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- Chinese house churches are a religious movement of unregistered assemblies of Christians in the People's Republic of China, which operate independently of the government-run Three-Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM) and China Christian Council (CCC) for Protestant groups and the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association (CCPA) and the Chinese Catholic Bishops Council (CCBC) for Catholics. They are also known as the "Underground" Church or the "Unofficial" Church, although this is somewhat of a misnomer as they are collections of unrelated individual churches rather than a single unified church. They are called "house churches" because as they are not officially registered organizations, they cannot independently own property and hence they meet in private houses, often in secret for fear of arrest or imprisonment. The Chinese house church movement developed after 1949 as a result of the Communist government policy which requires the registration of all religious organizations. This registration policy requires churches to become part of the TSPM/CCC set-up, which may involve interference in the church's internal affairs either by government officials or by TSPM/CCC officials, who are approved by the Communist Party of China's United Front Work Department. During the Cultural Revolution of 1966-1976 all Christian worship was forced underground, even the official churches were closed, and the house church movement was solidified as an on going phenomenon. Because house churches operate outside government regulations and restrictions, their members and leaders are sometimes harassed by local government officials. This persecution may take the form of a prison sentence or, more commonly, reeducation through labour. Heavy fines also are not uncommon, with personal effects being confiscated in lieu of payment if this is refused or unavailable. House churches have not officially been outlawed, and since the 1990s, there has been cases of increasing official tolerance of house churches in various regions. Most observers believe that the opposition of house churches by government officials arises less from an ideological opposition to religion and support of atheism, but more out of fear of potential disturbance to orderly society form mass mobilization of believers, similar to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, and mass protests of Falun Gong members in Beijing in 1999.. Protestant house churches are indigenous to mainland China and are usually not under foreign control; some groups welcome help from abroad as long as it does not compromise their independence. This assertion of strictly native support is important in the PRC political discourse, since Christian churches and missionaries have sometimes historically been seen as tools of imperialism. In addition, at least with the Protestant churches there is no central church hierarchy, a fact that is commonly cited as a reason why house churches are seen as less threatening and subject to less overt opposition by the Communist officials. Chinese house churches have indigenous forms of worship and usually use their own songs. One collection of Chinese house church worship songs, Jiānán Shīxuăn; "Songs from Canaan") has been made into a book, with audio of some of the songs available. Chinese Roman Catholic house churches generally recognize the authority of the Pope in contrast to the official Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association which does not. The role of Catholic house churches is one of the major barriers to the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the People's Republic of China. In the past two decades, a number of house church networks have developed, headquartered mainly in Henan and Zhejiang provinces. These networks have sent missionaries all over the country and have even started sending them abroad to neighboring states. In 2008, twenty-one pastors of house churches in Shandong Province were sent to labor camps, which was the largest sentencing of house church leaders in a quarter of a century. By some estimations, Chinese authorities were trying to restrict activities of house churches right before the Beijing Olympics.
- Les églises de maison chinoises sont une catégorie d'églises non enregistrées et clandestines en Chine. Elles se sont développées après 1949. Elles sont indépendantes des organisations dirigées par l'état (comme l'association patriotique catholique chinoise). Pendant la révolution culturelle de 1966 à 1976, toutes les églises étaient contraintes à la clandestinité. Les membres des églises de maison sont parfois harcelés par les autorités. En 2008, vingt-et-un des pasteurs des églises de maison dans la province de Shandong ont été envoyés dans des camps de travail, qui a été le plus grande jugement de la détermination des meneurs des églises de maison depuis un quart de siècle.
- 中国家庭教会是指在中华人民共和国大陆境内「三自教会」以外的基督教会。 1949年中华人民共和国成立后，中华人民共和国政府迫使教会进行社会主义改造，切断国内教会与国外教会的一切联系。1950年7月，中国基督教界吴耀宗等人联名发表「三自宣言」，发起了三自爱国运动，号召教会「自治、自养、自传」，宣称中国教会从此走上了独立自主自办的道路。 政府要求所有宗教场所必须向政府登记，基督教、天主教加入三自教会并接受政府所辖的「宗教事務局」的管辖和领导。此外，中国大陆的天主教三自教会实行自选自圣主教制度，拒絕接受罗马教廷的领导。教宗任命的主教也無法正常在中國大陸開展宗教活動。这些规定引起一些信徒的抵制，他们不愿意加入三自教会，宗教活动转入未在政府登记的场所进行，多在信徒的家中，以家庭成员为主开展，所以被称为「家庭教会」，也被称为「地下教会」。 在现行中华人民共和国法律中，因家庭教会多数拒绝向政府登记而被定为非法，它们不同程度地受到打压甚至迫害。家庭教会在全国各地的处境很不相同，差异很大，浙江（例如温州）一些地方家庭教会的力量很强盛，可能由于经济的原因；而其他一些地方，家庭教会仍然受到很严厉的打压，家庭教會的信徒被拘捕的事件時有發生，有時甚至把探訪家庭教會的香港或外國信徒也拘捕了（因为把外国人参加家庭教会聚会视为非法），所以部份香港和外國的華人教會對家庭教會很有介心。家庭教會因為沒有统一管理，长期处于地下，也不一定有正式的训练有素的宣教士帶領信徒，一些成了異端，甚至邪教的溫床（例如：東方閃電教）。另外，有些家庭教會也傾向自由主義（参加自由主义神学）、靈恩主義（参见灵恩派）等，派别比较多。
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