudicati conobbero e fusero l'influsso della cultura e dell'architettura italica e catalana con quella autoctona e mutarono in modo sostanziale nel corso dei secoli oscillando tra un sistema di tipo feudale ed un sistema giuridico che contemplava il progressivo affrancamento delle popolazioni rurali. Il re (o giudice) governava sulla base di un patto col popolo (cosiddetto "bannus-consensus"), venuto meno il quale il sovrano poteva essere detronizzato ed anche legittimamente ucciso dal popolo medesimo, senza che questo incidesse sulla trasmissione ereditaria del titolo all'interno della dinastia regnante.
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- The giudicati (singular giudicato) were the indigenous kingdoms of Sardinia from about 900 until 1410, when the last fell to the Aragonese. The rulers of the giudicati were giudici (singular giudice), from the Latin iudice (pl. iudices), often translates as "judge". The Latin for giudicato (judgeship) was iudicatus (pl. iudicati), sometimes spelled with a "j", as in judicatus. The Latin terms were corrupted over time into judike/judikes (iudike/iudikes).
- Les Judicats étaient quatre régions de la Sardaigne médiévale qui ont conservé une grande autonomie entre le VIII siècle (leur création est certaine dès 851, grâce à une lettre du pape Léon IV qui demande de l'aide aux Judices Sardinae) et le XIII siècle. Leur structure reposait sur un découpage administratif de l'Empire byzantin, pendant que la Sardaigne dépendait de l'exarchat d'Afrique, situé à Carthage.
- I Giudicati sardi furono entità statuali autonome che ebbero potere in Sardegna fra il IX ed il XV secolo e furono assai diverse dalla forma feudale vigente nell'Europa medievale, essendo più prossime alle esperienze tipiche dei territori dell'impero bizantino con istituti giuridici romano-bizantini, sebbene con grandi peculiarità locali (usi ed istituti di presumibile derivazione dalla civiltà nuragica).
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