Liberal Christianity -- sometimes called liberal theology -- has an affinity with certain current forms of postmodern Christianity. Liberal Christianity is an umbrella term covering diverse, philosophically informed movements and moods within 19th and 20th century Christianity. Despite its name, liberal Christianity has always been thoroughly protean.

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  • *1801 Cane Ridge, Kentucky *1801 - John Theodosius Van Der Kemp moves to Graaff Reinet to minister to the Khoikhoi |William Carey's work in India and resolves to become a missionary himself. He will sail for India in 1805 *1803 - The Massachusetts Baptist Missionary Society votes to publish a missionary magazine. Now known as ''The American Baptist'', the periodical is the oldest religious magazine in the U.S. *1804 - British and Foreign Bible Society formed Kane, p. 95; Church Missionary Society enters Sierra Leone *1805 - The first Christian missionaries arrive in Namibia, brothers Abraham and Christian Albrecht from the London Missionary Society *1806 - Haystack prayer meeting at Williams College; Andover Theological Seminary founded as a missionary training center; Protestant missionary work begins in earnest across southern Africa *1807 - First Protestant missionary to China, Robert Morrison, begins work in Guangzhou |Richard Allen, a former slave, founds the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first African-American denomination *1817 - James Thompson, agent for British and Foreign Bible Society, begins distributing Bibles throughout Latin America *1817 Claus Harms publishes 95 theses against rationalism and Prussian Union *1818 - Missionary work begins in Madagascar with the reluctant approval of the king *1819 - John Scudder, missionary physician, joins the American Ceylon Mission ; Wesleyan Methodists start work in Madras, India ; Reginald Heber writes words to missionary classic "From Greenland's Icy Mountains" *1819 Thomas Jefferson produced the Jefferson Bible *1820 - Hiram Bingham goes to Hawaii *1821 - African-American Lott Carey, a Baptist missionary, sails with 28 colleagues from Norfolk, VA to Sierra Leone ; Protestant Episcopal Church mission board established *1822 - African American Betsy Stockton is sent by the American Board of Missions to Hawaii. She thus becomes the first single woman missionary in the history of modern missions. *1823 - Scottish Missionary Society workers arrive in Bombay, India ; Liang Fa, first Chinese Protestant evangelist, is ordained by Robert Morrison; Colonial and Continental Church Society formed *1824 - Berlin Mission Society formed *1824 English translation of Wilhelm Gesenius' ''...Handwörterbuch...'': Hebrew-English Lexicon, Hendrickson Publishers *1825 - George Boardman goes to Burma *1826 - American Bible Society sends first shipment of Bibles to Mexico *1827 - Missionary Lancelot Edward Threlkeld reports in ''The Monitor'' that he was "advancing rapidly" in his efforts to disseminate Holy Scripture among Indigenous Australians of the Hunter and Shoalhaven Rivers. *1827 Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg takes on the editorship of the ''Evangelische Kirchenzeitung'', the chief literary organ of the Neo-Lutheranism *1827 Samuel Gobat begins his first stay in Ethiopia, residing at the capital city of Gondar. He is one of the first modern missionaries to that country. *1828 - Basel Mission begins work in the Christiansborg area of Accra, Ghana ; Karl Gützlaff of the Netherlands Missionary Society lands in Bangkok, Thailand ; Rhenish Missionary Association formed *1828 Plymouth Brethren founded, Dispensationalism *1829 - George Müller, a native of Prussia, goes to England as a missionary to the Jews; Anthony Norris Groves, an Exeter dentist, sets off as a missionary to Baghdad accompanied by John Kitto *1830 - Church of Scotland missionary Alexander Duff arrives in Kolkata |Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints founded by Joseph Smith, Jr. as a result of reported visitations and commandment by God the Father, Jesus Christ, and later the Angel Moroni. Book of Mormon also published in 1830. *1831 - American Congregational missionaries arrive in Thailand, withdrawing in 1849 without a single convert ; four Native Americans from beyond the Rocky Mountains come east to St. Louis, Missouri seeking information on the "palefaces' religion" *1832 - Teava, former cannibal and pioneer Pacific Islander missionary, is commissioned by John Williams to work on the Samoan island of Manono *1832 Church of Christ (Disciples) organized, made up of Presbyterians in distress over Protestant factionalism and decline of fervor *1832 persecution of Old Lutherans: by a royal decree of 28 Feb. all Lutheran worship is declared illegal in Prussia in favour of Prussian Union . *1833 - Baptist work in Thailand begins with John Taylor Jones ; the first American Methodist missionary, Melville Cox, goes to Liberia where he dies within four months. His dying appeal was: "Let a thousand fall before Africa be given up" ; Free Will Baptist Foreign Missionary Society begins work in India *1833 John Keble's sermon "National Apostasy" initiates the Oxford Movement in England *1834 - American Presbyterian Mission opens work in India in the Punjab ; Peter Parker MD, associated with the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, first American Medical Missionary to China opens Ophthalmic Hospital at Canton *1835 - Rhenish Missionary Society begins work among the Dayaks on Borneo ; Daniel Wilson, Bishop of Calcutta calls India's caste system "a cancer." *1836 - Plymouth Brethren begin work in Madras, India ; George Müller begins his work with orphans in Bristol, England;Gossner Mission formed ; Leipzig Mission Society established ; Colonial Missionary Society formed; The Providence Missionary Baptist District Association is formed, one of at least six national organizations among African American Baptists whose sole objective was missionary work in Africa. *1837 - Evangelical Lutheran Church mission board established ; First translation of Bible into Japanese *1838 - Church of Scotland Mission of Inquiry to the Jews; four Scottish ministers including Robert Murray M'Cheyne and Andrew Bonar journey to Palestine; Augustinians enter Australia. *1838-1839 Saxon Lutherans objecting to theological rationalism emigrate from Germany to the United States; settle in Perry County, Missouri. Leads to formation of the LC-MS *1839 - Entire Bible is published in language of Tahiti; three French missionaries martyred in Korea; English Protestant missionaries, including John Williams, murdered on Erromango with the London Missionary Society; American Presbyterians enter Thailand and labor for 18 years before seeing their first Thai convert ; Irish Presbyterian Missionary Society formed; Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Missionary Society founded *1841 - Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society formed ; Welsh Methodists begin working among the Khasi people of India *1842 - Church Missionary Society enters Badagry, Lagos *1842 - Gossner Mission Society receives royal sanction ; Norwegian Missionary Society formed in Stavanger *1842 - Methodist Missionary, Thomas Birch Freeman arrives in Badagry, Nigeria ; *1843 - Baptist John Taylor Jones translates New Testament into the Thai language ; British Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Jews formed *1843, Disruption of: schism within the established Church of Scotland *1844 - German Ludwig Krapf begins work in Mombasa on the Kenya Coast ; first Young Men's Christian Association |Punjab ; German missionaries Johannes Rebmann and Johann Ludwig Krapf arrive at Kilimanjaro. Initially, their story of a snow-covered peak near the equator was scoffed at. *1848 Epistle to the Easterns and Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs response *1848 Perfectionist movement in western New York state *1849 - Just weeks after arriving on the Melanesian island of Anatom, missionary John Geddie wrote in his journal: "In the darkness, degradation, pollution and misery that surrounds me, I will look forward in the vision of faith to the time when some of these poor islanders will unite in the triumphant song of ransomed souls, 'Unto Him that loved us, and washed us from our sins in His own blood.'" *1850 - On the occasion of Karl Gützlaff's visit to Europe, the Berlin Ladies Association for China is established in conjunction with the Berlin Missionary Association for China. Work in China will commence in 1851 with the arrival of Hermandine Neumann in Hong Kong. Rev. Thomas Valpy French, came to India in 1850, founded St. John's College, Agra, and became first Bishop of Lahore in . *1851 - Allen Gardiner and six missionary colleagues die of exposure and starvation at Patagonia on the southern tip of South America because a re-supply ship from England arrives six months late. *1852 - Zenana which had been built entirely from donations. *1854 - New York Missionary Conference, guided by Alexander Duff, ponders the question: "To what extent are we authorized by the Word of God to expect the conversion of the world to Christ?" ; Henry Venn, secretary of the Church Missionary Society, sets out ideal of self-governing, self-supporting and self-propagating churches; Hudson Taylor arrives in China *1854 Immaculate Conception, defined as Catholic dogma *1854 Missionary Hudson Taylor arrives in China *1855 - Henry Steinhauer is ordained as a Canadian Methodist missionary to North American Indians and posted to Lac La Biche, Alberta. Steinhauer's missionary work had actually begun 15 years earlier in 1840 when he was assigned to Lac La Pluie to assist in translating, teaching and interpreting the Ojibwa and Cree languages. *1855 Søren Kierkegaard, founder of Christian existentialism *1856 - Presbyterians start work in Colombia with the arrival of Henry Pratt *1857 - Bible translated into Tswana language; Board of Foreign Missions of Dutch Reformed Church set up; four missionary couples killed at the Fatehgarh mission during the ; Publication of David Livingstone's book ''Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa'' *1858 - John G. Paton begins work in New Hebrides ; Basel Evangelical Missionary Society begins work in western Sumatra is converted by the revival ministry of Henry Grattan Guinness *1861 - Protestant Stundism arises in the village of Osnova of modern-day Ukraine; Sarah Doremus founds the Women's Union Missionary Society; Episcopal Church opens work in Haiti ; Rhenish Mission goes to Indonesia under Ludwig Nommensen *1862 - Paris Evangelical Missionary Society opens work in Senegal *1863 - Robert Moffat, missionary to Africa with the London Missionary Society, publishes his book ''Rivers of Water in a Dry Place, Being an Account of the Introduction of Christianity into South Africa, and of Mr. Moffat's Missionary Labours'' *1863 Seventh-day Adventist Church officially formed twenty 20 years after the Great Disappointment *1865 - The China Inland Mission is founded by James Hudson Taylor ; James Laidlaw Maxwell plants first viable church in Taiwan. Salvation Army founded in London by William Booth *1865 Methodist preacher William Booth founds the Salvation Army, vowing to bring the gospel into the streets to the most desperate and needy *1866 - Charles Haddon Spurgeon invents The Wordless Book, which is widely used in cross-cultural evangelism ; Theodore Jonas Meyer translated into Pangasinan, a language of the Philippines, by Alfonso Lallave *1874 - Lord Radstock's first visit to St. Petersburg, Russia, and the beginning of an evangelical awakening among the St. Petersburg nobility; Albert Sturges initiates the Interior Micronesia Mission in the Mortlock Islands under the leadership of Micronesian students from Ohwa *1875 - The Foreign Christian Missionary Society organized within the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) and Church of Christ movements; Clah, a Canadian Indian convert, brought Christianity to natives at Ft. Wangel, Alaska. He assumed the name of Philip McKay. *1876 - In September, a rusty ocean steamer arrives at a port on the Calabar River in what is now Nigeria. That part of Africa was then known as the White Man's Grave. The only woman on board that ship is 29-year-old Mary Slessor, a missionary. *1877 - James Chalmers goes to New Guinea ; Presbyterians Sheldon Jackson and missionary-widow Amanda McFarland arrive at Ft. Wrangel, Alaska where they join Philip McKay founded on work of Edward Glenny in Algeria *1881-1894 Revised Version, called for by Church of England, used Greek based on Septuagint |Free Church of Scotland as a medical missionary to Palestine *1884 Charles Taze Russell founded Bible Student movement known today as Jehovah's Witnesses *1885 - Horace Grant Underwood, Presbyterian missionary, and Henry Appenzeller, Methodist missionary, arrive in Korea ; Scottish Ion Keith-Falconer goes to Aden on the Arabian peninsula; "Cambridge Seven" -- C. T. Studd, M. Beauchamp, W. W. Cassels, D. E. Hoste, S. P. Smith, A. T. Podhill-Turner, C. H. Polhill-Turner -- go to China as missionaries with the China Inland Mission *1885 Baltimore Catechism *1886 - Student Volunteer Movement launched as 100 university and seminary students at Moody's conference grounds at Mount Hermon, Massachusetts, sign the Princeton Pledge which says: ''"I purpose, God willing, to become a foreign missionary."'' *1886 Moody Bible Institute *1887 -The Hundred missionaries deployed in one year in China under the China Inland Mission. Dr. William Cassidy, a Toronto medical doctor, was ordained as the Christian and Missionary Alliance's first missionary preacher. Unfortunately, en route to China, he died of smallpox. However, Cassidy's death has been called the "spark that ignited the Alliance missionary blaze." *1888 - Jonathan Goforth sails to China; Student Volunteer Movement for foreign missions officially organized with John R. Mott as chairman and Robert Wilder as traveling secretary. The movement's motto, coined by Wilder, was: ''"The evangelization of the world in this generation.''; Scripture Gift Mission founded *1889 - Missionary linguist and folklorist Paul Olaf Bodding arrives in India, Santhal Parganas, and continues the work among the Santals started by Skrefsrud and Børresen in 1867; North Africa Mission enters Tripoli as first Protestant mission in Libya *1890 - Central American Mission founded by C. I. Scofield, editor of the Scofield Reference Bible ; Methodist Charles Gabriel writes missionary song "Send the Light"; John Livingston Nevius of China visits Korea to outline his strategy for missions: 1) Each believer should be a productive member of society and active in sharing his faith; 2) The church in Korea should be distinctly Korean and free of foreign control; 3) The leaders of the Korean church will be selected and trained from its members; 4) Church buildings will be built by Koreans with their own resources *1891 - Samuel Zwemer goes to Arabia ; Helen Chapman sails for the Congo begins work in Venezuela *1897 Christian flag, conceived in Brooklyn, New York *1898 - Theresa Huntington leaves her New England home for the Middle East. For seven years she will work as an American Board missionary in Elazığ ; 189 missionaries and their children killed in Boxer Rebellion in China ; South African Andrew Murray writes ''The Key to the Missionary Problem'' in which he challenges the church to hold weeks of prayer for the world
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  • Liberal Christianity -- sometimes called liberal theology -- has an affinity with certain current forms of postmodern Christianity. Liberal Christianity is an umbrella term covering diverse, philosophically informed movements and moods within 19th and 20th century Christianity. Despite its name, liberal Christianity has always been thoroughly protean. The word "liberal" in liberal Christianity does not refer to a leftist political agenda but rather to insights developed during the Enlightenment. Generally speaking, Enlightenment-era liberalism held that man is a political creature and that liberty of thought and expression should be his highest value. The development of liberal Christianity owes a lot to the works of philosophers Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Schleiermacher. As a whole, liberal Christianity is a product of a continuing philosophical dialogue. Many 20th century liberal Christians have been influenced by philosophers Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger. Examples of important liberal Christian thinkers are Rudolf Bultmann and John A.T. Robinson.
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  • Liberal Christianity -- sometimes called liberal theology -- has an affinity with certain current forms of postmodern Christianity. Liberal Christianity is an umbrella term covering diverse, philosophically informed movements and moods within 19th and 20th century Christianity. Despite its name, liberal Christianity has always been thoroughly protean.
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  • Christianity in the 19th century
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