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- Frederic Edward Clements was an American plant ecologist and pioneer in the study of vegetation succession. Born in Lincoln, Nebraska, he studied botany at the University of Nebraska, graduating in 1894 and obtaining a doctorate in 1898. (One of his teachers was botanist Charles Bessey, and he was a classmate of Willa Cather and Roscoe Pound. ) While at the University of Nebraska, he met Edith Gertrude Schwartz (1874-1971), also a botanist and ecologist, and they were married in 1899. In 1905 he was appointed full professor at the University of Nebraska, but left in 1907 to head the botany department at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis. From 1917 to 1941 he was employed as an ecologist at the Carnegie Institution of Washington in Washington, D.C. , where he was able to carry out dedicated ecological research. During winter he worked at research stations in Tucson, Arizona and Santa Barbara, California, while in the summer he performed fieldwork at the Carnegie's "Alpine Laboratory," a research station in Angel Canyon on the slopes of Pikes Peak, Colorado. During this time he worked alongside staff of the U.S. Soil Conservation Service. In addition to his field investigations, he carried out experimental work in the laboratory and greenhouse, both at the Pikes Peak station and at Santa Barbara. From his observations of the vegetation of Nebraska and the western United States, Clements developed one of the most influential theories of vegetation development. Vegetation cover does not represent a permanent condition but gradually changes over time. Clements suggested that the development of vegetation can be understood as a sequence of stages resembling the development of an individual organism. After a complete or partial disturbance, vegetation grows back (under ideal conditions) towards a mature "climax state," which describes the vegetation best suited to the local conditions. Though any actual instance of vegetation might follow the ideal sequence towards climax, it can be interpreted in relation to that sequence, as a deviation from it due to non-ideal conditions. Clements's climax theory of vegetation dominated plant ecology during the first decades of the twentieth century, though it was criticized significantly by ecologists Henry Gleason and Arthur Tansley early on, and by Robert Whittaker mid-century, and largely fell out of favor. However, significant Clementsian trends in ecology re-emerged towards the end of the twentieth century. In addition to botany and ecology, his research interests covered the systematics of fungi. Among his works are: The Phytogeography of Nebraska (1898; second edition, 1900) Research Methods in Ecology (1905) Plant Physiology and Ecology (1907) Plant Succession (1916) Plant Succession and Indicators (1928, reprinted 1973) Flower Families and Ancestors Plant Ecology (1929, with J.E. Weaver) The Genera of Fungi (1931, repr. 1965, with C. L. Shear) In 1903, the flower Clementsia rhodantha ("Clements' rose flower"), a stonecrop, was named in honor of Frederic and Edith Clements. Clements died in Santa Barbara in 1945.
- Frederic Edward Clements war ein US-amerikanischer Botaniker und Universitätsprofessor. Sein offizielles botanisches Autorenkürzel lautet „Clem. “.
- Frederic Edward Clements (Frederic Clements fue un botánico estadounidense. Era hijo de Ephraim G. Clements y de Mary Scoggin. Obtiene su bachillerato en Ciencias en la "Universidad de Nebraska", en 1894, su Master of Arts en 1896, y su Ph. D. en 1898. Se casa con Edit Schwartz el 30 de mayo de 1899. De 1894 a 1906, es instructor y profesor de botánica en la Universidad de Nebraska, de 1906 a 1907, profesor de fisiología vegetal, de 1907 a 1917, profesor y director del departamento de botánica de la Universidad de Minnesota, y de 1917 a 1941, botánico estatal a cargo de las investigaciones ecológicas en el "Instituto Carnegie de Washington". A partir de 1941, dirige el laboratorio de estudios ecológicos. Participa en los trabajos de la Oficina de Protección de Suelos, desde 1934. Obtiene un doctorado honorífico en 1940. Miembro de la American Association for the Advancement of Science, de la National Academy of Sciences, de la Botanical Society of America, y de otras numerosas sociedades científicas.
- Frederic Edward Clements est un botaniste américain, né le 16 septembre 1874 à Lincoln et mort le 26 juillet 1945. Il est le fils d’Ephraim G. Clements et de Mary née Scoggin. Il obtient son Bachelor of Sciences à l’université du Bebraska en 1894, son Master of Arts en 1896 et son Ph. D. en 1898. Il se marie avec Edit Schwartz le 30 mai 1899. De 1894 à 1906, il est instructeur et professeur de botanique à l’université du Nebraska, puis de 1906 à 1907, professeur de physiologie végétale, puis de 1907 à 1917, professeur et directeur du département de botanique de l’université du Minnesota, enfin de 1917 à 1941, botaniste de l’État et en charge des recherches écologiques au Carnegie Institut de Washington. À partir de 1941, il dirige le laboratoire de recherche écologique. Il participe aux travaux du bureau de protection des sols à partir de 1934. Il obtient un doctorat honorifique en 1940. Membre de l’American Association for the Advancement of Science, de la National Academy of Sciences, de la Botanical Society of America ainsi que de nombreuses autres sociétés savantes. Clements est notamment l’auteur de : avec Nathan Roscoe Pound (1870-1964) The phytogeography of Nebraska; Histogenesis of Caryophyllales; Greek and Latin in Biological Nomenclature; Herbaria Formationum Coloradensium; Development and Structure of Vegetation; Research Methods in Ecology; Plant Physiology and Ecology; Cryptogamae Formationum Coloradensium; Minnesota Mushrooms; avec Edith Gertrude Clements (1877-1971) Rocky Mountain Flowers; Plant Succession; Plant Indicators; Aeration and Air-Content; avec Harvey Monroe Hall (1874-1932), The Phylogenetic Method in Taxonomy; avec Frances Louise Long, Experimental pollination; an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects; avec John Ernest Weaver (1884-1966), Experimental Vegetation; avec Glenn Warren Goldsmith (1886-1943), The phytometer method in ecology; the plant and community as instruments; Plant Succession and Indicators; avec Edith Clements, Flower Families and Ancestors.
- Dopo essersi laureato nel 1894 in scienze naturali, dal 1907 insegnò botanica alla Minnesota University. Dal 1917 lavorò come ricercatore alla Carnegie Istitution di Washington. È l'autore di Genera of Fungi, in cui sono inclusi 2900 generi. Le chiavi dicotomiche relative agli ordini e alle famiglie, seguono la linea indicata da Pier Andrea Saccardo nella Sylloge Fungorum. Nel 1931, in collaborazione con Shear, pubblicò la revisione completa ed ampliata di tale opera: 5000 i nomi generici, 58 tavole in bianco e nero, disegnate da Edith Clements, che secondo le intenzioni dell'autore, rappresentano le specie tipo di 700 generi.
- Frederic Edward Clements foi um botânico norte-americano.
- Фре́дерик Кле́ментс — американский ботаник, эколог растений и миколог. Ввёл понятие «экотон», обозначающее относительно резкую переходную зону между сообществами. Совокупность растительности и животного мира именовал биомом. Внёс большой вклад в систематику грибов. Член американской Национальной Академии наук, Американского ботанического общества (вице-президент в 1905, консультант в 1906—1910), Американской Ассоциации содействия прогрессу науки.
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- Frederic Edward Clements was an American plant ecologist and pioneer in the study of vegetation succession. Born in Lincoln, Nebraska, he studied botany at the University of Nebraska, graduating in 1894 and obtaining a doctorate in 1898. (One of his teachers was botanist Charles Bessey, and he was a classmate of Willa Cather and Roscoe Pound. ) While at the University of Nebraska, he met Edith Gertrude Schwartz (1874-1971), also a botanist and ecologist, and they were married in 1899.
- Frederic Edward Clements war ein US-amerikanischer Botaniker und Universitätsprofessor. Sein offizielles botanisches Autorenkürzel lautet „Clem. “.
- Frederic Edward Clements (Frederic Clements fue un botánico estadounidense. Era hijo de Ephraim G. Clements y de Mary Scoggin. Obtiene su bachillerato en Ciencias en la "Universidad de Nebraska", en 1894, su Master of Arts en 1896, y su Ph. D. en 1898. Se casa con Edit Schwartz el 30 de mayo de 1899.
- Frederic Edward Clements est un botaniste américain, né le 16 septembre 1874 à Lincoln et mort le 26 juillet 1945. Il est le fils d’Ephraim G. Clements et de Mary née Scoggin. Il obtient son Bachelor of Sciences à l’université du Bebraska en 1894, son Master of Arts en 1896 et son Ph. D. en 1898. Il se marie avec Edit Schwartz le 30 mai 1899.
- Dopo essersi laureato nel 1894 in scienze naturali, dal 1907 insegnò botanica alla Minnesota University. Dal 1917 lavorò come ricercatore alla Carnegie Istitution di Washington. È l'autore di Genera of Fungi, in cui sono inclusi 2900 generi. Le chiavi dicotomiche relative agli ordini e alle famiglie, seguono la linea indicata da Pier Andrea Saccardo nella Sylloge Fungorum.
- Frederic Edward Clements foi um botânico norte-americano.
- Фре́дерик Кле́ментс — американский ботаник, эколог растений и миколог. Ввёл понятие «экотон», обозначающее относительно резкую переходную зону между сообществами. Совокупность растительности и животного мира именовал биомом. Внёс большой вклад в систематику грибов.
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