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- A crown-cardinal was a cardinal protector of Catholic nation, nominated or funded by a Catholic monarch to serve as their representative within the College of Cardinals and, if applicable, exercise the jus exclusivae. More generally, the term may refer to any cardinal significant as a secular statesman or elevated at the request of a monarch. Francis Burkle-Young defines a crown cardinal as one "elevated to the cardinalate solely on the recommendation of the European kings and without, in many cases, having performed any service at all for the advance of the Church. " According to conclave historian Frederic Baumgartner, the crown-cardinals "rarely came to Rome except for the conclaves, if then, and they were largely unknown to the majority of the College. Usually unable to take part in the prattiche, they were not papabili and rarely received more than one or two votes". Crown-cardinals generally opposed the election of crown-cardinals from other kingdoms, although they tended to unite against the election of cardinal-nephews. Opposition to national cardinal protectors arose in the fifteenth century due to the perceived conflict of interest, and Pope Martin V attempted to forbid them entirely in 1425. A reform of Pope Pius II dated 1464 regards national cardinal protectors as generally inconsistent with curial responsibility, with several exceptions. Such protectorships were first openly permitted by popes Innocent VIII and Alexander VI, both of whom required the explicit written consent of the pontiff for a cardinal to take up a "position of service to a secular prince". An unnamed cardinal even suggested elevating national cardinal protectors to a full and official position in the Roman Curia, equivalent to an ambassador.
- Als Kronkardinal oder Nationalkardinal bezeichnet man jene Kardinäle, die ihre Ernennung dem Vorschlag eines Fürsten verdankten. Die Ernennung solcher Kronkardinäle war gegen Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts eine fest etablierte Praxis. Sowohl die katholischen Fürsten der italienischen Staaten als auch große katholische Monarchien machten davon Gebrauch. Diese Kardinäle fühlten sich in aller Regel mehr dem Fürsten verpflichtet, der sie vorgeschlagen hatte, als dem Papst, durch den die Ernennung erfolgte. Für die Fürstenhäuser waren die Kronkardinäle ein wichtiges politisches Mittel, um an der Kurie Einfluss auszuüben. Nichtitalienische Geistliche verdankten in der Regel alle ihre Ernennung einem fürstlichen Vorschlag. Für den jeweiligen Papst war die Ernennung in der Regel eine Möglichkeit, eine politische Schuld auszugleichen und sicherzustellen, dass sich ein Fürstenhaus ihm verpflichtet fühlte. Es gab keine feste Regeln, wie viele Kardinalskandidaten ein Fürst vorschlagen durfte; die Anzahl der vorgeschlagenen Kandidaten war aber im allgemeinen gering.
- Con il termine cardinale della corona ci si riferisce all'antica figura del cardinale protettore delle nazioni cattoliche, nominato dal re ed utilizzato come suo rappresentante ufficiale presso il collegio cardinalizio. Il cardinale della corona aveva anche il compito, se necessario, di portare nel conclave lo ius exclusivae posto dal suo sovrano. Francis Burkle-Young definì i cardinali della corona come ecclesiastici "elevati al cardinalato solamente dietro raccomandazione dei sovrani europei, senza, in alcuni casi, alcun merito al servizio della chiesa" .
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- A crown-cardinal was a cardinal protector of Catholic nation, nominated or funded by a Catholic monarch to serve as their representative within the College of Cardinals and, if applicable, exercise the jus exclusivae. More generally, the term may refer to any cardinal significant as a secular statesman or elevated at the request of a monarch.
- Als Kronkardinal oder Nationalkardinal bezeichnet man jene Kardinäle, die ihre Ernennung dem Vorschlag eines Fürsten verdankten. Die Ernennung solcher Kronkardinäle war gegen Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts eine fest etablierte Praxis. Sowohl die katholischen Fürsten der italienischen Staaten als auch große katholische Monarchien machten davon Gebrauch.
- Con il termine cardinale della corona ci si riferisce all'antica figura del cardinale protettore delle nazioni cattoliche, nominato dal re ed utilizzato come suo rappresentante ufficiale presso il collegio cardinalizio. Il cardinale della corona aveva anche il compito, se necessario, di portare nel conclave lo ius exclusivae posto dal suo sovrano.
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