The First Spanish Republic was the political regime that existed in Spain between the parliamentary proclamation on 11 February 1873 and 29 December 1874 when General Martínez Campos's pronouncement marked the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration in Spain. The Republic's founding started with the abdication as King of Spain on 10 February 1873 of Amadeo I, following the Hidalgo Affair, when he had been required by the radical government to sign a decree against the artillery officers.

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  • [[Spanish peseta]]
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  • The First Spanish Republic was the political regime that existed in Spain between the parliamentary proclamation on 11 February 1873 and 29 December 1874 when General Martínez Campos's pronouncement marked the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration in Spain. The Republic's founding started with the abdication as King of Spain on 10 February 1873 of Amadeo I, following the Hidalgo Affair, when he had been required by the radical government to sign a decree against the artillery officers. The next day, 11 February the republic was declared by a parliamentary majority made up of radicals, republicans and democrats. The Republican leaders planned the establishment of a federal republic, but did not declare it immediately, and instead planned a Constituent Cortes to write a federal constitution. The radicals preferred a unitary republic, and once the republic had been declared the two parties turned against each other. Initially, the radicals were largely driven from power, joining those who had already been driven out by the revolution of 1868 or by the Carlist War. The first republican attempt in the history of Spain was a short experience, characterized by profound political and social instability and violence. The Republic was governed by four distinct presidents—Estanislao Figueras, Pi i Margall, Nicolás Salmerón, Emilio Castelar— until, only eleven months after its proclamation, General Manuel Pavía led a coup d'état and established a unified republic dominated by Francisco Serrano. The period was marked by three simultaneous civil wars: the Third Carlist War, the Cantonal Revolution, and the Ten Years' War in Cuba. The gravest problems for the consolidation of the regime were the lack of true republicans, their division between federalists and unitarians, and the lack of popular support. Subversion in the army, a series of local cantonalist risings, instability in Barcelona, failed anti-federalist coups, calls for revolution by the International Workingmen's Association, the lack of any broad political legitimacy, and personal in-fighting among the republican leadership all further weakened the republic. The Republic effectively ended on January 3 1874, when the Captain General of Madrid, Manuel Pavía, pronounced against the federalist government and called on all parties except Federalists and Carlists to form a national government. The monarchists and Republicans refused, leaving the unitary Radicals and Constitutionalists as the only group willing to govern; again a narrow political base. General Francisco Serrano formed a new government and was appointed President of the Republic although it was a mere formality since the Cortes had been dissolved. Carlist forces managed to expand the territory under their control to the greatest extent in early 1874, though a series of defeats by the republic's northern army in the second half of the year might have led to the end of the war had it not been for bad weather. However the other monarchists had taken the name of Alfonsists as supporters of Alfonso, the son of the former Queen Isabel, and were organised by Cánovas del Castillo. This period of the Republic lasted until Brigadier Martínez Campos pronounced for Alfonso in Sagunto on 29 December 1874 and the rest of the army refused to act against him. The government collapsed, leading to the end of the republic and the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy with the proclamation of Alfonso XII as king.
  • Die Erste Spanische Republik begann am 10. Februar 1873 nach der Abdankung König Amadeus I.. Am Tag darauf, dem 11. Februar 1873 wurde durch die parlamentarische Mehrheit die Republik ausgerufen. Sie sollte 23 Monate lang bestehen, zwischen dem 11. Februar 1873 und dem 29. Dezember 1874 und hatte fünf Präsidenten: Estanislao Figueras, Francisco Pi i Margall, Nicolás Salmerón, Emilio Castelar und Francisco Serrano Domínguez. Die Republikanischen Führer planten die Einrichtung einer föderalen Republik, riefen diese allerdings nicht sofort aus, sondern planten die Einberufung einer verfassungsgebenden Versammlung der Cortes um eine föderale Verfassung zu entwerfen. Die Radikalen planten eine unitäre Republik, so dass sich die beiden Parteien nach ihrer Ausrufung gegeneinander wandten. Anfangs wurden die Radikalen von der Macht ausgeschlossen und verbündeten sich mit anderen, durch die Karlisten-Kriege und die Revolution von 1868, isolierten Gruppen. Subversion in der Armee, das Bestreben den Staat durch eine Konföderation souveräner Teilstaaten aufzulösen, die instabile Lage in Barcelona, fehlgeschlagene antiföderale Putschversuche, Aufrufe zur Revolution durch die Erste Internationale, der Mangel an politischer Legitimität und interne Kämpfe ihrer Führung schwächten die Republik. Sie hörte am 3. Januar 1874 praktisch zu bestehen auf, als der Generalkapitän Madrids, Manuel Pavía, sich gegen die föderale Regierung aussprach und alle Parteien, außer Föderalisten und Karlisten, aufrief eine nationale Regierung zu bilden. Die Monarchisten und die Republikaner lehnten dies ab, was die unitären Radikalen und die Konstitutionalisten als einzige regierungswillige Gruppen übrig ließ. Dies wiederum bedeutete eine sehr schmale Basis für ihre Regierung. General Francisco Serrano Domínguez bildete, obwohl dies ein rein formaler Akt war da die Cortes aufgelöst waren, eine neue Regierung. Karlistische Kräfte schafften es Anfang 1874 die weiteste Ausdehnung der von ihnen kontrollierten Gebiete zu erreichen. Dies obwohl eine Reihe von Niederlagen gegen die republikanische Nordarmee in der zweiten Hälfte des Jahres fast den Krieg beendet hätten, wenn das schlechte Wetter nicht gewesen wäre. Die anderen Monarchisten hatten sich nach Alfonso XII. , dem Sohn Königin Isabellas II. , Alfonsisten genannt und wurden von Antonio Cánovas del Castillo organisiert. Diese Periode der Republik dauerte an bis Brigadegeneral Arsenio Martínez-Campos sich am 29. Dezember für Alfons aussprach und der Rest der Armee sich weigerte, etwas gegen ihn zu unternehmen. Die Regierung brach zusammen, was zum Ende der Republik und zur Restauration der Bourbonen durch die Proklamation Alfons XII. zum König führte.
  • La Primera República Espanyola va ser el primer període en la història d'Espanya en el qual l'elecció, tant del Cap d'Estat com del Cap de Govern era democràtica.
  • La Primera República Española fue el régimen político que hubo en España desde su proclamación por las Cortes, el 11 de febrero de 1873, hasta el 29 de diciembre de 1874, cuando el pronunciamiento del general Martínez Campos dio comienzo a la Restauración borbónica en España. El primer intento republicano en la Historia de España fue una experiencia corta, caracterizada por la profunda inestabilidad política y social y la violencia. La República fue gobernada por cuatro presidentes distintos hasta que, tan sólo once meses después de su proclamación, se produjo el golpe de Estado del general Pavía y la instauración de una república unitaria dominada por el Duque de la Torre. El período estuvo marcado por tres guerras civiles simultáneas: la Tercera Guerra Carlista, la sublevación cantonal en la península Ibérica y la Guerra de los Diez Años en Cuba. Los problemas más graves para la consolidación del régimen fueron la falta de verdaderos republicanos, la división de éstos entre federalistas y unitarios y la falta de apoyo popular.
  • La Première République espagnole (en castillan, Primera República Española) est le régime qu'a connu l'Espagne de 1873 à 1874, ou 1875 si l'on rattache le gouvernement provisoire de Francisco Serrano. La république est la conséquence directe des difficultés que connaissait l'Espagne depuis le règne mouvementé d'Isabelle II et de son mari le roi consort François I. Après leur fuite en France en 1868, il a fallu quelque temps pour trouver une personne à qui confier le trône d'Espagne. Le choix s'est finalement porté sur Amédée de Savoie mais ce dernier, en butte à de grandes difficultés, finit par abdiquer le 10 février 1873. Le lendemain, le 11 février 1873, une partie de la population madrilène, à l'instigation de militants républicains, proclame la République. Des élections sont alors organisées pour élire des Cortes destinées à élaborer une Constitution. Néanmoins, l'unité n'existe pas parmi les Républicains et l'Espagne est partagée entre deux tendances, une tendance favorable à la décentralisation mais résolument unitaire, et une tendance fédéraliste. Un peu partout, des régions, des provinces voire de simples villages proclament leur "indépendance" ou du moins leur "autonomie" au sein de l'État, créant une situation proche de l'insurrection. Le pouvoir central hésite devant cette situation, avant de décider un mouvement de répression. La République est marquée par une forte instabilité et la démission de plusieurs présidents successifs. L'armée prend un pouvoir grandissant. C'est d'ailleurs un coup d'État, organisé par des partisans de la monarchie, qui met fin à la République démocratique dès janvier 1874. Commence alors le gouvernement provisoire du général Francisco Serrano, qui gouverne de manière autoritaire, sans les Cortes qui ont été dissoutes, jusqu'en décembre 1874. La restauration de la dynastie des Bourbons prend du retard car Serrano cherche à gagner du temps, dans l'espoir de conserver un régime républicain à son profit. Finalement, en janvier 1875, la monarchie est restaurée au profit d'Alphonse XII, qui met en place une monarchie constitutionnelle.
  • La Prima repubblica spagnola, detta anche la gloriosa, è il regime politico democratico che ci fu in Spagna dall'11 febbraio 1873, data di proclamazione della Repubblica e dell'esilio del Re Amedeo di Savoia, e il 29 dicembre 1874, data della restaurazione della monarchia con la proclamazione del Re Alfonso XII. Fu la prima espressione dell'ansia di libertà evocata dalla Rivoluzione francese che trovò compiuta realizzazione, se pur contradditoria e di breve durata, in Spagna nell'ultimo quarto del XIX secolo ad opera di una borghesia intellettuale progressista e cosmopolita portatrice di una straordinaria carica ideale in un contesto sociale di grande arretratezza delle masse popolari rurali e operaie soggiogate dalla Chiesa cattolica, soffocate dal latifondo (per non parlare dello schiavismo vigente nelle colonie con il regime della encomienda) su cui si appoggiava ottusamente il potere traballante di una antica e un tempo gloriosa Monarchia che rivendicava il suo ruolo ancora "per Grazia di Dio" e in "virtù delle armi" solo per coprire gli interessi di una ristretta oligarchia ormai al tramonto in un'epoca di globale trasformazione tecnologica all'insegna del Progresso. Armi che erano perdenti sul fronte estero con la perdita delle colonie e poi con la guerra contro gli Stati Uniti (1899), ma che non lo furono mai in patria per reprimere le libertà democratiche unica vera e solida base dello sviluppo di una società moderna. Il succedersi quasi convulso dei cinque presidenti è il sintomo più evidente del grado di instabilità politica, e anche ideologica all'interno della stessa area liberale progressita, che porterà al dissolvimento della Prima repubblica, anche con l'uso delle armi, il cui retaggio ideale però, al di là del momento storico contingente, sarà patrimonio universale. Basti pensare alla Costituzione approvata nel 1873 e mai entrata in vigore, che sarà il modello di tutte le costituzioni successivamente instaurate in Europa. Senza dimenticare che il XIX è stato un secolo cruciale per i Diritti dell'Uomo in cui sono convissute, scontrandosi anche violentemente, ideologie e concetti di organizzazione istituzionale tanto contrastanti tra loro come la monarchia e la repubblica e in quest'ultimo ambito il centralismo e il federalismo o cantonalismo, lo schiavismo nelle colonie, l'abolizionismo, l'assolutismo, il liberalismo, il marxismo, l'anarchismo, l'Inquisizione, la libertà di culto e l'ateismo. Persistendo ancora il diritto feudale che vedeva il vassallo assoggettato al Signore, nel contempo si videro sorgere le prime associazioni operaie così come la condanna a morte dei loro primi dirigenti sindacali.
  • De Eerste Spaanse Republiek ontstond toen het Spaanse parlement op 11 februari 1873 de republiek uitriep na de troonsafstand van koning Amadeus I. Op 29 december 1874, 23 maanden later, werd het koninkrijk hersteld toen Brigadegeneraal Arsenio Martínez Campos zijn steun uitsprak voor Alfons XII, waarna de regering uit elkaar viel en Alfons tot koning werd uitgeroepen.
  • A Primeira República Espanhola foi o regime político que regeu a Espanha desde a sua proclamação pelas Cortes, a 11 de fevereiro de 1873, até 29 de dezembro de 1874, quando o pronunciamento do general Martínez Campos deu começo à Restauração bourbônica. A primeira tentativa republicana na história da Espanha foi uma experiência curta, caracterizada pela profunda instabilidade política e social e a violência. A República foi governada por quatro presidentes diferentes até que, apenas onze meses depois da sua proclamação, o general Pavia deu um golpe de estado e foi instaurada uma república unitária presidida por Francisco Serrano Domínguez. No breve período ocorreram três guerras civis simultâneas: a Terceira Guerra Carlista, a sublevação cantonal na Espanha peninsular e a Guerra dos Dez Anos em Cuba. Os problemas mais graves para a consolidação do regime foram a falta de verdadeiros republicanos, a divisão destes entre federalistas e unitários e a falta de apoio popular.
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  • Spain
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  • Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg
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  • Emilio Castelar y Ripoll
  • Estanislao Figueras
  • Francisco Pi y Margall
  • Francisco Serrano y Domínguez
  • Nicolás Salmerón y Alfonso
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  • República Española
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  • There were days in that summer in which we thought our Spain was completely disbanded. The idea of legality was lost to a point any employee of War would assume full powers and notify the Cortes, and those charged with handing and fulfilling the law would disregard it, raising or booming against legality. It was not about, as in other instances, replacing an existent Ministry or a form of Government in the accepted way; it was about dividing our homeland in a thousand parts, similar to the successors to the Cordoba Caliphate. The strangest ideas and the most dishevelled principles came from the provinces. Some said to be about to restore the old Crown of Aragon, as if the ways of modern Law were spells from the Middle Ages. Others wanted to form an independent Galicia under an English protectorate. Jaén was preparing to wage war against Granada. Salamanca was afraid of the closing of its glorious university and the demise of its scientific prowess The uprising came against the most federalist of all possible governments, and at the very moment the Assembly was preparing a draft Constitution, the worst defects of which came from the lack of time in the Committee and the surplus of impatience in the Government.
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  • Spain under the Restoration
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  • The First Spanish Republic was the political regime that existed in Spain between the parliamentary proclamation on 11 February 1873 and 29 December 1874 when General Martínez Campos's pronouncement marked the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration in Spain. The Republic's founding started with the abdication as King of Spain on 10 February 1873 of Amadeo I, following the Hidalgo Affair, when he had been required by the radical government to sign a decree against the artillery officers.
  • Die Erste Spanische Republik begann am 10. Februar 1873 nach der Abdankung König Amadeus I.. Am Tag darauf, dem 11. Februar 1873 wurde durch die parlamentarische Mehrheit die Republik ausgerufen. Sie sollte 23 Monate lang bestehen, zwischen dem 11. Februar 1873 und dem 29. Dezember 1874 und hatte fünf Präsidenten: Estanislao Figueras, Francisco Pi i Margall, Nicolás Salmerón, Emilio Castelar und Francisco Serrano Domínguez.
  • La Primera República Espanyola va ser el primer període en la història d'Espanya en el qual l'elecció, tant del Cap d'Estat com del Cap de Govern era democràtica.
  • La Primera República Española fue el régimen político que hubo en España desde su proclamación por las Cortes, el 11 de febrero de 1873, hasta el 29 de diciembre de 1874, cuando el pronunciamiento del general Martínez Campos dio comienzo a la Restauración borbónica en España. El primer intento republicano en la Historia de España fue una experiencia corta, caracterizada por la profunda inestabilidad política y social y la violencia.
  • La Première République espagnole (en castillan, Primera República Española) est le régime qu'a connu l'Espagne de 1873 à 1874, ou 1875 si l'on rattache le gouvernement provisoire de Francisco Serrano. La république est la conséquence directe des difficultés que connaissait l'Espagne depuis le règne mouvementé d'Isabelle II et de son mari le roi consort François I.
  • La Prima repubblica spagnola, detta anche la gloriosa, è il regime politico democratico che ci fu in Spagna dall'11 febbraio 1873, data di proclamazione della Repubblica e dell'esilio del Re Amedeo di Savoia, e il 29 dicembre 1874, data della restaurazione della monarchia con la proclamazione del Re Alfonso XII.
  • De Eerste Spaanse Republiek ontstond toen het Spaanse parlement op 11 februari 1873 de republiek uitriep na de troonsafstand van koning Amadeus I. Op 29 december 1874, 23 maanden later, werd het koninkrijk hersteld toen Brigadegeneraal Arsenio Martínez Campos zijn steun uitsprak voor Alfons XII, waarna de regering uit elkaar viel en Alfons tot koning werd uitgeroepen.
  • A Primeira República Espanhola foi o regime político que regeu a Espanha desde a sua proclamação pelas Cortes, a 11 de fevereiro de 1873, até 29 de dezembro de 1874, quando o pronunciamento do general Martínez Campos deu começo à Restauração bourbônica. A primeira tentativa republicana na história da Espanha foi uma experiência curta, caracterizada pela profunda instabilidade política e social e a violência.
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  • First Spanish Republic
  • Erste Spanische Republik
  • Primera República Espanyola
  • Primera República Española
  • Première République espagnole
  • Prima repubblica spagnola
  • Eerste Spaanse Republiek
  • Primeira República Espanhola
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