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  • In statistics, a fair coin is an idealized randomizing device with two states which are equally likely to occur It is based on the coin flip used widely in sports and other situations where it is required to give two parties the same chance of winning Either a specially designed chip or more usually a simple currency coin is used, although the latter might be slightly "unfair" due to an asymmetrical weight distribution, which might cause one state to occur more frequently than the other, giving one party an unfair advantage So it might be necessary to test experimentally whether the coin is in fact "fair" – that is, whether the probability of the coin falling on either side when it is tossed is approximately 50% It is of course impossible to rule out arbitrarily small deviations from fairness such as might be expected to affect only one flip in a lifetime of flipping; also it is always possible for an unfair coin to happen to turn up exactly 10 heads in 20 flips As such, any fairness test must only establish a certain degree of confidence in a certain degree of fairness (a certain maximum bias) In more rigorous terminology, the problem is of determining the parameters of a Bernoulli process, given only a limited sample of Bernoulli trials
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  • May 2008
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  • Checking if a coin is fair
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