| dbpprop:abstract
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- Fail-deadly is a concept in nuclear military strategy which encourages deterrence by guaranteeing an immediate, automatic and overwhelming response to an attack. The term fail-deadly was coined as a contrast to fail-safe. It is an example of second strike strategy, in that aggressors are discouraged from attempting a first strike attack. Under fail-deadly nuclear deterrence, policies and procedures controlling the retaliatory strike will authorize launch even if the existing command and control structure has already been neutralized by a first strike. The deterrent efficacy of such a system clearly depends on other nuclear-armed nations having foreknowledge of it. The Soviet Union used a fail-deadly system known as Dead Hand (codenamed "Perimetr"); it is not certain if Russia still uses it. Such a system served as a main plot element of both Stanley Kubrick's 1964 film Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb and James Cameron's 1992 film Terminator 2: Judgment Day. A specific example of the implementation of such a strategy would work as follows: ballistic missile submarines are ordered to surface at periodic intervals to receive communications indicating that no change has occurred in the Defense Condition DefCon. Should the submarines be unable to receive the proper command and control signals indicating normal, peacetime conditions, they would be pre-programmed to launch their nuclear missiles under the assumption that command and control structures had been destroyed in a nuclear attack, and therefore retaliation was necessary. All available means of verification and all due caution would naturally be applied. This approach is obviously exceptionally dangerous for a variety of reasons. The strategy's true value is in deterrence against attack on command, control, communications, and computer networks by any potential adversary. Some of the problems inherent in any nuclear missile launch philosophy relying on methodologies short of direct executive order are explored in the fictional film Crimson Tide, 1995. Fail-deadly is also associated with "massive retaliation", a deterrence strategy which ensures that the counter strike will be conducted on a larger scale than the initial attack. If an aggressor launched one missile at another party, they would get ten in return. If they launched ten, they would receive 100, and so on. A more prosaic example of a fail-deadly instrument is a switch which must be constantly held to prevent the triggering of an explosive, which ensures that a suicide bombing is not prevented by killing the person with the bomb. A fictional example of such a system was also described in the 1980's television show The Greatest American Hero. In one episode, a American nuclear missile system code named "Spoil Sport" was designed to randomly hold back 12 ICBM missiles with multiple nuclear warheads from an American first- or counter-nuclear strike against the USSR; then, assuming that everyone in the United States had been killed or the American command and military structure had been utterly destroyed in the initial exchange, these 12 "reserved" missiles would launch and obliterate whatever was left of the Soviet Union. In the show, a rogue American General has hijacked the system and is preparing to launch a preemptive first strike using these randomly selected missiles, which the show's heroes must prevent.
- Il Fail-deadly è una strategia militare che mette in primo piano il fattore deterrente, garantendo una risposta agli attacchi automatica, immediata e schiacciante. È un esempio di strategia second strike, o di ritorsione, in cui l'aggressore è scoraggiato dal tentare il primo attacco, dato che ha la certezza di essere a sua volta annientato. Sotto un sistema di deterrente nucleare fail deadly, le politiche e le procedure che gestiscono il contrattacco autorizzerebbero il lancio degli ordigni anche se la catena di comando esistente fosse interamente spazzata via dall'attacco iniziale. Fail-deadly è associato anche alla "ritorsione massiccia" (massive retaliation), una strategia deterrente che prevede un contrattacco di proporzioni superiori all'attacco subito: se un nemico lancia un missile, verrà colpito da dieci. Se ne lancerà dieci, ne riceverà cento, e così via. Ovviamente questo scoraggia i potenziali aggressori non in grado di menomare il potenziale offensivo della vittima tramite un solo, violento colpo. Uno strumento comune che segue la filosofia del fail-deadly è il dispositivo a uomo morto, un bottone o un pedale che deve essere costantemente tenuto premuto o schiacciato a intervalli regolari per impedire l'attivazione di un meccanismo (un esplosivo, il blocco di un veicolo...). Nel caso degli esplosivi, garantisce anche che l'attentato non venga impedito dall'uccisione dell'attentatore. Il termine fail-deadly è un gioco di parole nato storpiando il nome della filosofia fail-safe (a prova di fallimento) e non è traducibile con precisione in italiano.
- フェイルデッドリー(Fail-deadly)とは、フェイルセーフの対義語であり、なんらかの警報・異常があった際にシステムを発動させ、致命的な状態を導くシステムまたはその思想のことである。
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| rdfs:comment
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- Fail-deadly is a concept in nuclear military strategy which encourages deterrence by guaranteeing an immediate, automatic and overwhelming response to an attack. The term fail-deadly was coined as a contrast to fail-safe. It is an example of second strike strategy, in that aggressors are discouraged from attempting a first strike attack.
- Il Fail-deadly è una strategia militare che mette in primo piano il fattore deterrente, garantendo una risposta agli attacchi automatica, immediata e schiacciante. È un esempio di strategia second strike, o di ritorsione, in cui l'aggressore è scoraggiato dal tentare il primo attacco, dato che ha la certezza di essere a sua volta annientato.
- フェイルデッドリー(Fail-deadly)とは、フェイルセーフの対義語であり、なんらかの警報・異常があった際にシステムを発動させ、致命的な状態を導くシステムまたはその思想のことである。
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