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- Edmund Gunter (1581 – 10 December 1626), English mathematician, of Welsh descent, was born in Hertfordshire in 1581. He was educated at Westminster School, and in 1599 was elected a student of Christ Church, Oxford. He took orders, became a preacher in 1614, and in 1615 proceeded to the degree of bachelor in divinity. Mathematics, particularly the relationship between mathematics and the real world, was the one over riding interest throughout his life. In 1620 the wealthy but earnest Sir Henry Savile put up money to fund Oxford University's first two science faculties, the chairs of astronomy and geometry. Gunter applied to become professor of geometry but Savile was famous for distrusting clever people... and [Gunter's] behavior annoyed him intensely. As was his habit, Gunter arrived with his sector and quadrant, and began demonstrating how they could be used to calculate the position of stars or the distance of churches, until Savile could stand it no longer. "Doe you call this reading of Geometric?" he burst out. "This is mere showing of tricks, man!" and, according to a contemporary account, "dismissed him with scorne. " He was shortly thereafter championed by the far wealthier Earl of Bridgewater, who saw to it that on 6 March 1619 Gunter was appointed professor of astronomy in Gresham College, London. This post he held till his death. With Gunter's name are associated several useful inventions, descriptions of which are given in his treatises on the Sector, Cross-staff, Bow, Quadrant and other instruments. He contrived his sector about the year 1606, and wrote a description of it in Latin, but it was more than sixteen years afterwards before he allowed the book to appear in English. In 1620 he published his Canon triangulorum. In 1624 Gunter published a collection of his mathematical works. It was entitled The description and use of sector, the cross-staffe, and other instruments for such as are studious of mathematical practise. One of the most remarkable things about this book is that it was written, and published, in English not Latin. "I am at the last contented that it should come forth in English," he wrote resignedly, "Not that I think it worthy either of my labour or the publique view, but to satisfy their importunity who not understand the Latin yet were at the charge to buy the instrument. " It was a manual not for cloistered university fellows but for sailors and surveyors in real world. There is reason to believe that Gunter was the first to discover (in 1622 or 1625) that the magnetic needle does not retain the same declination in the same place at all times. By desire of James I he published in 1624 The Description and Use of His Majesties Dials in Whitehall Garden, the only one of his works which has not been reprinted. He introduced the words cosine and cotangent, and he suggested to Henry Briggs, his friend and colleague, the use of the arithmetical complement (see Briggs Arithmetica Logarithmica, cap. xv.). His practical inventions are briefly noticed below:
- Edmund Gunter war ein englischer Mathematiker und Astronom. Ab 1619 war er Professor für Astronomie am Gresham College in London. Er erfand zwischen 1620 und 1624 einen Vorläufer eines Rechenschiebers, ein so genanntes „Logarithmenlineal“. Die Abkürzungen für die Wurzelfunktionen gehen nach einigen Quellen auf ihn zurück.
- Edmund Gunter, mathématicien anglais d'origine galloise né dans le Hertfordshire en 1581. Il fréquenta la Westminster School et en 1599 fut admis comme étudiant à Christ Church à Oxford. Il rentra dans les ordres, devint prédicateur en 1614 et acquit le niveau de bachelor in divinity en 1615. Toutefois les mathématiques, qui avait été son sujet d'étude favori pendant sa jeunesse, continuait à capter son attention et le 6 mars 1619 il fut nommé professeur d’astronomie au Gresham College de Londres. Il conserva ce poste jusqu’à sa mort. Plusieurs inventions utiles sont associées au nom de Gunter. Il en donne les descriptions dans ses traités sur le secteur, l’équerre d’arpenteur, le quadrant et d’autres instruments. Il inventa son secteur vers 1606 et en écrivit une description en latin mais ce n’est que plus de seize ans plus tard qu’il autorisa la publication d’une version en anglais. En 1620 il publia le Canon triangulorum. Il existe des raisons qui permettent de penser que Gunter fut le premier à découvrir — en 1622 ou 1625 — qu’une aiguille magnétique ne conserve pas la même déclinaison en tout lieu et en tout temps. Sur la demande de Jaques I d’Angleterre il publia en 1624 The Description and Use of His Majesties Dials in Whitehall Garden, seul de ses ouvrages a ne pas avoir été réimprimé. Il introduisit les termes « cosinus » et « cotangente » et il suggéra à Henry Briggs, son ami et collègue, l’utilisation du complément arithmétique (v. Briggs Arithmetica Logarithmica, cap. xv.). Voici une brève présentation de ses inventions pratiques :
- Edmund Gunther walesi származású angol matematikus, tanár. 1620-ban a logaritmikus számolólécet szerkesztett amely egymásba tolható lécekből állt.
- Edmund Gunter, ur. 1581, Hertfordshire, Anglia, zm. 10 grudnia 1626, Londyn. matematyk, wynalazca i konstruktor licznych przyrządów pomiarowych; skonstruował także poprzednika suwaka. Profesor astronomii w Gresham College w Londynie od roku 1619 aż do śmierci. W dziele Canon Triangulorum jako pierwszy opublikował tablice logarytmów oraz sinusów i tangensów, a także pierwszy użył terminów cosinus i cotangens. Wynalazł m. in. "łańcuch Guntera", urządzenie miernicze; jego konstrukcji kwadrant służył do pomiarów czasu i położenia Słońca. "Skala Guntera", zwana także "linijką Guntera" (a przez marynarzy nazywana po prostu gunterem) była rodzajem rozległej siatki logarytmicznej narysowanej na arkuszu. Za pomocą pewnych dodatkowych urządzeń można było przy jej użyciu mnożyć i dzielić liczby. Stanowi poważny krok na drodze do konstrukcji suwaka logarytmicznego. Udoskonalił ją William Oughtred.
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- Edmund Gunter (1581 – 10 December 1626), English mathematician, of Welsh descent, was born in Hertfordshire in 1581. He was educated at Westminster School, and in 1599 was elected a student of Christ Church, Oxford. He took orders, became a preacher in 1614, and in 1615 proceeded to the degree of bachelor in divinity. Mathematics, particularly the relationship between mathematics and the real world, was the one over riding interest throughout his life.
- Edmund Gunter war ein englischer Mathematiker und Astronom. Ab 1619 war er Professor für Astronomie am Gresham College in London. Er erfand zwischen 1620 und 1624 einen Vorläufer eines Rechenschiebers, ein so genanntes „Logarithmenlineal“. Die Abkürzungen für die Wurzelfunktionen gehen nach einigen Quellen auf ihn zurück.
- Edmund Gunter, mathématicien anglais d'origine galloise né dans le Hertfordshire en 1581. Il fréquenta la Westminster School et en 1599 fut admis comme étudiant à Christ Church à Oxford. Il rentra dans les ordres, devint prédicateur en 1614 et acquit le niveau de bachelor in divinity en 1615.
- Edmund Gunther walesi származású angol matematikus, tanár. 1620-ban a logaritmikus számolólécet szerkesztett amely egymásba tolható lécekből állt.
- Edmund Gunter, ur. 1581, Hertfordshire, Anglia, zm. 10 grudnia 1626, Londyn. matematyk, wynalazca i konstruktor licznych przyrządów pomiarowych; skonstruował także poprzednika suwaka. Profesor astronomii w Gresham College w Londynie od roku 1619 aż do śmierci. W dziele Canon Triangulorum jako pierwszy opublikował tablice logarytmów oraz sinusów i tangensów, a także pierwszy użył terminów cosinus i cotangens. Wynalazł m. in.
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