File:宗門人別改帳 Shumon Jinbetsu Aratamecho. jpg The shūmon ninbetsu aratamechō, or danka register, of a village called Kumagawa near Fussa, Tokyo. The danka system, also known as jidan system is a system of voluntary and long-term affiliation between Buddhist temples and households in use in Japan since the Heian period. In it, households (the danka) financially support a Buddhist temple which, in exchange, provides for their spiritual needs.

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  • File:宗門人別改帳 Shumon Jinbetsu Aratamecho. jpg The shūmon ninbetsu aratamechō, or danka register, of a village called Kumagawa near Fussa, Tokyo. The danka system, also known as jidan system is a system of voluntary and long-term affiliation between Buddhist temples and households in use in Japan since the Heian period. In it, households (the danka) financially support a Buddhist temple which, in exchange, provides for their spiritual needs. Although its existence long predates the Edo period (1603 - 1868), the system is best known for its repressive use made at that time by the Tokugawa, who made the affiliation with a Buddhist temple compulsory to all citizens. During the Tokugawa shogunate, the system was turned into a citizen registration network; supposedly intended to stop the diffusion of Christianity and help detect hidden Christians, it soon became a government-mandated and Buddhist temple-run system to monitor and control the population as a whole. For this reason, it survived intact long after Christianity in Japan had become a spent force. The system as it existed in Tokugawa times is sometimes called terauke system because of the certification (or terauke, because the tera, or temple would issue an uke, or certificate) issued by a Buddhist temple that a citizen was not a Christian. The mandatory danka system was officially abolished after World War II, but continues nonetheless to exists as a voluntary association between the two sides, constitutes a major part of the income of most temples and defines as before the relationship between households and temples.
  • 寺請制度（てらうけせいど）とは、近世初期の1664年（寛文4年）に江戸幕府がキリスト教や不受不施派を禁制として、信徒に対し改宗を強制することを目的として制定された制度。檀家制度（だんかせいど、だんけせいど）、寺檀制度（じだんせいど）とも言う。 具体的には、仏教の檀信徒であることの証明を寺院から請ける制度である。寺請制度の確立によって民衆は、いずれかの寺院を菩提寺と定め、その檀家となる事を義務付けられた。寺院では現在の戸籍に当たる宗門人別帳が作成され、旅行や住居の移動の際にはその証文（寺請証文）が必要とされた。各戸には仏壇が置かれ、法要の際には僧侶を招くという慣習が定まり、寺院に一定の信徒と収入を保証される形となった。 一方、寺院の側からすれば、檀信徒に対して教導を実施する責務を負わされることとなり、仏教教団が幕府の統治体制の一翼を担うこととなった。僧侶を通じた民衆管理が法制化され事実上幕府の出先機関の役所と化し、本来の宗教活動がおろそかとなり、また汚職の温床にもなった。 仏教教団側が負った打撃は、本末制度との相乗効果により、上記にとどまらず、従来の教団活動の中で中心に位置していた門派・塔頭の機能を低下させることとなり、他宗派の信徒への布教や新しい寺院の建立を禁止されその勢力の拡張が困難になった。 この事が明治維新時に過剰なまでの廃仏毀釈を招く事になるのである。
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  • File:宗門人別改帳 Shumon Jinbetsu Aratamecho. jpg The shūmon ninbetsu aratamechō, or danka register, of a village called Kumagawa near Fussa, Tokyo. The danka system, also known as jidan system is a system of voluntary and long-term affiliation between Buddhist temples and households in use in Japan since the Heian period. In it, households (the danka) financially support a Buddhist temple which, in exchange, provides for their spiritual needs.
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  • Danka system
  • 寺請制度
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