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- The three evangelical counsels or counsels of perfection in Christianity are chastity, poverty, and obedience (see e.g. The Code of Canon Law, canons 599–601). As Jesus of Nazareth expressly stated, they are counsels for those who desire to become "perfect". This means that they are not binding upon all, hence not necessary conditions without which heaven cannot be attained. Rather they are "acts of supererogation" that exceed the minimum stipulated in the Commandments in the Bible. Christians that have made a public profession to order their life by the evangelical counsels, and confirmed this by a public religious vow before their competent church authority (the act of religious commitment called "profession"), are recognised as members of the consecrated life. There are early precedents of religious vows in the Christian monastic traditions, for example the Rule of St Benedict (ch. 58.17) stipulates for its adherents what has come to be known as the "Benedictine vow" promising "stability, conversion of manners and obedience", which to this day is made by the candidates joining Benedictine communities. But specifically in the form of the three evangelical counsels of chastity, poverty, and obedience religious vows were first made in the twelfth century by Francis of Assisi and his followers, the first of the mendicant orders. These vows are made now by the members of all Roman Catholic religious communities founded subsequently (cf. Code of Canon Law, can. 573) and constitute the basis of their other regulations of their life and conduct. Not only those wishing to dedicate their life to God in the consecrated life, but every one of Jesus's followers is invited to observe chastity, poverty and obedience, since he exhorted all to "be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect". Nevertheless, only the members of the consecrated life confirm their intention to observe the evangelical counsels by making a public vow before the competent church authority. Outside the consecrated life Christians are free to make a private vow to observe one or more of the evangelical counsels; but a private vow does not have the same binding and other effects in church law as a public vow and does not bestow the spiritual benefits that spiritual teachers such as Dom Columba Marmion (cf. Christ the Ideal of the Monk, ch. VI) attribute to the religious "profession". A young man in the Gospel asked what he should do to obtain eternal life, and Jesus told him to "keep the commandments", but when the young man pressed further, Christ told him: "If thou wilt be perfect, go sell what thou hast, and give to the poor". (It is from this passage that the term "counsel of perfection" comes. ) Again in the Gospels, Jesus speaks of "eunuchs who have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven", and added, "He that can receive it, let him receive it". St. Paul presses home the duty incumbent on all Christians of keeping free from all sins of the flesh, and of fulfilling the obligations of the married state, if they have taken those obligations upon themselves, but also gives his "counsel" in favour of the unmarried state and of perfect chastity, on the ground that it is thus more possible to serve God with an undivided allegiance. Indeed, the danger in the Early Church, even in Apostolic times, was not that the "counsels" would be neglected or denied, but that they should be exalted into commands of universal obligation, "forbidding to marry", and imposing poverty as a duty on all, see also Legalism (theology). These counsels have been analyzed as a way to keep the world from distracting the soul, on the grounds that the principal good things of this world easily divide themselves into three classes. There are the riches which make life easy and pleasant, there are the pleasures of the flesh which appeal to the appetites, and, lastly, there are honours and positions of authority which delight the self-love of the individual. These three matters, in themselves often innocent and not forbidden to the devout Christian, may yet, even when no kind of sin is involved, hold back the soul from its true aim and vocation, and delay it from becoming entirely conformed to the will of God. It is, therefore, the object of the three counsels of perfection to free the soul from these hindrances. The love of riches is opposed by the counsel of poverty; the pleasures of the flesh, even the lawful pleasures of holy matrimony, are excluded by the counsel of chastity; while the desire for worldly power and honour is met by the counsel of holy obedience. Abstinence from unlawful indulgence in any of these directions is forbidden to all Christians as a matter of precept. The further voluntary abstinence from what is in itself lawful is the subject of the counsels, and such abstinence is not in itself meritorious, but only becomes so when it is done for the sake of Christ, and in order to be more free to serve Him. The Catholic Encyclopedia article ends with the following summary:
- Evangelische Räte bezeichnen in den Westkirchen jene Weisungen („Räte“), die Jesus nicht allen Jüngern gab, sondern nur denen, die er dafür berufen hielt. Sie werden als wichtige Marksteine für ein Leben in der Nachfolge Christi angesehen. Der Begriff „evangelisch“ bedeutet in diesem Zusammenhang „aus den Evangelien“ bzw. „den Evangelien gemäß“. Insbesondere verpflichten sich Personen des geweihten Lebens in ihren Gelübden auf die Beachtung der evangelischen Räte: Keuschheit bzw. Ehelosigkeit Unter Bezug auf Mt 19,12 verpflichten sich die „Personen des geweihten Lebens“ zu einem Leben in eheloser Keuschheit. (Manchen geistlichen Gemeinschaften gehören dagegen sowohl Ehepaare als auch ehelos lebende Mitglieder an. Für Ehepaare besteht das Befolgen des Gebotes der Keuschheit im Halten der ehelichen Treue. Armut Mt 19,21 warnt vor einer Überbewertung und einer zu starken Bindung an irdische Güter und verlangt einen einfachen Lebensstil. In den Bettelorden spielt das Gelübde der Armut per se eine besondere Rolle. Gehorsam In Anlehnung an Mt 20,26 kann Gehorsam als Bereitschaft der Einordnung in eine Gemeinschaft verstanden werden und bzw. oder der Gehorsam gegenüber einem Oberen gemeint sein. In den Orden findet dies seinen Ausdruck im Gehorsamsversprechen bei der Profess vor dem Abt oder Prior; allein lebende Personen des geweihten Lebens sind dagegen in der Regel dem Bischof der jeweiligen Diözese direkt unterstellt. Die drei evangelischen Räte werden zuweilen auch als franziskanische Tugenden bezeichnet. Das geht auf eine Legende des Heiligen Franz von Assisi zurück, der auf einem Weg nach Siena drei Frauen begegnete, allegorischen Verkörperungen von Armut, Keuschheit und Gehorsam.
- Evangelní rady tvoří základ řehole nebo stanov všech řádů a kongregací v rámci katolické církve. Jsou to rady chudoby, čistoty a poslušnosti, podle kterých jsou formulovány řeholní sliby.
- Consejos evangélicos es el término tradicional que se emplea para referirse a los tres votos de la vida consagrada: Pobreza, que pide a los miembros consagrados que tengan una relación positiva con las cosas materiales sin apegarse a ellas e implica la practica de la justicia social, particularmente entre los marginados. La pobreza también implica discernir lo que es necesario para la vida diaria. Los demás miembros cubren sus gastos de vida y su jubilación. Obediencia, que está ligada al discernimiento de la voluntad de Dios en medio de las actividades cotidianas e implica el ser fiel a la espiritualidad, la oración y a la constitución de instituto, así como a las enseñanzas de la Iglesia. Castidad, que exige vivir en el estado célibe, pone a los miembros en la condición de ser amigos de todos y significa dedicarse a Dios para servir a los demás.
- De evangelische raden, een term die binnen het katholicisme gehanteerd wordt, zijn de raadgevingen van het evangelie om door gehoorzaam, kuis en arm te leven, een leven te leiden dat vrij is ten aanzien van de wereld, en dat op God gericht is. Meestal legt iemand die zich in de rooms-katholieke Kerk engageert drie geloften af: de gelofte van gehoorzaamheid, de gelofte van kuisheid en de gelofte van armoede. Kloosterlingen leggen deze geloften doorgaans af bij hun inkleding of hun professie. De transeunt diaken (en ook de ongehuwde permanente diaken) belooft bij zijn wijding eerbied en gehoorzaamheid aan zijn bisschop en belooft celibatair te leven. De gehuwde permanente diaken belooft bij zijn wijding ook eerbied en gehoorzaamheid aan de bisschop en belooft, wanneer zijn huwelijk ten einde is gekomen, vanaf dan celibatair te leven (de diakenwijding mag immers niet ten koste gaan van het huwelijk). De priester hernieuwt bij zijn priesterwijding zijn eerbied en gehoorzaamheid aan de bisschop; bij zijn diakenwijding heeft hij al beloofd dat hij celibatair zal leven. Hoewel diakens en priesters de formele gelofte van armoede niet afleggen, maant de evangelische raad toch tot een zekere soberheid in het leven.
- Os Conselhos Evangélicos são aspectos da Vida de Cristo pelos quais os religiosos católicos vivem a restrita uniformização com Cristo, tornando-se novos Cristos para a Igreja (cristiformização). Os Conselhos Evangélicos são seguidos pelos consagrados mediante Votos professados em institutos de vida religiosa ou em institutos seculares. Através destes Votos, os religiosos seguem as constituições dos seus respectivos institutos, vivendo os conselhos evangélicos segundo o carisma de seu grupo religioso. Os Votos mais comuns são os votos de Pobreza, Castidade e Obediência. O grau de seguimento e cumprimento destes conselhos evangélicos varia de instituto para instituto, sendo as ordens religiosas mais austeras, onde os Votos são professados solenemente. Isto em oposição às congregações religiosas, que só obrigam os seus membros a professarem os Votos na sua versão mais simples. A diferença mais marcante destas duas versões está no cumprimento do voto da pobreza.
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- The three evangelical counsels or counsels of perfection in Christianity are chastity, poverty, and obedience (see e.g. The Code of Canon Law, canons 599–601). As Jesus of Nazareth expressly stated, they are counsels for those who desire to become "perfect". This means that they are not binding upon all, hence not necessary conditions without which heaven cannot be attained. Rather they are "acts of supererogation" that exceed the minimum stipulated in the Commandments in the Bible.
- Evangelische Räte bezeichnen in den Westkirchen jene Weisungen („Räte“), die Jesus nicht allen Jüngern gab, sondern nur denen, die er dafür berufen hielt. Sie werden als wichtige Marksteine für ein Leben in der Nachfolge Christi angesehen. Der Begriff „evangelisch“ bedeutet in diesem Zusammenhang „aus den Evangelien“ bzw. „den Evangelien gemäß“.
- Evangelní rady tvoří základ řehole nebo stanov všech řádů a kongregací v rámci katolické církve. Jsou to rady chudoby, čistoty a poslušnosti, podle kterých jsou formulovány řeholní sliby.
- Consejos evangélicos es el término tradicional que se emplea para referirse a los tres votos de la vida consagrada: Pobreza, que pide a los miembros consagrados que tengan una relación positiva con las cosas materiales sin apegarse a ellas e implica la practica de la justicia social, particularmente entre los marginados. La pobreza también implica discernir lo que es necesario para la vida diaria. Los demás miembros cubren sus gastos de vida y su jubilación.
- De evangelische raden, een term die binnen het katholicisme gehanteerd wordt, zijn de raadgevingen van het evangelie om door gehoorzaam, kuis en arm te leven, een leven te leiden dat vrij is ten aanzien van de wereld, en dat op God gericht is. Meestal legt iemand die zich in de rooms-katholieke Kerk engageert drie geloften af: de gelofte van gehoorzaamheid, de gelofte van kuisheid en de gelofte van armoede. Kloosterlingen leggen deze geloften doorgaans af bij hun inkleding of hun professie.
- Os Conselhos Evangélicos são aspectos da Vida de Cristo pelos quais os religiosos católicos vivem a restrita uniformização com Cristo, tornando-se novos Cristos para a Igreja (cristiformização). Os Conselhos Evangélicos são seguidos pelos consagrados mediante Votos professados em institutos de vida religiosa ou em institutos seculares.
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