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- Granville Stanley Hall was a pioneering American psychologist and educator. His interests focused on childhood development and evolutionary theory. Hall was the first president of the American Psychological Association and the first president of Clark University. Born in Ashfield, Massachusetts, Hall graduated from Williams College in 1867, then studied at the Union Theological Seminary. Inspired by Wilhelm Wundt's Principles of Physiological Psychology, he earned his doctorate in psychology under William James at Harvard University, after which he spent time at Wundt's Leipzig laboratory. He began his career by teaching English and philosophy at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio. In 1882 (until 1888), he was appointed as a Professor of Psychology and Pedagogics at Johns Hopkins University, and began what is considered to be the first American psychology laboratory. There, Hall objected vehemently to the emphasis on teaching traditional subjects, e.g. , Latin, mathematics, science and history, in high school, arguing instead that high school should focus more on the education of adolescents than on preparing students for college. In 1887, he founded the American Journal of Psychology and in 1892 was appointed as the first president of the American Psychological Association. In 1889, he was named the first President of Clark University, a post he filled until 1920. During his 31 years as President, Hall remained intellectually active. He was instrumental in the development of educational psychology, and attempted to determine the effect adolescence has on education. He was also responsible for inviting Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung to visit and deliver lectures in 1909. Darwin's theory of evolution and Ernst Haeckel's recapitulation theory were large influences on Hall's career. These ideas prompted Hall to examine aspects of childhood development in order to learn about the inheritance of behavior. The subjective character of these studies made their validation impossible. His work also delved into controversial portrayals of the differences between women and men, as well as the concept of racial eugenics. Hall was deeply wedded to the German concept of Volk, an anti-individualist and authoritarian romanticism in which the individual is dissolved into a transcendental collective. Hall believed that humans are by nature non-reasoning and instinct driven, requiring a charismatic leader to manipulate their herd instincts for the well-being of society. He predicted that the American emphasis on individual human right and dignity would lead to a fall that he analogized to the sinking of Atlantis. One of the founders of the child study movement, he argued that child development recapitulates his highly racialized conception of the history of human evolutionary development. He characterized pre-adolescent children as savages and therefore rationalized that reasoning was a waste of time with children. He believed that children must simply be led to fear God, love country and develop a strong body. As the child burns out the vestiges of evil in his nature, he needs a good dose of authoritarian discipline, including corporeal punishment. For adolescents, who he believed were characterized by more altruistic natures, high schools should indoctrinate students into selfless ideals of service, patriotism, body culture, military discipline, love of authority, awe of nature and devotion to the state and well being of others. Hall consistently argued against intellectual attainment at all levels of public education. Open discussion and critical opinions were not to be tolerated. Students needed indoctrination to save them from the individualism that was so damaging to the progress of American culture. Hall coined the phrase "storm and stress" with reference to adolescence, taken from the German Sturm und Drang movement. Its three key aspects are conflict with parents, mood disruptions, and risky behavior. As was later the case with the work of Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget, public interest in this phrase, as well as with Hall's originating role, faded. Recent research has led to some reconsideration of the phrase and its denotation. In its three aspects, recent evidence supports storm and stress, but only when modified to take into account individual differences and cultural variations. Currently, psychologists do not accept storm and stress as universal, but do acknowledge the possibility in brief passing. Not all adolescents experience storm and stress, but storm and stress is more likely during adolescence than at other ages. Hall had no sympathy for the poor, the sick or those with developmental differences or disabilities. A firm believer in selective breeding and forced sterilization, Hall believed that any respect or charity toward those he viewed as physically, emotionally, or intellectually weak or "defective" simply interfered with the movement of natural selection toward the development of a super-race. Hall's social vision was a socialism of the right, a blueprint for the future German National Socialism that arose just a few years after his death. By the time of his death in 1924, accumulating evidence in biology and anthropology and the influence of John Dewey as well as the growing reluctance of scholars to believe in cosmic history led to the rapid decline of Hall’s influence. Hall's major books were Adolescence (1904) and Aspects of Child Life and Education (1921). Hall also coined the technical words describing types of tickling: knismesis, or feather-like tickling; and gargalesis, for the harder, laughter inducing type.
- Granville Stanley Hall war ein US-amerikanischer Psychologe. Seit 1882 war er Professor für Psychologie und Pädagogik an der Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, wo er das erste psychologische Laboratorium der USA nach dem Vorbild von Wilhelm Wundt gründete, dessen Schüler er einige Jahre zuvor für zwei Jahre gewesen war. 1887 wurde er Gründungspräsident der Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. 1892 wurde er zum Gründungspräsident der American Psychological Association gewählt. Er war einer der ersten Psychologen, die die Psychoanalyse als wissenschaftliches Forschungsprogramm anerkannten, weshalb er Freud und Jung 1909 zu Vorträgen an die Clark University in Worcester einlud und damit den Beginn der psychoanalytischen Forschung in den USA markierte. Hall war einer der Pioniere der Jugendforschung, auf die sich Siegfried Bernfeld in seiner Dissertation 'Über den Begriff der Jugend' (1915), der ersten jugendtheoretischen Dissertation an einer deutschsprachigen Universität, bezog. Hall ist Urheber des nach ihm benannten psychogenetischen Grundgesetzes (Hall 1904) Hall gründete folgende Zeitschriften: 1887 American Journal of Psychology 1891 Journal of Genetic Psychology 1904 Journal of Religious Psychology 1915 Journal of Applied Psychology.
- Granville Stanley Hall va néixer l'1 de febrer de 1844 a Ashfield, Massachusetts i va morir el 24 d'abril de 1924. Va ésser un psicòleg estatunidenc capdavanter en el seu camp. És considerat com un dels primers psicologistes científics i intentà conciliar la vida de l'home amb la hipòtesi de l'evolució. Després de graduar-se al Williams College l'any 1867 va continuar estudis a la Union Theological Seminary de Nova York. Inspirat pels Principis de Psicologia Fisiològica de Wilhelm Wundt va poder doctorar-se en psicologia sota el mestratge de William James a la Universitat de Harvard. Posteriorment ampliaria coneixements al mateix laboratori de Wundt a la ciutat alemanya de Leipzig. Va començar la seva carrera com a professor de llengua anglesa i filosofia a l'Antioch College d'Ohio. Des del 1882 fins al 1888 va ser nomenat professor de Psicologia i Pedagogia a la Universitat Johns Hopkins a on va poder començar el que, més tard, seria anomenat el primer laboratori de psicologia dels Estats Units. En aquesta etapa, Hall es va oposar amb vehemència a les assignatures impartides per l'ensenyament tradicional de l'època a la secundària (Llatí, matemàtiques, història,etc. ) perquè opinava que aquest tram de l'ensenyament s'havia d'enfocar més en l'educació dels adolescents que no pas en preparar-los per assolir la Universitat. El 1887 va fundar la publicació American Journal of Psychology i el 1892 va ser nomenat com el primer president de l'American Psychological Association, càrrec que va ocupar fins a la seva mort. El 1899 va ser nomenat el primer president de la Universitat Clark i va exercir aquesta posició fins l'any 1920. Durant els seus 31 anys com a president de la institució, Hall va ser, intel·lectualment parlant, molt actiu. Ell va ser decisiu en el desenvolupament de la psicologia educacional i va intentar determinar els efectes que l'educació té sobre l'etapa adolescent de l'ésser humà. Hall també va ser responsable per convidar Sigmund Freud i Carl Jung a visitar la universitat Clark per impartir conferències l'any 1909. La Teoria de l'Evolució de Charles Darwini la Teoria de la Recapitulació d'Ernst Haeckel van ser dues de les més grans influències en la carrera professional de Hall. Les teories esmentades van impulsar-li a examinar el desenvolupament infantil amb la finalitat d'investigar sobre l'herència genètica del comportament humà. Nogensmenys, el caràcter subjectiu dels estudis empresos per Hall van fer impossible validar els resultats aconseguits. El seu treball també va aixecar controvèrsies en temes de gènere (diferències entre homes i dones) i racials. Els seus dos llibres més coneguts van ser Adolescence (1904)i Aspects of Child Life and Education (1921).
- Granville Stanley Hall fue un pedagogo y psicólogo norteamericano. Su principal área de investigación fue la niñez; también se le conoce como uno de los iniciadores de la psicología genética en los Estados Unidos. Hall se graduó en el Williams College en 1867. Inspirado por la obra Principios de Psicología Fisiológica de Wilhelm Wundt, hizo su doctorado en psicología bajo la supervisión de William James en la Universidad de Harvard, después pasó un periodo en el Laboratorio de Wundt en Leipzig, Alemania. Empezó su carrera enseñando inglés y filosofía en el Antioch College de Ohio. Desde 1882 hasta 1888, fue profesor de psicología y pedagogía en la Universidad John Hopkins, iniciando allí el primer laboratorio de psicología en EEUU. En 1887, fundó el American Journal of Psychology. En 1899, fue nombrado primer presidente de la Clark University, posición que ocupó hasta 1920. Durante su gestión de 31 años, tuvo una vida intelectual muy activa. Promovió el desarrollo de la psicología educativa, prestando atención al efecto que los adolescentes ejercían sobre la educación. Fue responsable de la visita de Sigmund Freud y Carl Jung como profesores visitantes en el año 1909. Fue el primer presidente de la American Psychological Association, elegido en 1892, posición que ocupó hasta su muerte.
- Granville Stanley Hall est un philosophe et psychologue américain. Il a été l'élève de Wilhelm Wundt dans son laboratoire de psychologie expérimentale de Leipzig. Il est l'un des pionniers de la psychologie expérimentale aux États-Unis où il introduit les méthodes de son maître. Il a fait sa thèse avec William James et a voyagé en Europe où, après Wundt, il a rencontré d'autres éminents psychologues. À partir de son retour aux États-Unis, il enseigne dans de prestigieuses universtés Harvard, la Johns Hopkins University avant de présider la Clark University jusqu'à sa mort. Il fonde le premier laboratoire de psychologie expérimentale aux États-Unis ainsi que la revue American Journal of Psychology. Il étudie notamment l'humain à partir des réflexes et le développement des enfants à partir des idées de Haeckel qui avait aussi influencé Freud, en particlier sur l'axiome que l’ontogenèse récapitule la phylogenèse. Il s'est aussi intéressé à l'éducation et a eu une grande influence dans les milieux spécialisés et parmi le grand public grâce à ses écrits et ses conférences. il a encore été un des pionniers des sondages qu'il avait appris à pratiquer en Europe.
- グランヴィル・スタンレー・ホール（Granville Stanley Hall, 1844年2月1日 - 1924年4月24日）は、アメリカの心理学者。19世紀末から20世紀初頭にかけての心理学草創期に活躍した。 マサチューセッツ州アシュフィールドに生まれる。1867年、ウィリアムズ大学を卒業し、その後ユニオン神学校に学ぶ。ヴィルヘルム・ヴントの『生理学的心理学綱要』に触発されて心理学を志し、ハーヴァード大学のウィリアム・ジェームズの下で学位を取得。さらに、ライプツィヒ大学に留学し、ヴィルヘルム・ヴントに直接教えを受けた。 ジョンズ・ホプキンズ大学教授を経て、1888年にクラーク大学の初代総長に就任。また1892年にはアメリカ心理学会を組織して初代会長に就任した。 教育心理学、児童心理学、青年心理学、宗教心理学などの新しい研究領域を開拓し、また応用心理学の振興に力を尽くした。 1909年、ホールはクラーク大学の創立20周年記念式典にジークムント・フロイトら精神分析運動の主導者たちを招き、講演の機会を与えた。当時、ヨーロッパのアカデミズムからほとんど無視されていた精神分析が、アメリカにおいて社会的認知を得るきっかけとなった出来事である。
- G. Stanley Hall was een hoogleraar die een pioniersrol vervulde in de Amerikaanse psychologie. Hij was voornamelijk geïnteresseerd in de ontwikkelingspsychologie en de evolutietheorie. Hall was in 1892 de eerste president van de American Psychological Association.
- Glanville Stanley Hall (n. 1844 - d. 1924) a fost un psiholog şi pedagog american. A fost fondatorul psihologiei educaţionale. Hall a contribuit la dezvoltarea experimentelor pedagogice a chestionarului ca intrument de investigare psihologică. A difuzat o concepţie biologistă despre psihicul uman. În 1883 a înfiinţat primul laborator oficial de psihologie în S.U.A. la Universitatea,,John Hopkins,”. În 1887 a fondat primul periodic american de psihologie,,American Journal of Psychology”. În 1915 a pus bazele revistei,,Journal of Aplied Psychology” A fost primul preşedinte al Asociaţiei Psihologilor Americani.
- Файл:G. Stanley Hall. jpg Грэнвилл Стэнли Холл, около 1910. Грэнвилл Стэнли Холл был пионером американской психологической науки и учителем. Его интересы сосредоточены на развитии детей и эволюционной теории. Холл был первым президентом Американской психологической ассоциации и первым президентом Университета Кларка. Родился в Эшфильде, штат Массачусетс. В 1867 году окончил колледж Уильямса, затем обучался в объединённой теологической семинарии. Вдохновлённый работой Principles of Physiological Psychology Вильгельма Вундта он получил степень доктора психологии под руководством Уильяма Джемса в Гарвардском университете после работы в лаборатории Вундта в Лейпциге. Он начал свою карьеру учителем английского языка в колледже Antioch, в Yellow Springs, Огайо. В 1882 году (до 1888) он был назначен профессором писхологии и педагогики университета Джона Хопкинса и начал то, что считается первой американской лабораторией психологии. Там Холл страстно возражал об уделении особого внимания преподаванию традиционных предметов, например, латыни, математики, науки и истории в средней школе, заявив, что школы должны уделять больше внимания воспитанию подростков, чем подготовке студентов к колледжу. В 1887 году он основал American Journal of Psychology и в 1892 г. был назначен первым президентом Американской психологической ассоциации. В 1889 г. он был назван первым президентом университета Кларка, этот пост он занимал до 1920 г. За 31 год, пока он был президентом, Холл оставался активным интеллектуально. Он сыграл важную роль в развитии педагогической психологии, а также попытался определить эффект подростков в образовании. Также он ответил на приглашение Зигмунда Фрейда и Карла Юнга посетить и прочитать курс лекций в 1909 году.
- Granville Stanley Hall, ABD'de psikolojinin gelişimine katkısıyla tanınan psikolog. Genelde çocuk ve eğitim psikolojisinin kurucusu olarak tanınır. Ama dönemindeki psikoloji akımlarının yanı sıra Darwin, Freud ve başka kuramcıların görüşleriyle de yakından ilgilenmiştir. Hall, 1867'de, papaz olmak isteğiyle New York kentindeki Birlik İlahiyat Okulu'na girdi. Ama ertesi yıl bu okuldan ayrılarak Almanya'ya gitti ve 1871'e değin orada okudu. Psikolojiye yönelmesindeki temel etken, deneysel psikolojinin kurucusu sayılan Wilhelm Wundt'un Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie (1873-74; Fizyolojik Psikolojinin Temel İlkeleri) adlı yapıtını okuması olmuştu. Hall ülkesine döndükten sonra bir yandan doktora çalışmasını sürdürürken (daha sonra ABD'nin ilk psikoloji doktorlarından biri oldu), bir yandan da Harvard Üniversitesi'nde ders vermeye başladı (1868). Bu arada psikolog ve felsefeci William James ile tanıştı. Ardından, psikoloji konusunda daha ileri düzeyde çalışmalar yapmak için yeniden Almanya'ya gittiğinde, Wundt'tan başka, fizikçi ve fizyolog Hermann von Helmholtz'la tanışma olanağı buldu. Burada, psikoloji araştırmalarında anket kullanımının önemini kavradı. Sonradan öğrencileriyle beraber hazırlayacağı 190'ı aşkın anket, çocuk gelişimi çalışmalarına karşı ilginin artmasını sağlayacaktı. Hall, ABD'ye döndükten sonra Harvard'da eğitim konusunda seminerler verdi ve Boston'daki okullarda yürütülen araştırmalarda kullanılan anketlerden yararlanarak iki önemli çalışma hazırladı. Bunlardan biri çocukların yalanlarıyla (1882), öteki ise çocukların akıllarından geçenlerle (1883) ilgiliydi. Hall, 1883'te felsefe, 1884'te de psikoloji ve pedagoji dersleri verdiği Baltimore'daki Johns Hopkins Üniversitesi'nde ABD'nin psikoloji laboratuvarlarından birini oluşturdu. Bu laboratuvarda çalışan ilk kişiler arasında psikolog, felsefeci ve eğitimci John Dewey da vardı. Hall, 1887'de ABD'nin ilk psikoloji dergisi olan American Journal of Psychology'yi kurdu; dergi, Almanya dışında yayımlanan benzerleri arasında en önemlilerinden biriydi. Yaşamının bundan sonraki yılları, Hall'un en etkili olduğu dönemdi.1888'de Worcester'da Clark Üniversitesi'nin kuruluşuna katkıda bulundu; rektörlük ve psikoloji profesörlüğü yaptığı sırada deneysel psikolojinin bilimsel bir disiplin olarak biçimlenmesinde önemli rol oynadı. Psikolojinin her alanında araştırmalar yapılmasını özendirdi. ABD'de 1893'e kadar yapılan 14 doktora çalışmasından 11'ini o yönetti; 1920'de emekli olana değin doktorasını onun yanında gerçekleştirenler arasında çocuk psikologları Arnold Gesell ve Lewis Terman da vardı. Çocuk ve eğitim psikolojisi alanlarındaki ilk yayını olan Pedagogical Seminary ile Journal of Genetic Psychology'yi de 1893'te Hall kurmuştu. Hall, zihinsel gelişmenin belirli evrim aşamalarını izlediği biçimindeki kuramını, en geniş ve önemli yapıtlarından Adolescence'ta (1904;Ergenlik) kapsamlı olarak açıklamıştır. Psikanalizin de ilk temsilcilerinden biri olan Hall, 1892'de Amerikan Psikoloji Birliği'nin kurulmasına öncülük etmiş ve derneğin ilk başkanı olmuştur. Clark Üniversitesi'nin 1909'da 20. Yıl kutlama konferanslarına Sigmund Freud ve Carl Jung'u çağırmıştır. Psikolojinin temek alanlarından çoğunu kapsayan 489 çalışması arasında Senescence, the Last Half of Life (1922; Yaşlılık, Yaşamın Son Yarısı) ve Jesus, the Christ, in the Light of Psychology (1917; Psikolojinin Işığı Altında Mesih İsa) sayılabilir. Life and Confessions of a Psychologist (Bir Psikoloğun Yaşamı ve İtirafları) adlı otobiyografisi 1923'te yayımlanmıştır. Hall üzerine başlıca yaşam öyküsü ise Lorinne Pruette'nin G. Stanley Hall (1926) adlı yapıtıdır.
- 斯坦利·霍尔（Granville Stanley Hall，1844年2月1日 - 1924年4月24日）是美国心理学的先驱，致力于儿童发展理论。霍尔也是美国心理学会（American Psychological Association）首任主席，克拉克大学（Clark University）首任校长。 霍尔出生在马萨诸塞州Ashfield，1867年毕业于威廉姆斯学院，然后进入纽约协和神学院。霍尔在冯特的莱比锡大学实验室工作了一段时间，受到威廉·冯特的《生理心理学原理》的启发，霍尔在威廉·詹姆斯指导下，获得哈佛大学心理学博士学位。 他开始在俄亥俄州的Antioch College教英文和哲学。从1882年到1888年，他担任约翰霍普金斯大学的心理学和教育学教授，创办了美国第一座心理学实验室。霍尔激烈反对强调在中学教授传统学科，如拉丁文、数学、科学和历史，争辩说比起为升大学做准备，中学应该更关注青春期教育。 1887年，他创办了《美国心理学杂志》（American Journal of Psychology），1892年担任美国心理学会（American Psychological Association）第一任主席，直到去世. 1899年，他成为克拉克大学首任校长，直到1920年。在霍尔担任校长的31年间，一直进行研究活动。他致力于教育心理学的发展，并试图确定青春期对于教育的影响。1909年，他还邀请西格蒙德·弗洛伊德和卡尔·荣格来访并发表演讲。 查尔斯·达尔文的进化论和欧内斯特·海克尔（Ernst Haeckel）的复演理论对霍尔的事业影响很大。这些思想促使霍尔考察儿童发展以学习关于遗传。 霍尔的主要著作有《青春期》（Adolescence，1904年）
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