The Convention of Constantinople was a treaty signed by the United Kingdom, Germany, Austro-Hungary, Spain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia and the Ottoman Empire on October 29, 1888. In the 1880s Britain had recently acquired physical control over the Suez Canal and Egypt. France, which had dominated the Canal and still controlled the majority of shares of Suez Canal Company, hoped to weaken British control and attempted to sway European opinion in favor of internationalizing the Canal.

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  • The Convention of Constantinople was a treaty signed by the United Kingdom, Germany, Austro-Hungary, Spain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia and the Ottoman Empire on October 29, 1888. In the 1880s Britain had recently acquired physical control over the Suez Canal and Egypt. France, which had dominated the Canal and still controlled the majority of shares of Suez Canal Company, hoped to weaken British control and attempted to sway European opinion in favor of internationalizing the Canal. The two powers compromised by neutralizing the canal by this treaty. Article I, guaranteeing passage to all ships during war and peace was in tension with Article X, which allowed the Khedive to take measures for "the defence of Egypt and the maintenance of public order. " The latter clause was used to defend their actions by the British in the Second World War and by Egypt against Israeli shipping after 1948. However, Britain accepted the treaty reluctantly and only with serious reservations: The delegates of Great Britain, in offering this text as the definitive rule to secure the free use of the Suez Canal believe it is their duty to announce a general reservation as to the applicability of its provisions in so far as they are incompatible with the transitory and exceptional state in which Egypt is actually found and so far as they might fetter the liberty of action of the government during the occupation of Egypt by the British forces. France accepted the reservation, but in accordance with international law at the time, noted that this made the treaty a "technically inoperative" "academic declaration. " The reservation was only removed by the Entente Cordiale between Britain and France, and the convention finally came into force in 1904. The Entente stipulated that the functioning of the international supervisory commission described in article 8 would "remain in abeyance. " However, for the next forty years, British actions would be largely in the spirit of the abandoned reservation. On August 5, 1914 at the beginning of the First World War, Egypt declared that the canal would be open to ships of all nations, but Britain converted its occupation into a British Protectorate, and barred Canal access to enemy ships. Citing the security of the Canal, Britain attempted to maintain its prerogatives in unilateral declarations. The signatories comprised all the great European powers at the time, and the treaty was interpreted as a guaranteed right of passage of all ships through the Suez Canal during war and peace.
  • Konstantinopolská konvence, také Konstantinopolská smlouva nebo Konstantinopolská dohoda byl dokument jenž uzavřely Spojené království, Německé císařství, Rakousko-Uhersko, Španělsko, Francie, Italské království, Nizozemsko, Rusko a Osmanská říše 29. října 1888 v Konstantinopoli.
  • スエズ運河の自由航行に関する条約（英: Convention Respecting the Free Navigation of the Suez Maritime Canal）は、スエズ運河の地位を定める多国間条約である。 1869年に開通したスエズ運河は、1882年以降、イギリスによって軍事占領された。これに対しヨーロッパ列強諸国が運河の自由通航の保障を求めたため、この条約が締結された。原締約国はイギリス、ドイツ、オーストリア＝ハンガリー帝国、スペイン、フランス、イタリア、オランダ、ロシア、オスマン帝国である。日本は加入していない。 この条約は運河の自由航行を定めているが、戦時にはしばしば航行の阻害が行われた。第二次世界大戦中に枢軸国の艦船が通航を拒まれたのをはじめ、1956年のスエズ危機（第二次中東戦争）では一時運河が封鎖された。また1967年の第三次中東戦争による運河の閉鎖は1975年まで続いた。
  • De Conventie van Constantinopel is een multilateraal handelsverdrag tussen Groot-Brittannië, Duitsland, Frankrijk, Spanje, Nederland, Oostenrijk-Hongarije, Rusland, Turkije en Italië dat ontworpen is op 2 maart 1888. Enkele maanden later, op 29 oktober 1888 werd het verdrag door eerdergenoemde partijen ondertekend en december 1888 werd het daadwerkelijk actief. Het verdrag behelsde de vrije doorgang van alle schepen door het Suezkanaal in tijden van oorlog en vrede. Om de vrije doorvaart te garanderen namen de Britten de taak op zich om de scheepvaart (en dus het kanaal) te verdedigen; er waren al sinds 1882 Britse troepen in Egypte aanwezig nadat zij een opstand van militairen tegen Europese en Ottomaanse overheersing hadden neegeslagen.
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  • ratifications deposited ; effective Love, p.171 Allain, p.53
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  • N/A
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  • Ottoman Empire
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  • Convention of Constantinople
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  • Multilateral trade treaty
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  • The Convention of Constantinople was a treaty signed by the United Kingdom, Germany, Austro-Hungary, Spain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia and the Ottoman Empire on October 29, 1888. In the 1880s Britain had recently acquired physical control over the Suez Canal and Egypt. France, which had dominated the Canal and still controlled the majority of shares of Suez Canal Company, hoped to weaken British control and attempted to sway European opinion in favor of internationalizing the Canal.
  • Konstantinopolská konvence, také Konstantinopolská smlouva nebo Konstantinopolská dohoda byl dokument jenž uzavřely Spojené království, Německé císařství, Rakousko-Uhersko, Španělsko, Francie, Italské království, Nizozemsko, Rusko a Osmanská říše 29. října 1888 v Konstantinopoli.
  • De Conventie van Constantinopel is een multilateraal handelsverdrag tussen Groot-Brittannië, Duitsland, Frankrijk, Spanje, Nederland, Oostenrijk-Hongarije, Rusland, Turkije en Italië dat ontworpen is op 2 maart 1888. Enkele maanden later, op 29 oktober 1888 werd het verdrag door eerdergenoemde partijen ondertekend en december 1888 werd het daadwerkelijk actief. Het verdrag behelsde de vrije doorgang van alle schepen door het Suezkanaal in tijden van oorlog en vrede.
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  • Convention of Constantinople
  • Konstantinopolská konvence
  • スエズ運河の自由航行に関する条約
  • Conventie van Constantinopel
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