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- The Catholic Monarchs is the collective title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. The title of "Catholic King and Queen" was bestowed on them by the Pope Alexander VI. They married on October 19,1469, in the city of Valladolid; Isabella was eighteen years old and Ferdinand a year younger. Their marriage united both crowns under the same lineage. Isabella was named heir to the throne of Castile by her half brother Henry IV of Castile. She became Queen of Castile in 1474. Her husband Ferdinand became the King of Aragon in 1479 and their marriage united the two kingdoms. They were strong leaders who worked to unify Spain politically. This was largely achieved before the conquest of Granada in 1492. The birth of Isabella’s son in 1478 consolidated the political stability as it meant a clear line of succession for the Spanish throne. The Catholic Monarchs set out to restore royal authority in Spain. To accomplish their goal, they first created a group named the Holy Brotherhood. These men were used as a judicial police force for Spain. To replace the courts, the Catholic Monarchs created the Royal Council, and appointed chief magistrates (judges) to run the towns and cities. This establishment of royal authority is known as The Pacification of Castile, and can be seen as one of the crucial steps toward the creation of one of Europe's first strong nation-states. Ferdinand and Isabella were noted for being the monarchs of the newly-united Spain at the dawn of the modern era. The Kings had a goal of completing the Christian Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula and to conquer the Muslim kingdom of Granada. The beginnings of a series of campaigns known as the Granada War began with the attack of Alhama, a city in Andalusia. The attack was led by two Andalusian nobles Rodrigo Ponce de León and Diego de Merlo. The city fell to Andalusian forces in 1492. The Granada War was aided by Pope Sixtus IV by granting the monarchs a tithe and implementing a crusade tax to invest in the war. After 10 years of many battles the Granada War ended in 1492 when the Emir Boabdil surrendered the keys of the Alhambra Palace in Granada to the Castilian soldiers. Ferdinand and Isabella had also overseen the expulsion of the Moors and the Jews from Spain. Between 1480 and 1492 hundreds of conversos (Jews or Moors that had converted to Catholicism) were arrested, imprisoned, interrogated or burned in both Castile and Aragon. According to John Edwards, the author of Ferdinand and Isabella: Profiles in Power, the Kings felt that it was "necessary to remove a genuinely mortal danger from Spanish society – that the Jews masquerading as Catholic Christians are destroying the church within. " Also policy initiatives were developed after two incidents that included Jews. The first was an incident that occurred in 1490 that claims that a converso named Benito Garcia was found to have stolen the Host or the unleavened bread of the Mass. It was believed that those who stole the wafers from the churches were inspired by the devil. Investigators, or rather the judicial police, had claimed that there was a conspiracy between 10 conversos and Jews not only to steal the Eucharist but also capture a young boy from La Guardia, near Toledo. They concluded that the Jews had kidnapped the young boy and forced him to suffer the same crucifixion that Jesus had suffered. All conspirators were found guilty in 1491 though no child's body was ever found. Such incidents only furthered the idea of the Inquisition upon the Spanish people. In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella ordered segregation of communities to create closed quarters which would eventually become "ghettos". This segregation, common at the time, also furthered economic issues upon the Jews and others by increasing taxes and social restrictions. Finally, in 1492, with the Alhambra Decree Jews in Spain were given four months by the monarchs to either convert completely to Catholicism or leave Spain. Tens of thousands of Jews departed from Spain to other lands such as Portugal, North Africa, Italy and the Ottoman Empire. Later in 1492, Ferdinand had issued a letter addressed to the Jews who had left Castile and Aragon, to invite them back to Spain if and only if they were Christians. They authorized the expedition of Christopher Columbus, who was given the name of Admiral of the Ocean Sea by the monarchs, which brought knowledge of the New World to Europe. Columbus' first expedition to the supposed Indies actually landed in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492. He landed on the island of Guanahani, and called it San Salvador. He continued onto Cuba, naming it Juana, and finished his journey on the island of Santo Domingo, calling it La Española. His second trip began in 1493 in which he found more Caribbean islands including Puerto Rico. His main goal was to colonize the existing discoveries with the 1500 men that he had brought the second time around. Columbus finished his last expedition in 1498 and discovered Trinidad and the coast of present day Venezuela. The colonies Columbus established and conquests in the Americas in the decades to come would lead to an influx of wealth into Spain, filling the coffers of the new state that would prove to be the hegemony of Europe for the next two centuries. Isabella ensured long-term political stability in Spain by arranging strategic marriages for each of her five children; political security was important for a country to be considered a great power. Her firstborn, a daughter named Isabella, married Afonso of Portugal, forging important ties between these two neighbouring countries and hopefully ensuring peace and future alliance. Juana, Isabella’s second daughter, married Philip the Handsome, the son of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. This ensured alliance with the Holy Roman Empire, a powerful, far-reaching territory which assured Spain’s future political security. Isabella’s first and only son, Juan, married Margaret of Austria, maintaining ties with the Habsburg dynasty, on which Spain relied heavily. Her fourth child, Maria, married Manuel I of Portugal, strengthening the link forged by her older sister’s marriage. Her fifth child, Catherine, firstly married to Arthur, Prince of Wales and after his premature death, she married Henry VIII, King of England, and was mother to Queen Mary I. Their joint motto was "Tanto monta, monta tanto". The motto was created by Antonio de Nebrija and was either an allusion to the Gordian Knot: Tanto monta, monta tanto, cortar como desatar ("... cutting as untying"), or an explanation of the equality of the monarchs: Tanto monta, monta tanto, Isabel como Fernando ("... , Isabella the same as Ferdinand") Their symbol was el yugo y las flechas, a yoke and a fasces of arrows. The yoke is another allusion to the Gordian knot. Y and F are the initials of Ysabel (archaic spelling) and Fernando. This symbol was later used by the fascist Spanish political party Falange, which claimed to represent the inherited glory and the ideals of the Reyes Católicos.
- Mit Katholische Könige bezeichnet man im allgemeinen zwei spanische Monarchen, nämlich Königin Isabella I. von Kastilien (1451–1504) und König Ferdinand II. von Aragon (1452–1516), der als Ferdinand V. auch König von Kastilien war. Die Hochzeit dieser beiden 1469 bildete die Grundlage für die Vereinigung von Aragon und Kastilien und damit den Grundstein für das Entstehen des heutigen Spaniens. Der in Spanien geborene Papst Alexander VI. verlieh dem königlichen Ehepaar 1496 den Titel Katholische Könige. Zu den Verdiensten Ferdinands und Isabellas gehören vor allem die Vollendung der Reconquista durch die „Rückeroberung“ der letzten islamischen Bastion, dem Sultanat Granada im Jahr 1492 sowie die Eroberung der überseeischen Gebiete im Zeichen des Kreuzes. Besonders bekannt wurde das Paar durch die Vertreibung der Mauren und Juden im Jahre 1492, nach der Übergabe der Alhambra von Granada durch den letzten Sultan Muhammad XII. an die Katholischen Könige.
- Els Reis Catòlics és el títol que van rebre Isabel I de Castella i Ferran II d'Aragó, del Papa Alexandre VI, com a compensació perquè abans havia atorgat el títol de Rei Cristianíssim al Rei de França. En casar-se en secret en 1469, van donar origen a la unió de les corones de Castella i Aragó en 1474. Aquest matrimoni va consumar la unitat dinàstica entre Castella i Aragó, però totes dues corones van conservar l'organització independent. Van començar la colonització de les illes Canàries. Van mantenir assetjada la ciutat de Granada des de 1491 fins a la seua capitulació el 2 de gener de 1492. Com a campament van fundar prop la ciutat de Santa Fe. Durant el seu regnat va tenir lloc el viatge de Cristòfor Colom cap a les Índies per una nova ruta cap a l'oest, que el portaria a descobrir el continent americà el 12 d'octubre de 1492.
- Titul katolická Veličenstva udělil papež Alexandr VI. královským manželům Ferdinandu II. Aragonskému a Isabele Kastilské, společně vládnoucím v letech 1479 - 1504 Kastilii a Aragonu. Isabela Kastilská (1451-1504), dcera kastilského a leónského krále Jana II. , se provdala roku 1469 za sicilského krále a dědice aragonského trůnu Ferdinanda. Ferdinand byl od roku 1466 spoluvládcem svého otce, aragonského krále Jana II. Po smrti svého staršího bratra kastilského krále Jindřicha IV. Kastilského byla Isabela prohlášena roku 1474 královnou Kastilie. O kastilský trůn musela poté bojovat s Jindřichovou dcerou Janou la Beltraneja, kterou podporovalo Portugalsko. Roku 1479 se stal Ferdinand aragonským králem. Poté byla království Kastilie a Aragon spojena personálním svazkem, který položil základy budoucímu španělskému království. Po Isabelině smrti zdědila kastilský trůn její dcera Jana I. Šílená se svým manželem Filipem Sličným z rodu Habsburků, který však zemřel již roku 1506. V Aragonu vládl dále Ferdinand a vzhledem k duševní chorobě své dcery vykonával také vládu v Kastilii. Po jeho smrti zdědil oba trůny Janin a Filipův syn Karel I. (V. ) Habsburský.
- El Papa Alejandro VI concedió a Fernando II de Aragón el título de Rey Católico, en 1469, como compensación porque antes había otorgado el título de Rey Cristianísimo al rey de Francia, reino que por aquél entonces se disputaba con Aragón el dominio de Italia, llegando a amenazar los propios Estados Pontificios; posteriormente, la historia y la costumbre han popularizado como Reyes Católicos conjuntamente a Fernando y a su mujer, Isabel I de Castilla. De todos modos, es discutible que solo Fernando fuera nombrado como Rey Católico, ya que no hay evidencias de que acontecieran tales hechos. La pareja se casó en el Palacio de los Vivero de Valladolid el 19 de octubre de 1469, ella con 18 años y él con 17, pasando su luna de miel en el Castillo de Fuensaldaña. El reinado de los Reyes Católicos significó el tránsito del mundo medieval al mundo moderno en España. Con su enlace se consiguió la unión, en la dinastía de los Trastámara, de las Coronas de Castilla y de Aragón. Los Reyes, apoyados por las ciudades y la pequeña nobleza, establecieron una monarquía fuerte frente a las apetencias de poder de eclesiásticos y nobles. Con la conquista de Granada, Navarra, Canarias, Melilla y otras plazas africanas consiguieron la unión territorial bajo una sola corona de la totalidad —exceptuando Ceuta y Olivenza que entonces pertenecían a Portugal — de los territorios que hoy conforman España. Los Reyes establecieron una política exterior común marcada por el carácter diplomático de Fernando el Católico, que supondría la hegemonía hispánica en Europa durante los siglos XVI y XVII. El descubrimiento de América en 1492 supuso un hito en la historia mundial. Esta circunstancia abrió enormes posibilidades a la economía, a la ciencia y acentuó la expansión atlántica que continuaría en los siguientes siglos.
- Rois catholiques, ou même "Rois très catholiques", est un titre reçu par Isabelle I de Castille et Ferdinand II d'Aragon, accordé par le pape Alexandre VI en compensation pour l'octroi du titre Roi très chrétien aux rois de France. Leur mariage secret donne naissance à l'union des couronnes de Castille et d'Aragon en 1474. C'est sous leur règne qu'est entreprise la colonisation des Îles Canaries. Pendant dix années, ils mènent les guerres de Grenade qui se conclut en l’Année cruciale : la ville de Grenade, assiégée à partir de 1491, capitule le 2 janvier 1492. Sur la vega (la plaine en contrebas de Grenade qui abrita le campement de leur armée), ils fondent la ville de Santa Fé. Une légende voudrait qu'Isabelle la Catholique ait financé avec ses bijoux le voyage de Christophe Colomb en Inde par une nouvelle route vers l'ouest, qui l'amena à découvrir les Amériques le 12 octobre 1492. En réalité, les fonds provenaient de Luís de Santangel, chancelier de la maison royale, de Gabriel Sánchez, trésorier d'Aragon, et d’Isaac Abravanel. Pour l'anecdote, les deux premiers étaient des conversos, le troisième était le Juif le plus célèbre d'Espagne.
- カトリック両王（カトリックりょうおう、スペイン語：Reyes Católicos, 英語：Catholic Monarchs）は、歴史的にカスティーリャ女王イサベル1世（Isabel la Católica）とアラゴン王フェルナンド2世（Fernando el Católico）を指す。彼らは1469年に結婚し、後に彼らの子孫の下で同君連合国家としてのスペイン王国が成立する。カトリック王の称号はローマ教皇アレクサンデル6世によって授けられた。 両王の統治時代はレコンキスタの末期であり、また2人が出資したクリストファー・コロンブスの西半球、新世界の発見により、その統治は更に強固になった。スペインはローマ・カトリックの保護者となり、カトリックの護持のために対抗改革や、植民地の先住民に対する布教などの主導者となった。国内的にはイスラム教徒やユダヤ教徒に対する弾圧を行ったため、現在ではスペイン・イスラーム文明の豊かな資本を破壊し、その後の新大陸での蛮行や、スペイン没落に通ずる道を開いたのだと批判する学者もいる。
- Het katholieke koningspaar is de gebruikelijke benaming voor het echtpaar Ferdinand II van Aragón en Isabella I van Castilië. Hun huwelijk legde de basis van de eenmaking van Spanje. In het Spaans wordt het mannelijk meervoud - zoals hier: 'reyes' - vaak gebruikt voor een combinatie van mannelijke en vrouwelijke elementen. De vaak in Nederlandse bronnen gehanteerde letterlijke vertaling katholieke koningen is dan ook onjuist. Het echtpaar en de benaming 'Reyes Católicos' heeft direct verband met de verovering van het Islamitische Koninkrijk Granada in 1492. Hoewel Ferdinand en Isabella bij de overgave van de stad beloofden dat in het Koninkrijk eenieder zijn eigen geloof mocht behouden, liet het echtpaar, overtuigd van hun katholieke geloof, al na 4 maanden na het vertrek van Boabdil beginnen met het vervolgen van joden. Niet veel later werden ook de moslims gedwongen zich te bekeren; de islam mocht niet meer beleden worden. Joden en moslims moesten katholieke namen nemen, hun identiteit verhullen en onder dwang, het in beide geloven verboden en "onreine", varkensvlees gaan eten.
- Królowie Katoliccy (hiszp. Los Reyes Católicos), wspólny tytuł nadany królewskim małżonkom Izabeli I Katolickiej i Ferdynandowi II Katolickiemu przez papieża Aleksandra VI.
- O título de Reis Católicos é o nome pelo qual ficou conhecido o casal composto pela rainha Isabel I de Castela e o rei Fernando II de Aragão, que unificaram os reinos ibéricos no país que se tornou Espanha. O seu símbolo conjunto era el yugo y las flechas, numa alusão aos nomes próprios de ambos: Ysabel (grafia antiga) e Fernando. O casamento de Isabel I de Castela com Fernando II de Aragão não antevia o sucesso do casal no governo de Espanha. Com efeito, apesar do contributo para a unificação da actual Espanha, a nobreza não era consensual no que respeita à decisão sobre quem deveria ascender ao trono do país: houvera quem preferisse a infanta Joana, prometida a Afonso V de Portugal (que, por isso, também concorria ao trono). Porém, D. Joana era tida como filha ilegítima de Henrique IV de Castela, fruto de uma polémica relação da esposa do rei com um fidalgo. Assim, Isabel I, meia-irmã do rei, faz-se proclamar rainha de Castela nas Cortes de Valladolid de 1473. Em 1479, Fernando II torna-se rei de Aragão e consuma-se a união dos dois reinos que, porém, ainda não era suficientemente forte, já que era cercado por Portugal, em plena expansão, a França dos Valois, a pequena Navarra e o reino de Granada. Apesar de aspirações diferentes dos dois reinos — Aragão dedicava-se ao comércio graças aos seus portos dinâmicos, como Barcelona e as suas possessões em Itália, e Castela aspirava afirmar-se na Europa — souberam estes reinos, através de frutuosa diplomacia e propaganda, construir um sólido Estado que, com a sua determinação, soube financiar a odisseia marítima de Cristóvão Colombo, e preparar-se para a grande cruzada iniciada em 722: a expulsão dos muçulmanos do território ibérico. Para este feito, recorrem a uma rígida fiscalidade que, em 1482 atinge 70% das receitas; recebem o apoio do Papa que lhes permite dispor das somas recolhidas dos fiéis e das ordens militares, e oferece recompensas e indulgências aos cruzados. Após quatro anos de tréguas, a guerra entre Granada e Castela reacende-se em 1481, embora não passe de breve escaramuças, ofensivas e cercos. Sabe-se que em 1487 se travaram perto de Málaga duros combates, na consequência dos quais cairia a cidade nas mãos dos cristãos. Depois, ao fim de seis meses de cerco, cede Barza e, por fim, na viragem para o ano de 1492, dá-se a rendição de Granada. Cessava assim o domínio árabe na Península Ibérica, com promessas de preservação de direitos aos muçulmanos (que não viriam a ser cumpridas) e a Espanha podia agora concentrar-se na colonização das Américas. Note-se que, desde que o Papa Alexandre VI atribuiu o tíulo de Reis Católicos a Fernando e Isabel, os Monarcas de Castela (e, desde então, de Espanha) são conhecidos pelo título de Sua Majestade Católica, pelo que, com propriedade, todos os reis que se seguiram a Fernando e Isabel poderiam também ser conhecidos por este título.
- Католическими королями обычно называют двух испанских монархов—супругов: королеву Изабеллу I Кастильскую и короля Фердинанда II Арагонского. Их свадьба в 1469 году положила основу объединению Арагона и Кастилии, которое в свою очередь привело к созданию современной Испании. Титул католических королей они получили от римского папы Александра VI, уроженца Испании.
- Reyes Católicos är en kollektiv beteckning som i historisk litteratur avser kung Ferdinand II av Aragonien och Isabella I av Kastilien som gifte sig 1469 och genom sina ättlingar sedermera grundade kungariket Spanien. Titeln "Katolsk kung" erhöll de av påven Alexander VI.
- Katolik Krallar Papa VI. Alexander tarafından Kastilya kraliçesi I. Isabel ile Aragon kralı II. Ferdinand'a verilen ünvandır. Isabel ve Ferdinand 1469'da evlendi, ülkeleri tek çatı altında birleşerek İspanya'yı oluşturdu. Yeni ülke, yarımadayı tamamen Hristiyanlaştırmak üzere coşkulu bir savaşa başladı, yedi yüzyıldan uzun süredir devam eden Reconquista başarıya ulaştı ve 1492'de son Müslüman direnişi çöktü. Katolik Krallar, Müslümanlara ve Yahudilere karşı şiddet uygulayarak birçoğunu Afrika'ya sürdüler ve İspanya, Reform hareketlerinin filizlendiği bir çağda, Katolik Hristiyanlık'ın kalesi haline geldi. Aynı yıl, 1492'de, yine Katolik Krallar'ın desteğini alan Kristof Kolomb 'Batı Hindistan'a ulaştı ve orayı Hristiyanlık adına fethetti. Katolik Krallar, Avrupa'nın diğer Katolik aileleriyle evlilik ittifakları yaptı. Kızlarından ikisi (Isabella ve Maria) Portekiz kraliyet ailesinden kişilerle evlendi. Kızları Juana, Habsburg ailesinden Alman imparatorunun oğluyla evlendi ve bu evlilikten, ilerde Katolik Kilisesi'nin baş savunucusu olacak Şarlken dünyaya geldi. Bir başka kızları Catherine, İngiltere kralıyla mutsuz bir evlilik yaptı ve bu evlilikteki sorunlar, İngiltere'nin Katolik Kilisesi'nden ayrılmasında etkili oldu. Katolik Krallar'ın tek oğlu Juan ise Habsburg ailesinden bir prensesle evlendi.
- Файл:FerdinandIsabellaSpain. jpg Католицькі королі Фердинанд та Ізабелла (1469) Католицькі королі (ісп. los Reyes Católicos) — збірний титул королеви Кастилії Ізабелли I (1451—1504) та короля Арагону Фердинанда II (1452—1516), який був також Фердинандом V Катильським. Їх весілля, що відбулося 1469 року, стало підґрунтям для об’єднання королівств Арагону та Кастилії і заклало фундамент для утворення сучасної Іспанії. Титул Католицьких королів був наданий подружжю у 1496 іспанським уродженцем папою Олександром VI як засіб відзначити успішне закінчення Реконкісти та заморські завоювання Іспанії у знак Хреста. Крім цього, подружжя відоме за вигнання євреїв з Іспанії здійснене у 1492 році підписанням Альгамбрського декрету.
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