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- A county seat (known as a parish seat in the U.S. state of Louisiana) is a term for an administrative center for a county or civil parish, primarily used in the United States. In the Northeast United States, the statutory term often is shire town, but colloquially county seat is the term in use there. Parts of the Canadian Maritimes also use the term shire town. In England, Wales and Ireland, the term county town is used. This term is still sometimes used colloquially in Scotland and Northern Ireland, but today neither are divided into administrative counties – instead being divided, respectively, into council areas and districts. Louisiana uses parishes instead of counties, and the administrative center is a "parish seat. " Alaska is organized into "boroughs," which are large districts, and the administrative center is known as a "borough seat. " Boroughs typically provide fewer local services than most counties, as the state government provides more services directly. About half of Alaska is part of the Unorganized Borough, a discontinuous region the state government administers directly. Some of Alaska's boroughs share geographical and administrative boundaries with cities; these are known as unified city-boroughs and result in some of Alaska's cities ranking among the geographically largest cities in the world. The Canadian province of Ontario, in addition to counties, also has districts and regional municipalities, which are effectively different types of counties in that they perform county government functions, albeit at limited (district) or expanded (regional municipality) levels. United States counties, as in England and Canada, function as administrative subdivisions of a state and have no sovereign jurisdiction of their own, although some have authority to enact and enforce municipal ordinances. Counties administer state or provincial law at the local level as part of the decentralization of state/provincial authority. In many U.S. states, state government is further decentralized by dividing counties into townships, to provide local government services to residents of the county who do not live in incorporated cities or towns. A county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include, but are not limited to, the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia and Howard County, Maryland. (Ellicott City, the county seat of Howard County, is the largest unincorporated county seat in the United States, followed by Towson, the county seat of Baltimore County. ) The county courthouse and county administration are usually located in the county seat, but some functions may also be conducted in other parts of the county, especially if it is geographically large. Most counties have only one county seat. However, some counties in Alabama, Arkansas, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont have two or more county seats, usually located on opposite sides of the county. An example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult. There have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride (and jobs) for the towns involved. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats. Vermont has shire towns but little county government, consisting only of a Superior Court and Sheriff. Massachusetts has abolished a number of its counties and the state now operates the registries of deeds and sheriff's offices in those districts. Two counties in South Dakota, Shannon County, and Todd County, have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county. Their county-level services are provided by Fall River County and Tripp County, respectively. Though New York City is a single city, it stretches across five counties. Often referred to as the boroughs of New York, each is also a separate geographic (unorganized) county, with city-sponsored borough officials. The five counties that compose New York City are Bronx County, Kings County, New York County, Queens County, and Richmond County. The "county seats" of Richmond and Queens County are effectively neighborhoods, though they correspond roughly to the location of borough hall. Kansas City, Missouri, is situated in four counties, Jackson, Clay, Cass and Platte. It is the county seat of Jackson County, along with nearby Independence. In Virginia, there are (since 2001) 39 independent cities, which are legally distinct from the counties that surround them. An independent city interacts with the commonwealth (state) government directly whereas towns, the only other type of municipal government authority in Virginia, do so through the county government apparatus. In many of Virginia's counties, the county government offices are located within the independent cities of their neighboring counties. Also, for certain statistical purposes, some independent cities are considered part of the county from which they separated. For example, the City of Fairfax is separate from Fairfax County, the county's offices lie within the city, and the city is combined with Fairfax County statistically. Similarly, the city of Baltimore, Maryland is also an independent city, and much like Fairfax, surrounded on three sides by a county of the same name. However, unlike Fairfax, "Baltimore City", as it is officially known, is not politically or statistically connected with surrounding Baltimore County. Besides Baltimore City and the independent cities of Virginia, there are only two other independent cities in the United States: St. Louis, Missouri; and Carson City, Nevada. Several other cities, among them San Francisco, California; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Denver, Colorado; and New Orleans, Louisiana, are all a city and a county (or in the case of Louisiana, a parish), with a consolidated government. In all of the named cities except for New Orleans, the city and county names are identical; in New Orleans, the city is coextensive with Orleans Parish. Similar to Virginia, the Canadian province of Ontario has 17 separated municipalities which are municipalities that interact directly with the province without an intermediary county. Although administratively and legally separate from the county, many of these cities still serve as the seat of the county that surrounds them. Ontario also has several single-tier municipalities, many of which serve as a single county government with no lower municipal governments below it. In these cases, the county effectively is the local government in these areas, with a community in the county assigned as the seat, even though it has no municipal government of its own.
- Der County Seat ist die Stadt, die als Hauptort und Verwaltungssitz eines County (ursprünglich Grafschaft) in den USA fungiert. Der County Seat hat gewöhnlich auch einen County Court. In Großbritannien und Irland wird der Begriff County Town verwendet.
- Un siège du comté (county seat en anglais) est un terme principalement utilisé aux États-Unis désignant la ville qui constitue le centre administratif d'un comté. Dans le nord-est du pays, la dénomination légale est souvent shire town, mais conventionnellement, on utilise plutôt le terme de county seat. Certaines des provinces maritimes du Canada emploient également la dénomination de shire town. En Angleterre, au Pays de Galles et en Irlande, on utilise le terme county town.
- Un capoluogo di contea è il centro amministrativo di una contea. In Inghilterra, Galles e Irlanda, viene chiamato county town. Questo termine è ancora utilizzato colloquialmente in Scozia e Irlanda del Nord, pur non essendo più divise in contee: sono divise, invece, rispettivamente, in regioni (regions) e distretti (districts). Negli Stati Uniti d'America per indicare il capoluogo di contea solitamente si usa il termine county seat. Nel New England e nelle Province Marittime del Canada, viene utilizzato anche il termine shire town, che però è usato ufficialmente solo nello stato del Vermont. Le contee vengono poi chiamate parrocchie (parishes) in Louisiana, e boroughs in Alaska: in questi stati, i capoluoghi amministrativi di contea sono pertanto definiti rispettivamente parish seat e borough seat. La provincia canadese dell'Ontario, in aggiunta alle contee, ha anche dei distretti territoriali (territorial districts), delle municipalità regionali (regional muncipalities) e una municipalità metropolitana (metropolitan municipality), che sono in pratica equivalenti alle contee in quanto svolgono le medesime funzioni amministrative. Negli Stati Uniti, in Inghilterra e in Canada, una contea è una divisione amministrativa di uno stato, e non ha giurisdizione sovrana autonoma; le contee amministrano leggi statali o provinciali a livello locale come parte della decentralizzazione dell'autorità statale o provinciale. In molti stati USA, il governo statale è ulteriormente decentralizzato dividendo le contee in territori cittadini, per fornire servizi governativi locali ai residenti della contea che non vivono in città e paesi incorporati. Un capoluogo di contea è spesso, ma non sempre, una municipalità incorporata. Il palazzo di giustizia della contea e l'amministrazione della contea si trovano di solito nel capoluogo di contea, ma alcune funzioni possono anche essere delocalizzate in altre parti della contea, specialmente se questa è particolarmente estesa. La maggior parte delle contee ha un solo capoluogo di contea, ma alcune contee in Arkansas, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts e Mississippi hanno due o più capoluoghi di contea, che di solito si trovano in zone opposte della contea. Un esempio è la Contea di Harrison, nel Mississippi, che ha sia Biloxi che Gulfport come capoluoghi di contea. La pratica di avere capoluoghi di contea multipli risale ai giorni in cui era difficile viaggiare e benché ci siano stati alcuni sforzi per eliminare questo tipo di organizzazione, non si è risolto nulla, poiché un capoluogo di contea è motivo di orgoglio e fonte di lavoro per le città interessate, che non intendono, quindi, rinunciare al loro privilegio. In Virginia, tutte le città sono definite città autonoma (Independent city in inglese) e sono legalmente distinte dalle contee che le circondano. Una città autonoma interagisce direttamente con il governo statale del Commonwealth, mentre le cittadine e le altre autorità governative locali lo fanno attraverso gli apparati governativi della contea. In ogni caso, molte città autonome della Virginia fungono da capoluoghi di contea per le contee limitrofe. Ad esempio, la città di Fairfax è separata dalla Contea di Fairfax, ma ne è pure capoluogo di contea. La Contea di Arlington, in Virginia, non ha un capoluogo, poiché non ci sono municipalità all'interno dei suoi confini. Si tratta di un caso unico, essendo la contea più piccola degli Stati Uniti: il suo territorio coincide con una porzione dell'ex contea di Alexandria, che faceva parte del Distretto di Columbia fino alla sua restituzione alla Virginia nel 1847.
- 郡庁所在地（ぐんちょうしょざいち）は、行政上の郡の中心地である。 アメリカ合衆国およびカナダの大部分の地域では郡庁所在地はカウンティ・シート (county seat) と呼ばれており、これらの地域ではほぼすべてにおいてそれが正式な名称として使用されている。アメリカ合衆国のニューイングランド地方およびカナダの大西洋沿岸州では、代わりにシャイア・タウン (shire town) を正式名称とするところが多いが、それらの地域においても一般的にはカウンティ・シートと称されている。 ルイジアナ州においてはカウンティーの代わりに教区を意味するパリッシュが使われており、郡庁所在地はパリッシュ・シート (parish seat)と称される。また、アラスカ州では郡はボロウであり、郡庁所在地はボロウ・シート (borough seat)である。 イギリスのイングランド、ウェールズおよびアイルランド共和国では、カウンティ・タウン (county town) という語が使用されている。スコットランドおよび北アイルランドにおいてもカウンティ・タウンは口語的に使用されているが、現在のイギリスでは行政的な意味合いで郡が使用されることはない。
- De county seat is de plaats die als hoofdplaats van een Amerikaanse county dient. In deze plaats is gewoonlijk het county court gevestigd, de districtsrechtbank. In het Verenigd Koninkrijk en Ierland gebruikt men de term county town.
- Fylkessete er betegnelsen på et administrasjonssenter for et fylke. Begrepet brukes mye for fylker i USA.
- Uma sede de condado é um centro administrativo ou a capital de um dado condado. Os Estados americanos de Louisiana e de Alasca não possuem condados, mas sim, paróquias ou distritos. Neste caso, o termo oficial é sede de paróquia e sede de distrito, respectivamente.
- Residensstad är i Finland och Sverige benämning på den tätort (stad), där länsstyrelsen för länet har sitt huvudsäte. Residensstaden kan således sägas vara länets huvudstad. Benämningen kommer av att länets landshövding har sitt residens, alltså sin bostad, där. För Sverige gäller att landstingen normalt har förlagt sin centrala förvaltning till residensstaden, men det finns några undantag. I de nya "storlänen", Skåne län och Västra Götalands län har landstingen (där kallade regioner) sin centrala administration i en av de tidigare residensstäderna.
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