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- Cao Shuang (died 249) was the son of Cao Zhen, a famous commander of the Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. He initially held great power in the kingdom of Wei as the Grand Commander but later, he lost his power to Sima Yi and was executed on charges of treason. Around the new year of 239, when Cao Rui grew ill, he resolved to pass the throne to Cao Fang. He initially wanted to entrust Cao Fang to his uncle Cao Yu (曹宇), to serve as the lead regent, along with Xiahou Xian (夏侯獻), Cao Shuang, Cao Zhao (曹肇), and Qin Lang (秦朗). However, his trusted officials Liu Fang (劉放) and Sun Zi (孫資) were unfriendly with Xiahou Xian and Cao Zhao and were apprehensive about their becoming regents, and managed to persuade him to make Cao Shuang (with whom they were friendly) and Sima Yi (who was then with his troops at Ji regents instead. Cao Yu, Cao Zhao, and Qin Lang were excluded from the regency. As a result, Cao Shuang rose to power. However, Cao Shuang was clearly inadequate for the important job assigned to him. When Cao Rui asked him if could do it, Cao Shuang was so nervous that he could not even say a word to answer and finally, it was Sima Yi answered for him, promising Cao Rui that they would do their best and Cao Rui would have nothing to worry about. Despite his inability, Cao Shuang and his brothers, Cao Xi and Cao Xun wielded great power in the Kingdom of Wei, and he was often at conflict with Sima Yi, who had greater influence and support. In 243, Sima Yi's position further strengthened by another successful deployment: Zhuge Ke of Eastern Wu was constantly sending agents to Shouchun to prepare an invasion, so Sima Yi led Cao Wei forces to Shu county of Lujiang Shire, near the border. Hearing the news, Sun Quan immediately ordered Zhuge Ke to withdraw to Chaisang County Yuzhang Shire . Sima Yi's popularity and influence instantly multiplied as he was cheered as being able to scare away the enemy numbering over a hundred thousand without a fight and thus secured the border and saved the city from certain attack. Alarmed, Cao Shuang used his greater authority than Sima Yi, to persuade the emperor, Cao Fang, as a reward, to promote Sima Yi to the rank of Grand Tutor, which actually meant that Sima was in an honorary position and was left without any real authority in military affairs. Cao Shuang was desperate for a victory to boost his own fame, and he selected Shu Han as his target. Leading an army numbering more than one hundred and forty thousand, Cao Shuang invaded Shu Han in March, 244. However, two months later, he was soundly defeated by Wang Ping and Fei Yi in the Battle of Xingshi, and was barely able to escape back to Guanzhong with his own life. The most devastating result, however, was that Cao Shuang lost more than one hundred and twenty thousand troops, or fifteen percent of the total armed troops of Cao Wei's eight hundred thousand army, a serious blow that could not be recovered. Furthermore, most of the lost troops were the crack units of Cao Wei. Cao Shuang's popularity and influence was dropped to a new low as his military defeat, while in the same time, Sima Yi's popularity and influence further increased for his opposition to the campaign from the start. To fool Cao Shuang into letting down his guard, Sima Yi stopped any political activities in May 247 and later retired, and he would go further to pretend to be ill and senile. In the winter of 248, Cao Shuang's protege Li Sheng was named as the administrator of Jingzhou, and before he left for his position, Cao Shuang sent Li Sheng to check on Sima Yi. Cao Shuang and his followers overjoyed when Li reported that Sima Yi was indeed ill and dying, that he could not even hear clearly what he said. Cao Shuang sensed that Sima Yi no longer posed a threat to him and drew his attention away from Sima. On January 6, 249, Cao Shuang and his brothers left the capital city to accompany the child emperor Cao Fang to pay respect to Cao Rui at his resting place at Gaoping Tomb, and they continued to stay out on a hunting expedition. Sima Yi and his sons launched a coup d'etat and seized control of the capital city by first closing all the city gates. Sima then assigned his proteges to takeover the positions held by Cao Shuang's brothers after taking the armory: Excellency over the Masses Gao Rou replaced Cao Shuang, and Imperial Herdsman Wang Guan replaced Cao Xi to command the imperial bodyguards. Sima Yi went to see the Empress Dowager, requesting her to give an order to arrest Cao Shuang and his brothers on charges of treason. Huan Fan, an advisor of Cao Shuang, escaped with the seal signifying the power of Grand Commander and brought it to Cao Shuang. Cao Shuang was in a dilemma, unsure whether to surrender his power or not. Cao Shuang's family and loved ones were in Sima Yi's control, and Sima Yi promised that Cao Shuang would not be harmed, as Sima was only after Cao's power. Eventually, Cao Shuang agreed to surrender and give up his power. On January 10, 249, Cao Shuang returned to Luoyang, the capital of Cao Wei and his fate was sealed. Once having gained power, Sima Yi had Cao Shuang and his brothers arrested on charges of treason, then had them executed. Sima Yi refused to take the position of Imperial Chancellor awarded to him, and remained as Grand Tutor .
- Cao Shuang war von 239 bis 249 Regent des dritten Wei-Kaisers Cao Fang. Geboren wohl gegen Ende des 2. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. als Sohn von Cao Zhen, wurde er im Jahr 239 kurz vor dem Tod des zweiten Wei-Kaisers Cao Rui gemeinsam mit Sima Yi zum Regenten und Oberbefehlshaber ernannt und erhielt den Titel eines kaiserlichen Hofverwalters. Nach dem Tod Cao Ruis bemächtigte er sich mit Hilfe von Cao Fang der höchsten Militärgewalt. Doch er verfiel allmählich der Verschwendungssucht und Unsittlichkeit. Im Jahr 244 versuchte er das Reich der Shu zu erobern, wurde aber vom Shu-Regenten Fei Yi geschlagen. Im Jahr 249 wurde er während eines Besuchs des Grabes von Cao Rui durch einen von Sima Yi initiierten Staatsstreich gemeinsam mit Cao Fang gefangengenommen. Nachdem er darauf hin seine Macht auf Sima Yi übergeben hatte, wurde er wenig später einer Verschwörung bezichtigt und hingerichtet.
- Cao Shuang était le fils aîné de Cao Zhen. Juste avant la mort de Cao Rui, il est nommé par ce dernier Régent-Maréchal - titre qu’il partage avec Sima Yi - et administrateur de la Cour impériale des Wei. Après la mort de Cao Rui, il s’empare du pouvoir militaire suprême en faisant de Sima Yi, par l’entremise de Cao Fang, un officier civil. Cao Shuang tombe ensuite dans la luxure et la dépravation. Il tente d’envahir le Royaume de Shu en l’an 244, mais est défait par les plans de Fei Yi. Plus tard, en l’an 249, il quitte la capitale, accompagné de Cao Fang, pour visiter la tombe de Cao Rui. Il est alors victime d’un coup d’État orchestré par Sima Yi. Contraint de remettre ses pouvoirs à celui-ci, il est mis à mort par l'ancien stratège après avoir été soupçonné de conspiration.
- 曹 爽（そう そう、? - 249年）は、字は昭伯。曹操の従子（おい）に当たる大司馬の曹真の長男であり、魏の宗室の身分である。
- 曹爽（？－249年），字昭伯，沛國譙縣（今安徽亳縣）人，是曹真的兒子，曹操侄孫。官至大將軍、錄尚書事，為明帝遺詔的兩位輔政大臣之一。
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