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- George Syncellus (died after 810) was a Byzantine chronicler and ecclesiastic. He had lived many years in Palestine (probably in the Old Lavra of Saint Chariton or Souka, near Tekoa) as a monk, before coming to Constantinople, where he was appointed syncellus (literally, "Cell-mate") to Tarasius, patriarch of Constantinople. He later retired to a monastery to write what was intended to be his great work, a chronicle of world history, Ekloge chronographias, or Extract of Chronography. According to Anastasius Bibliothecarius, George "struggled valiantly against heresy [i.e. Iconoclasm] and received many punishments from the rulers who raged against the rites of the Church", although the accuracy of the claim is suspect. As one of several syncelloi (by the end of the 8th century, there were at least two, and probably more) George stood high in the ecclesiastical establishment of Constantinople. The position carried no defined duties, but the incumbent would generally serve as the patriarch's private secretary, and might also be used by the Emperor to limit the movements and actions of a troublesome patriarch (as was the case during the reign of Constantine VI, when several of George's colleagues were set as guards over Patriarch Tarasius). The office would be an imperial gift by the time of Basil I, and was probably so earlier; as such, George may well have owed his position to the Empress Irene. Many syncelloi would go on to become Patriarchs of Constantinople, or Bishops of other sees (for example George's colleague, John, another syncellus under Patriarch Tarasius, who became Metropolitan Bishop of Sardis in AD 803). George, however, did not follow this path, instead retreating from the world to compose his great chronicle. It would appear that the Emperor Nicephorus I incurred George's disfavour at around the same time: in 808, Nicephorus discovered a plot against him, and punished the suspected conspirators, amongst whom were not only secular figures "but also holy bishops and monks and clergy of the Great Church, including the synkellos... men of high repute and worthy of respect"; it is unknown whether the syncellus in question was George himself or a colleague/successor, but the attack on the clergy, including George's friends and colleagues, would not have endeared the Emperor to George, and is suggested as the motivating factor in the "pathological hatred" towards Nicephorus I in the Chronicle of Theophanes The date of his death is uncertain; a reference in his chronicle makes clear that he was still alive in AD 810, and he is sometimes described as dying in 811, but there is no evidence for this, and textual evidence in the Chronicle of Theophanes suggests that he was still alive in 813. His chronicle, as its title implies, is more of a chronological table with notes than a history. Following on from the Syriac chroniclers of his homeland, who were writing in his lifetime under Arab rule in much the same fashion, as well as the Alexandrians Annianus and Panodorus (monks who wrote near the beginning of the 5th century), George used the chronological synchronic structures of Sextus Julius Africanus and Eusebius of Caesarea, arranging his events strictly in order of time, and naming them in the year which they happened. Consequently, the narrative is regarded as secondary to the need to reference the relation of each event to other events, and as such is continually interrupted by long tables of dates, so markedly that Krumbacher described it as being "rather a great historical list [Geschichtstabelle] with added explanations, than a universal history. " George reveals himself as a staunch upholder of orthodoxy, and quotes Greek Fathers such as Gregory Nazianzen and John Chrysostom. But in spite of its religious bias and dry and uninteresting character, the fragments of ancient writers and apocryphal books preserved in it make it especially valuable. For instance, considerable portions of the original text of the Chronicle of Eusebius have been restored by the aid of George's work. His chief authorities were Annianus of Alexandria and Panodorus of Alexandria, through whom George acquired much of his knowledge of the history of Manetho; George also relied heavily on Eusebius, Dexippus and Julius Africanus. George's chronicle was continued after his death by his friend Theophanes; Theophanes' work was heavily shaped by George's influence, and the latter may have had a greater influence on Theophanes' Chronicle than Theophanes himself. Anastasius, the Papal Librarian, composed a Historia tripartita in Latin, from the chronicles of George Syncellus, Theophanes Confessor, and Patriarch Nicephorus. This work, written between 873 and 875, spread George's preferenced dates for historical events through the West. Meanwhile, in the East George's fame was gradually overshadowed by that of Theophanes.
- Georgios Synkellos (auch Georg der Mönch, genannt Synkellos oder gr. Georgios ho Sygkellos, Georgius Syncellus) war ein byzantinischer Mönch und Geschichtsschreiber, der im 8. Jahrhundert lebte und nach 810 verstarb. Georgios lebte als Mönch in Palästina und kam später an den Hof des byzantinischen Patriarchen Tarasius, der ihm das Amt des Synkellos (Privatsekretär des Patriarchen) verlieh. Als Synkellos war er auf den zweiten Platz in der byzantinischen Kirchenhierarchie aufgestiegen. Er verfasste mit der Ekloge chronographias eine Weltgeschichte, die sich auf zahlreiche teilweise verlorene ältere Quellen stützte. Da Georgios das Werk vor seinem Tode nicht vollenden konnte, behandelt es nur die Zeit bis Diokletian. Theophanes setzte es jedoch fort. Er überliefert unter anderem einen Teil der verlorenen Aufzeichnungen des Manetho (3. Jahrhundert v. Chr. ), aus ihrerseits verlorenen Schriften der christlichen Chronographen wie Iulius Africanus und Eusebius. Anastasius Bibliothecarius verwendete die Ekloge chronographias als Quelle für seine lateinische Chronik. Die Chronologie des Georgios wurde von Joseph Justus Scaliger 1601 in einer Pariser Bibliothek wiederentdeckt. U.a. erschienen ist die Briefsammlung des Leo, Metropolit von Synada an Synkellos.
- Jordi Sincel·le (Georgius Syncellus) anomenat també "l'abat" i "el monjo", fou un escriptor grec que va viure a la darrera part del segle VIII i primera part del segle IX. El seu nom derivava d'haver estat sincel·le (syncellus) és a dir, assistent personal, del patriarca Tarasi de Constantinoble, mort el 806. Teòfanes Isàuric el descriu com un home intel·ligent i expert en història i cronologia. Fou l'autor d'una cronografia o crònica el títol de la qual és Ἐκλογὴ Χρονογραφίας συνταγεῖσα ῦπὸ. Γεωργίον Μοναχοῦ Συγκέλλου γεγονότος Ταρασίον Πατριάρχον Κωνσταντινουπόλεως ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ μέχρι Διοκλητιανοῦ,. L'obra hauria d'haver arribat fins el 800 però degut a la seva mort va quedar aturada a la pujada al tron de Dioclecià el 284. L'obra estava basada en el Chronicon d'Eusebi de Cesarea. La Chronographia de Teòfanes, que va del 285 al 813, seria una continuació d'aquest Chronicon.
- Jorge Sincelo, o Jorge el Monje, denominado así por su oficio eclesiástico, fue secretario personal (sincelo) del patriarca Tarasio y vivió a finales del siglo VIII e inicios del IX. Es la principal fuente de conocimiento y transmisión de la Aegyptiaca, o Historia de Egipto de Manetón, en su obra Eklogué Cronografías, una historia del mundo que partiendo desde Adán llegaba hasta la época del emperador Diocleciano. Sincelo quería demostrar que Jesucristo había nacido el año 5500 después de la Creación del Mundo, describiendo, indirectamente, la historia de 31 dinastías egipcias que alcanzaban desde el Diluvio Universal hasta los tiempos de Darío I el Grande, sirviéndose de los epítomes de Manetón. De sus textos sólo han perdurado dos manuscritos, el del año 1021, y el de París, el mejor de ambos. Sincelo utilizó para componer su obra el epítome de Eusebio de Cesarea, citándolo, y posiblemente el de Julio Africano, indirectamente, a través de otros manuscritos. También debió conocer otras obras, consideradas pseudo-manetoníanas, como el Libro de Sozis y la Crónica Antigua.
- Georges le Syncelle (mort après 810) était un chroniqueur et un ecclésiastique byzantin. Il avait vécu de nombreuses années en Palestine comme moine quand il vint à Constantinople pour remplir le poste important de syncelle auprès de Tarasius, patriarche de Constantinople. Le Syncelle, qui servait de secrétaire privé au patriarche, était généralement un évêque et l'ecclésiastique le plus important dans la capitale après le patriarche lui-même auquel souvent il succédait. Cependant Georges ne succéda pas à Tarasius et il se retira dans un monastère où il écrivit son Extrait de la Chronographie (Ekloge chronographias), qui embrasse des événements du monde depuis Adam et Ève jusqu'au début du règne de Dioclétien. Sa chronique, comme le dit son titre, est moins une histoire qu'une table chronologique avec des notes. Georges a continué la structure chronologique de Sextus Julius Africanus, en arrangeant ses événements strictement dans l'ordre chronologique et en les plaçant dans l'année où ils s'étaient passés. Constamment le texte est interrompu par de longues tables de dates, à ce point que Krumbacher l'a décrit comme étant « plutôt une grande liste historique [Geschichtstabelle] avec explications ajoutées, qu'une histoire universelle. » Georges apparaît comme un défenseur résolu de l'orthodoxie et cite des Pères grecs comme Grégoire de Naziance et Jean Chrysostome. Mais malgré leur intention religieuse et leur caractère sec et peu intéressant, les fragments d'auteurs anciens et de livres apocryphes conservés dans son œuvre lui donnent une certaine valeur. Par exemple, des parties considérables du texte original de la Chronique d'Eusèbe ont été restituées à l'aide du travail de Georges. Ses autorités principales étaient Anniane d'Alexandrie et Panodore d'Alexandrie (moines qui ont vécu vers le début du V siècle), d'où Georges a tiré une grande partie de sa connaissance de l'histoire de Manéthon; Georges dépend étroitement aussi d'Eusèbe, de Dexippe et de Sextus Julius Africanus. La chronique du Syncelle a été continuée après sa mort par son ami Théophane. Anastase le Bibliothécaire a composé un Historia tripartita en latin, des chroniques du Syncelle, de Théophane et du patriarche Nicéphore. Ce travail, écrit entre 873 et 875, a fait prévaloir en Occident les dates choisies par le Syncelle pour les événements historiques. Pendant ce temps, en Orient, la gloire de George a été progressivement éclipsée par celle de Théophane.
- Visse da monaco molti anni in Palestina. Giunse quindi a Costantinopoli per ricoprire, dal 784 all'806, la carica di sincello del patriarca Tarasio. Il sincello, cioè il segretario personale, era la persona più importante nella gerarchia ecclesiastica, inferiore solo al patriarca stesso, di cui solitamente era il successore designato. Giorgio Sincello, tuttavia, non succedette a Tarasio, ma si ritirò in monastero dove scrisse la sua Selezione di cronografia (Ἐκλογὴ τῆς χρονογραφία), ossia una storia universale che copriva gli anni dalla creazione del mondo fino al regno di Diocleziano. Giorgio Sincello continuò la struttura di Sesto Giulio Africano, suddividendo gli argomenti per anno e organizzandoli in stretto ordine cronologico. Il testo è continuamente interrotto da lunge tavole di date, così marcatamente che il filologo tedesco Karl Krumbacher ha descritto l'opera come «una immensa lista di fatti storici annotata, più che una storia universale». Sincello si rivela come uno strenuo difensore dell'ortodossia, e ricorre a frequenti citazioni dei Padri della Chiesa, come Gregorio Nazianzeno e Giovanni Crisostomo. Tali frammenti di scrittori antichi e citazioni da libri apocrifi rendono la sua opera particolarmente apprezzabile. Ad esempio, considerevoli porzioni del testo originale della Cronaca di Eusebio di Cesarea sono state ricostruite grazie al suo aiuto. Le sue fonti principali furono Anniano di Alessandria e Panodoro di Alessandria, monaci che scrissero attorno al V secolo e dai quali Giorgio acquisì gran parte della sua conoscenza degli scritti di Manetone sull'antico Egitto; altre sue fonti furono Eusebio, Dexippo e Sesto Giulio Africano. La storia di Sincello fu continuata, dopo la sua morte, dall'amico Teofane Confessore. Anastasio compose una Storia tripartita (Historia tripartita) in latino, a partire dalle cronache di Sincello, di Teofane e del patriarca Niceforo.
- Jorge Sincelo, ou Jorge “o Monge”, denominado assim pelo seu ofício eclesiástico, foi secretário pessoal (sincelo) do patriarca Tarásio e viveu em finais do século VIII e começos do IX. É a principal fonte de conhecimento e transmissão da Aegyptiaca, ou História do Egito de Maneton, na sua obra Eklogué Cronografias, uma história do mundo que partindo de Adão chegava até a época do imperador Diocleciano. Sincelo queria demonstrar que Jesus Cristo nascera o ano de 5500 depois da Criação do Mundo, descrevendo, indiretamente, a história de 31 dinastias egípcias que atingiam do Dilúvio Universal até os tempos de Dario I da Pérsia, servindo-se dos epítomes de Maneton. Dos seus textos somente perduraram dois manuscritos, o de 1021, e o de Paris, o melhor de ambos. Sincelo utilizou para compor a sua obra o epítome de Eusébio de Cesareia, citando-o, e possivelmente o de Júlio Africano, indiretamente, através de outros manuscritos. Também deveu conhecer outras obras, consideradas pseudo-manetonianas, como o Livro de Sozis e a Crônica Antiga. Editio princeps de J. Goar (1652) in W. Dindorf, Bonn Corpus scriptorum hist. Byz. , 1829. H. Gelzer, Sextus Julius Africanus, ii. I (1885). H. Gelzer. Sextus Julius Africanus und die byzantinische Chronographie, Leipzig 1898 (New York, B. Franklin, 1967). C. Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinische Litteratur, Munich, 1897. William Adler. Time immemorial: archaic history and its sources in Christian chronography from Julius Africanus to George Syncellus, Washington, D.C. , Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1989. Alden A. Mosshammer, ed. , Georgii Syncelli Ecloga chronographica, Leipzig, Teubner, 1984. William Adler, Paul Tuffin, translators. The chronography of George Synkellos: a Byzantine chronicle of universal history from the creation, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002. Seleção de textos de Jorge Sincelo
- Георгий Синкелл — византийский историк на рубеже VIII—IX вв. , автор известной хроники. Точное время жизни Георгия не установлено. Все биографические данные извлекаются из его «Хроники» и частично сохранились в свидетельствах современников. Монах Георгий состоял личным секретарем константинопольского патриарха Тарасия (784—806) — синкеллом (συνκέλλος; букв. «сокелейник»), от чего приобрёл у поздних историков условное прозвище Синкелл. После смерти патриарха он удалился в монастырь, где вероятно составил свой исторический труд. Известно, что в 810 году он был еще жив, так как упомянул 6302 год от сотворения мира как текущий год. «Избранная Хронография» (или Извлечения из Хронографии, Ἐκλογὴ Χρονογραφίας) Георгия Синкелла, составленная им в виде компилляции исторических сведений, начинается от сотворения мира и доведена до прихода к власти римского императора Диоклетиана. По сравнению с другими византийскими хрониками Синкелл ввёл хронологические вычисления по отсчету лет согласно древнегреческим олимпиадам, заимствуя данные из таблиц, составленных древнеегипетским жрецом Манефоном и вавилонянином Бероссом. Установив хронологию, Синкелл располагает события по годам. По мнению академика В. М. Истрина сокращённый перевод Хронографии Синкелла на старославянский язык мог появиться во времена Киевской Руси, известно 3 списка XV века. В русских летописях Хронография почти не использовалась в силу краткости изложения.
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- George Syncellus (died after 810) was a Byzantine chronicler and ecclesiastic. He had lived many years in Palestine (probably in the Old Lavra of Saint Chariton or Souka, near Tekoa) as a monk, before coming to Constantinople, where he was appointed syncellus (literally, "Cell-mate") to Tarasius, patriarch of Constantinople. He later retired to a monastery to write what was intended to be his great work, a chronicle of world history, Ekloge chronographias, or Extract of Chronography.
- Georgios Synkellos (auch Georg der Mönch, genannt Synkellos oder gr. Georgios ho Sygkellos, Georgius Syncellus) war ein byzantinischer Mönch und Geschichtsschreiber, der im 8. Jahrhundert lebte und nach 810 verstarb. Georgios lebte als Mönch in Palästina und kam später an den Hof des byzantinischen Patriarchen Tarasius, der ihm das Amt des Synkellos (Privatsekretär des Patriarchen) verlieh. Als Synkellos war er auf den zweiten Platz in der byzantinischen Kirchenhierarchie aufgestiegen.
- Jordi Sincel·le (Georgius Syncellus) anomenat també "l'abat" i "el monjo", fou un escriptor grec que va viure a la darrera part del segle VIII i primera part del segle IX. El seu nom derivava d'haver estat sincel·le (syncellus) és a dir, assistent personal, del patriarca Tarasi de Constantinoble, mort el 806. Teòfanes Isàuric el descriu com un home intel·ligent i expert en història i cronologia.
- Jorge Sincelo, o Jorge el Monje, denominado así por su oficio eclesiástico, fue secretario personal (sincelo) del patriarca Tarasio y vivió a finales del siglo VIII e inicios del IX. Es la principal fuente de conocimiento y transmisión de la Aegyptiaca, o Historia de Egipto de Manetón, en su obra Eklogué Cronografías, una historia del mundo que partiendo desde Adán llegaba hasta la época del emperador Diocleciano.
- Georges le Syncelle (mort après 810) était un chroniqueur et un ecclésiastique byzantin. Il avait vécu de nombreuses années en Palestine comme moine quand il vint à Constantinople pour remplir le poste important de syncelle auprès de Tarasius, patriarche de Constantinople. Le Syncelle, qui servait de secrétaire privé au patriarche, était généralement un évêque et l'ecclésiastique le plus important dans la capitale après le patriarche lui-même auquel souvent il succédait.
- Visse da monaco molti anni in Palestina. Giunse quindi a Costantinopoli per ricoprire, dal 784 all'806, la carica di sincello del patriarca Tarasio. Il sincello, cioè il segretario personale, era la persona più importante nella gerarchia ecclesiastica, inferiore solo al patriarca stesso, di cui solitamente era il successore designato.
- Jorge Sincelo, ou Jorge “o Monge”, denominado assim pelo seu ofício eclesiástico, foi secretário pessoal (sincelo) do patriarca Tarásio e viveu em finais do século VIII e começos do IX. É a principal fonte de conhecimento e transmissão da Aegyptiaca, ou História do Egito de Maneton, na sua obra Eklogué Cronografias, uma história do mundo que partindo de Adão chegava até a época do imperador Diocleciano.
- Георгий Синкелл — византийский историк на рубеже VIII—IX вв. , автор известной хроники. Точное время жизни Георгия не установлено. Все биографические данные извлекаются из его «Хроники» и частично сохранились в свидетельствах современников.
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