The cognitive revolution is the name for an intellectual movement in the 1950s that began what are known collectively as the cognitive sciences. It began in the modern context of greater interdisciplinary communication and research. The relevant areas of interchange were the combination of psychology, anthropology and linguistics with approaches developed within the then-nascent fields of artificial intelligence, computer science and neuroscience.

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  • The cognitive revolution is the name for an intellectual movement in the 1950s that began what are known collectively as the cognitive sciences. It began in the modern context of greater interdisciplinary communication and research. The relevant areas of interchange were the combination of psychology, anthropology and linguistics with approaches developed within the then-nascent fields of artificial intelligence, computer science and neuroscience. The cognitive revolution in psychology was a response to behaviorism, which was the predominant school in experimental psychology at the time. This school was heavily influenced by Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and other physiologists. They proposed that psychology could only become an objective science were it based on observable behavior in test subjects. Because mental events are not publicly observable, Behaviorist psychologists avoided description of mental processes or the mind in their literature. The field of cognitive psychology developed as a response to this approach to psychology. One of its main ideas was that by studying and developing successful functions in artificial intelligence and computer science, it becomes possible to make testable inferences about human mental processes. This has been called the reverse-engineering approach. This account of the "cognitive revolution" was challenged by Jerome Bruner who characterized it as: ... an all-out effort to establish meaning as the central concept of psychology […]. It was not a revolution against behaviorism with the aim of transforming behaviorism into a better way of pursuing psychology by adding a little mentalism to it. […] Its aim was to discover and to describe formally the meanings that human beings created out of their encounters with the world, and then to propose hypotheses about what meaning-making processes were implicated. (Bruner, 1990, Acts of Meaning, p. 2) The cognitive approach was brought to prominence in 1958 with the publication of Donald Broadbent's book, Perception and Communication. The 1967 book,Cognitive Psychology by Ulric Neisser is also considered an important milestone. Other influential researchers include Noam Chomsky, Herbert Simon and Allen Newell. The cognitive revolution reached its height in the 1980s with publications by philosophers such as Daniel Dennett and artificial intelligence experts like Douglas Hofstadter. The cognitive revolution had significant sources in British, French, and German psychology of the early part of the 20th century. Behaviorism had been much of an insular American movement and the cognitive movement can be seen as a natural development of earlier modern psychology. Proponents of the movement often cite Chomskian linguistics as an impetus for behaviorism's falling from popular favor. It should be noted, though, that the term "behaviorism" is an umbrella term that encompasses multiple approaches towards behavior. At the time the revolution occurred, the popular "behaviorism" was Kenneth Spence and Clark Hull's Stimulus-Response psychology. Radical behaviorists continued to hold to Skinner's behaviorist model of language acquisition, which some have argued was not adequately refuted by Chomsky's anti-behaviorist arguments (MacCorquodale 1970). The rejection of mental states by the behaviorists was based on a philosophical concept known as Occam's Razor. It states that a theory should make the fewest assumptions possible while still accounting for known data. Radical behaviorists argue that data can be accounted for by using observable phenomena and that there is no need to assume a "mental" world exists at a metaphysical level. Cognitive psychologists argued in response that experimental investigation of mental states do allow scientists to produce theories that more reliably predict outcomes. Modern neuroimaging technology has made it possible to observe brain states, but how these correspond to mental structures is still a challenge. By the early 1980s the cognitive approach had become the dominant research line of inquiry in many of the (applied) psychology research fields.
  • Kognitive Wende wird eine Entwicklung innerhalb der Paradigmen der psychologischen Wissenschaftsgemeinde vom Behaviorismus hin zum Kognitivismus genannt. Eine wichtige Station war Noam Chomskys Behaviorismus-Kritik (die selbst Gegenstand der Kritik ist), die er in seiner Besprechung von B.F. Skinners Buch Verbal Behavior formuliert hat. Berühmt wurde sein Satz „It is quite possible - overwhelmingly probable, one might guess - that we will always learn more about human life and human personality from novels than from scientific psychology. “ – Chomsky, Language and Problems of Knowledge: The Managua Lectures, Lecture 5, 1988, S. 159 Pionierarbeit leistete Albert Bandura 1965 mit seinem „Bobo-doll-Experiment“, dessen Ergebnisse seiner Meinung nach nicht mehr mit behavioristischen Prinzipien erklärt werden konnten, sondern kognitive Prozesse verlangten. Außerdem hat Ulrich Neissers 'Cognitive Psychology' von 1967 dem Erkenntnisstand der 'kognitiven Psychologie' in der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft zum Durchbruch verholfen. Kritiker sprechen der kognitiven Wende den Charakter einer wissenschaftlichen Revolution ab. Der behavioristische Ansatz wurde demnach - auch nach Ansicht führender Vertreter der Kognitiven Wende - nicht im Sinne Poppers falsifiziert, er ertrank nicht in einem "Meer von Anomalien" und er war kein "degenerierendes Forschungsprogramm" im Sinne Lakatos'. Auslöser der Kognitiven Wende war nicht ein Versagen des behavioristischen Konzepts bei der Erklärung von Phänomenen, sondern vielmehr ein (soziologisch zu erklärender) Wechsel der Interessen der Forscher. Die Empirie widerspricht zudem der These, dass die Kognitive Wende einen Umbruch in der wissenschaftlichen Psychologie darstellt. So wurden von 1979 bis 1988 mehr Artikel in "behavioristischen" als in "kognitiven" Fachzeitschriften veröffentlicht, zudem wurden diese Artikel häufiger zitiert. Wäre der behavioristische durch den kognitivistischen Ansatz abgelöst worden, wäre als Befund zu erwarten gewesen, dass zunehmend kognitivistische Arbeiten veröffentlicht und diskutiert werden.
  • Revolución cognitiva es el nombre que se ha dado al paso del conductismo al cognitivismo como paradigma de la comunidad científica en psicología. Los eventos históricos más relevantes que produjeron este paso fueron la revisión del libro Conducta Verbal de Skinner por parte de Chomsky (1957) y la publicación del libro "Cognitive Psychology" por parte de Ulrich Neisser (1967). Los críticos de la idea de “revolución cognitiva” sostienen que no constituye una descripción adecuada de la historia de la psicología. No puede decirse que el conductismo haya sido refutado en el sentido de Popper, ni que haya entrado en un período de anomalías en el sentido de Kuhn, ni que se haya degenerado como programa de investigación en el sentido de Lakatos. El paso al cognitivismo no se debe a un fracaso de los conceptos conductistas en la explicación de los fenómenos, sino a un cambio en los intereses de muchos investigadores, y se explica por cuestiones sociológicas más que epistemológicas. Si el conductismo hubiera sido reemplazado por el cognitivismo, se debería hallar evidencia de que cada vez menos trabajos conductistas se publican y discuten, y no es esto lo que ha ocurrido (Friman y otros 1993). Según Leahey (1992), los cambios metateóricos en la psicología no tuvieron las características de "revoluciones", sino de cambios graduales: "Las tesis de Kuhn fueron cuestionadas, y la tendencia en historia y filosofía de la ciencia es enfatizar la continuidad en lugar de las revoluciones. Kuhn se retractó de muchas de sus propuestas más controvertidas, aunque muchos psicólogos lo ignoran. En lugar de una historia de revoluciones, la historia de la psicología debe analizar una multiplicidad de tradiciones de investigación (Laudan, MacIntyre). Cada tradición ha progresado. Las representaciones propuestas por la ciencia cognitiva son más sofisticadas que las "ideas" de Locke o el mapa cognitivo de Tolman. Los análisis de la conducta de los conductistas radicales en la actualidad son más precisos y robustos que los de Skinner. Las redes neurales del conexionismo actual avanzaron respecto a leyes de asociación S-R hacia espacios de estados caracterizados matemáticamente."
  • La révolution cognitive, d'après une expression d'Howard Gardner, désigne le mouvement scientifique qui, né à la fin des années 1950, a donné naissance aux sciences cognitives. Dans le domaine de la psychologie, elle a conduit à dépasser le cadre béhavioriste pour revenir à l'étude de la pensée dans une « approche interdisciplinaire du mental ». Le débat majeur entre B. F. Skinner et Noam Chomsky sur le langage a été l'un des premiers moments de cette « révolution ». Revenant sur cette époque en 1997, Chomsky écrivait : « Que le mot "révolution" soit approprié ou non, il se produisit un important changement de perspective [dans les années 1950] : on passa de l'étude du comportement et de ses produits (tels les textes) à celle des mécanismes internes constitutifs de la pensée et de l'action. Le point de vue cognitiviste ne considère pas le comportement et ses produits comme son objet de recherche mais comme autant de données susceptibles de fournir des indications sur les mécanismes internes de l'esprit et sur les façons d'opérer de ces mécanismes dans l'exécution des actions ou l'interprétation de l'expérience. [... ] Cette approche est "mentaliste" [... ] [et] s'emploie à étudier un objet réel du monde naturel – le cerveau, ses états et ses fonctions – et à intégrer ainsi progressivement l'étude de l'esprit au sein des sciences biologiques. »
  • A revolução cognitiva é o nome pelo qual ficou conhecido um movimento intelectual nos anos 50 que combinava um novo pensamento em psicologia, antropologia e linguística com os recentes campos da inteligência artificial, ciência da computação e neurociência. A revolução cognitiva na psicologia foi uma resposta ao behaviorismo, que era a escola predominante de psicologia experimental à época. Esta escola foi bastante influenciada por Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, e outros fisiologistas. Eles propunham que a psicologia poderia se tornar apenas uma ciencia objetiva caso fosse baseada no comportamento observável em assuntos testados. Por causa de os eventos mentais não serem observáveis publicamente, os psicólogos behavioristas evitavam a descrição dos processos mentas ou da mente em suas literaturas. O campo da psicologia cognitiva desenvolveu-se como uma resposta a esta similitude com a psicologia. Uma de suas principais idéias foi que estudando e desenvolvendo funções bem sucedidas em inteligência artificial e ciencia da computação, torna-se possível fazer inferencias examináveis sobre os processos mentais humanos. Isto fora chamado de 'reverse-engineering approach'. Esta nota sobre a 'revolução cognitiva" foi desafiada por Jerome Bruner que caracterizou-a como "um esforço completo para estabelecer o sentido como o conceito central da psicologia [-]. Não foi uma revolução contra o behaviorismo com o objetivo de transformar o behaviorismo em uma maneira melhor de desempenhar a psicologia adicionando-se um pouco de mentalismo nela. Seu objetivo era descobrir e descrever formalmente o sentido que os seres humanos criavam de suas experiencias com o mundo, e então para propor hipóteses sobre o que os processos de sentido-feitio implicavam. " (Bruner, 1990, Atos do Sentido, p. 2) O foco cognitivo foi posto em prominencia pelo livro de Donald Broadbent Percepção e Comunicação em 1958. A publicação do livro Psicologia Cognitiva por Ulric Neisser em 1967 também é considerado um marco importante. Outros pesquisadores influentes incluiram Noam Chomsky, Herbert Simon e Allen Newell. A revolução cognitiva atingiu o seu ápice nos anos 80 com publicações de filósofos como Daniel Dennett e especialistas em inteligência artificial como Douglas Hofstadter. Propagadores do movimento geralmente citam a lingüística Chomskiana como um impeto para a queda do behaviorismo do apelo popular. Deve-se notar, entretanto, que o termo "behaviorismo" e um termo guarda chuva que enviesa vários enfoques focados no comportamento. No momento que ocorreu a revolução, o "behaviorismo" popular era a psicologia de estímulo-resposta de Kenneth Spence e Clark Hull. Behavioristas radicais continuavam a sustentar o modelo behaviorista de Skinner quanto a aquisição da linguagem, o que alguns discutiram que não era adequadamente refutado pelos argumentos anti-behavioristas de Chomsky. (MacCorquodale 1970).
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  • The cognitive revolution is the name for an intellectual movement in the 1950s that began what are known collectively as the cognitive sciences. It began in the modern context of greater interdisciplinary communication and research. The relevant areas of interchange were the combination of psychology, anthropology and linguistics with approaches developed within the then-nascent fields of artificial intelligence, computer science and neuroscience.
  • Kognitive Wende wird eine Entwicklung innerhalb der Paradigmen der psychologischen Wissenschaftsgemeinde vom Behaviorismus hin zum Kognitivismus genannt. Eine wichtige Station war Noam Chomskys Behaviorismus-Kritik (die selbst Gegenstand der Kritik ist), die er in seiner Besprechung von B.F. Skinners Buch Verbal Behavior formuliert hat.
  • Revolución cognitiva es el nombre que se ha dado al paso del conductismo al cognitivismo como paradigma de la comunidad científica en psicología. Los eventos históricos más relevantes que produjeron este paso fueron la revisión del libro Conducta Verbal de Skinner por parte de Chomsky (1957) y la publicación del libro "Cognitive Psychology" por parte de Ulrich Neisser (1967).
  • La révolution cognitive, d'après une expression d'Howard Gardner, désigne le mouvement scientifique qui, né à la fin des années 1950, a donné naissance aux sciences cognitives. Dans le domaine de la psychologie, elle a conduit à dépasser le cadre béhavioriste pour revenir à l'étude de la pensée dans une « approche interdisciplinaire du mental ». Le débat majeur entre B. F. Skinner et Noam Chomsky sur le langage a été l'un des premiers moments de cette « révolution ».
  • A revolução cognitiva é o nome pelo qual ficou conhecido um movimento intelectual nos anos 50 que combinava um novo pensamento em psicologia, antropologia e linguística com os recentes campos da inteligência artificial, ciência da computação e neurociência. A revolução cognitiva na psicologia foi uma resposta ao behaviorismo, que era a escola predominante de psicologia experimental à época. Esta escola foi bastante influenciada por Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, e outros fisiologistas.
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  • Cognitive revolution
  • Kognitive Wende
  • Revolución cognitiva
  • Révolution cognitive
  • Revolução cognitiva
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