The Byzantine–Arab Wars were a series of wars between the Arab Caliphates and the East Roman or Byzantine Empire between the 7th and 12th centuries C.E. These started during the initial Muslim conquests under the Rashidun and Umayyad caliphs and continued in the form of an enduring border tussle until the beginning of the Crusades. As a result, the Byzantines, saw an extensive loss of territory.

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  • Abbasid Caliphate
  • Aghlabids
  • Bulgarian Empire
  • Byzantine Empire
  • Crusader states
  • Emirate of Bari
  • Emirate of Crete
  • Fatimid Caliphate
  • Ghassanids
  • Hamdanids of Aleppo
  • Italian city-states
  • Rashidun Caliphate
  • Umayyad Caliphate
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  • Overall Arab gains, despite Byzantine resurgence
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  • Abbasid Caliphate
  • Aghlabids
  • Bulgarian Empire
  • Byzantine Empire
  • Crusader states
  • Emirate of Bari
  • Emirate of Crete
  • Fatimid Caliphate
  • Ghassanids
  • Hamdanids of Aleppo
  • Italian city-states
  • Rashidun Caliphate
  • Umayyad Caliphate
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  • 0634-01-01 00:00:00 (xsd:date)
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  • Overall Arab gains, despite Byzantine resurgence
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  • The Byzantine–Arab Wars were a series of wars between the Arab Caliphates and the East Roman or Byzantine Empire between the 7th and 12th centuries C.E. These started during the initial Muslim conquests under the Rashidun and Umayyad caliphs and continued in the form of an enduring border tussle until the beginning of the Crusades. As a result, the Byzantines, saw an extensive loss of territory. The initial conflict lasted from 634 to 718, ending with the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople that halted the rapid expansion of the Arab Empire into Anatolia. Conflicts however continued between the 800s and 1169. The occupation of southern Italian territories by the Abbassid forces in the 9th and 10th centuries were not as successful as in Sicily. However, under the Macedonian dynasty, the Byzantines recaptured territory in the Levant with the Byzantines armies' advance even threatening Jerusalem to the south. The Emirate of Aleppo and its neighbours became vassals of the Byzantines in the east, where the greatest threat was the Egyptian Fatimid kingdom, until the rise of the Seljuk dynasty reversed all gains and pushed Abbassid territorial gains deep into Anatolia. This resulted in the Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus' request for military aid from Pope Urban II at the Council of Piacenza; one of the events often attributed as precursors to the First Crusade.
  • Byzantsko-arabské války byly sérií vojenských konfliktů mezi arabským chalífátem a Byzantskou říší v období 7–12. století. Počáteční střety se odehrály během prvních arabských tažení pod vedením volených chalífů a Umajjovců a pokračovaly v podobě trvalých pohraničních střetů a nájezdů v podstatě až do počátku křížových výprav. V důsledku toho Byzantinci, sami se považující za Římany (Byzantská říše měla státoprávní kontinuitu s východní částí Římské říše; v muslimských kronikách označovaná jako „Rûm“) utrpěli značné územní ztráty. Počáteční konflikt se odehrával v letech 634–717 a skončil druhým arabským obléháním Konstantinopole, které zastavilo mohutný arabský postup do Anatolie. Konflikty pokračovaly v období od 9. století až do roku 1169. Arabská invaze Abbásovců v jižní Itálii nebyla úspěšná, nicméně na Sicílii se Arabové udrželi a zřídili zde Sicilský emirát. Nicméně císařové Makedonské dynastie se vzmohli na ofenzivu proti arabské moci na východě a vojenskou silou znovudobyli rozsáhlé oblasti Sýrie a nakonec smlouvou k říši připojili i Jeruzalém. Emirát s centrem v Aleppu a jeho sousedé se staly vazaly Byzantské říše na východní hranici, kde největší hrozbu představoval stát šíitských Fátimovců a to až do vzestupu seldžuckých Turků, kteří vtrhli na Blízký východ v 11. století, získali zde moc a vytlačili Abbásovce z jejich pozic v Anatolii. Po porážce byzantských armád v bitvě u Mantzikertu roku 1071 pozdější císař Alexios I. požádal o pomocné sbory papeže Urbana II. , který tak roku 1095 na Clermontském koncilu vyhlásil první křížovou výpravu.
  • Le guerre bizantino-arabe del 780-1180 furono una serie di conflitti durati circa quattro secoli tra l'Impero bizantino e i califfati Abbasidi e Fatimidi nelle regioni di Iraq, Palestina, Siria e Anatolia circa 780–1180. Dopo un periodo di guerre ai confini lente e non decisive, una serie di vittorie Bizantine nel tardo 10° e all'inizio dell'11° secolo permisero a tre imperatori Bizantini, Niceforo II Foca, Giovanni I Tzimiskes e Basilio II di riconquistare parte dei territori perduti nel corso delle guerre contro gli Arabi del VII secolo sotto la fallente Dinastia Eracliana. Di conseguenza grandi parti della Siria, inclusa la capitale Damasco, vennero riconquistate dai Bizantini, anche se solo per alcuni anni, con la nuova thema di Siria integrata nell'Impero in via di espansione. Oltre a conquistare nuovi territori, i Bizantini inflissero inoltre una sconfitta psicologica ai loro avversari riconquistando territori considerati sacri e importanti per il Cristianesimo, in particolare la città di Antiochia—permettendo a Bisanzio di controllare due dei cinque Patriarchi cristiani. Nonostante tutto, gli Arabi rimanevano comunque un avversario temibile per Bisanzio e una temporanea ripresa fatimide, dopo l'anno 970 circa e la conquista fatimide dell'Egitto, rischiò di compromettere tutte le conquiste bizantine fatte in precedenza. Anche se Bisanzio riconquistava ampie parti della Palestina, non riuscì a riconquistare Gerusalemme, la cui riconquista avrebbe certo avuto un effetto ideologico formidabile. I tentativi bizantini di fermare la lenta ma vittoriosa conquista araba della Sicilia fallirono. La Siria rimase provincia bizantina fino al 1084, anno in cui i Turchi conquistarono la città di Antiochia. I Crociati riuscirono a strappare la città agli arabi nel 1097 ma un protettorato Bizantino venne fondato sui Regni Crociati di Gerusalemme e Antiochia sotto Manuele I Comneno. Con la morte di Manuele Comneno nel 1180 finirono le campagne militari lontano da Costantinopoli e dopo la Quarta Crociata sia i Bizantini e gli Arabi furono impegnati in altri conflitti fino a quando vennero conquistati dai Turchi Ottomani rispettivamente nel XV e XVI secolo.
  • De Byzantijnse-Arabische oorlogen waren de oorlogen tussen het opkomende Arabische Rijk en het Byzantijnse rijk tussen de 7e en de 11e eeuw. De oorlogen startten met de opkomst van de islam in de 7e eeuw en gingen door totdat de Arabieren zelf verslagen werden door de Turkse volkeren, zoals de Seltsjoeken. Uiteindelijk versloegen de Turkse Ottomanen het Byzantijnse rijk definitief in 1453.
  • Арабо-византийские войны — ряд военных конфликтов между Арабским халифатом и Византийской империей в течение VII—XII веков. Начало войн ознаменовало вторжение арабов в Византию в 630-е годы и начало территориальных захватов с их стороны. В результате этих войн Византия лишилась большого количества своих территорий на востоке и юге: Палестины, Сирии, Египта, Северной Африки, Кипра, Крита, Сицилии, части Малой Азии. Начальная часть конфликта продолжалась в 634—717 и закончилась второй арабской осадой Константинополя, после чего арабы были разбиты и была предотвращена угроза захвата Малой Азии ими. В период с 800-х и до 1169 года война, хоть и вялотекущяя, продолжилась. В начале арабы захватывают южные итальянские территории Византии в IX и X столетиях. Однако, при императорах македонской династии в конце X века Византия переходит в контрнаступление и завоёвывает у арабов часть Леванта, а в частности такой важный форпост, как Антиохию. Византийская армия в те времена даже поставила в непосредственную опасность Иерусалим. Арабский султанат Алеппо признал себя вассалом Византии. В то время также были отвоёваны Крит и Кипр. После завоеваний сельджуков положение полностью изменилось. Византия была выбита из Малой Азии, значительно был ослаблен и Аббасидский халифат. Более важных конфликтов между арабами и Византией не было.
dbpprop:caption
  • Greek fire, first used by the Byzantine Navy during the Byzantine-Arab Wars.
dbpprop:cnoteProperty
  • As Steven Runciman describes the event: "On a February day in the year AD 638, the Caliph Omar [Umar] entered Jerusalem along with a white camel which was ride by his slave. He was dressed in worn, filthy robes, and the army that followed him was rough and unkempt; but its discipline was perfect. At his side rode the Patriarch Sophronius as chief magistrate of the surrendered city. Omar rode straight to the site of the Temple of Solomon, whence his friend Mahomet [Muhammed] had ascended into Heaven. Watching him stand there, the Patriarch remembered the words of Christ and murmured through his tears: 'Behold the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet.'"
  • As recorded by Al-Baladhuri. Michael the Syrian records only the phrase "Peace unto thee, O Syria". George Ostrogorsky describes the impact that the loss of Syria had on Heraclius with the following words: "His life's work collapsed before his eyes. The heroic struggle against Persia seemed to be utterly wasted, for his victories here had only prepared the way for the Arab conquest [...] This cruel turn of fortune broke the aged Emperor both in spirit and in body.
  • Hugh N. Kennedy notes that "the Muslim conquest of Syria does not seem to have been actively opposed by the towns, but it is striking that Antioch put up so little resistance.
  • Politico-religious events had sharpened the differences between the Byzantines and the Syrians. Also the high taxes, the power of the landowners over the peasants and the participation in the long and exhaustive wars with the Persians were some of the reasons why the Syrians welcomed the change.
  • The Arab leadership realized early that to extend their conquests they would need a fleet. The Byzantine navy was first decisively defeated by the Arabs at a battle in 655 off the Lycian coast, when it was still the most powerful in the Mediterranean. Theophanes the Confessor reported the loss of Rhodes while recounting the sale of the centuries-old remains of the Colossus for scrap in 655.Theophanes, ''Chronicle'', 645–646
    * Haldon (1990), 55
  • a
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  • Byzantine-Arab Wars
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  • 634-1180
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  • Siege of Constantinople (717–718)
  • Siege of Constantinople (674–678)
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  • Levant, Syria, Egypt, North Africa, Anatolia, Crete, Sicily, Southern Italy
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  • All roads lead to Rome.
  • Common Arab saying
  • right
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  • The Byzantine–Arab Wars were a series of wars between the Arab Caliphates and the East Roman or Byzantine Empire between the 7th and 12th centuries C.E. These started during the initial Muslim conquests under the Rashidun and Umayyad caliphs and continued in the form of an enduring border tussle until the beginning of the Crusades. As a result, the Byzantines, saw an extensive loss of territory.
  • Byzantsko-arabské války byly sérií vojenských konfliktů mezi arabským chalífátem a Byzantskou říší v období 7–12. století. Počáteční střety se odehrály během prvních arabských tažení pod vedením volených chalífů a Umajjovců a pokračovaly v podobě trvalých pohraničních střetů a nájezdů v podstatě až do počátku křížových výprav.
  • Le guerre bizantino-arabe del 780-1180 furono una serie di conflitti durati circa quattro secoli tra l'Impero bizantino e i califfati Abbasidi e Fatimidi nelle regioni di Iraq, Palestina, Siria e Anatolia circa 780–1180.
  • De Byzantijnse-Arabische oorlogen waren de oorlogen tussen het opkomende Arabische Rijk en het Byzantijnse rijk tussen de 7e en de 11e eeuw. De oorlogen startten met de opkomst van de islam in de 7e eeuw en gingen door totdat de Arabieren zelf verslagen werden door de Turkse volkeren, zoals de Seltsjoeken. Uiteindelijk versloegen de Turkse Ottomanen het Byzantijnse rijk definitief in 1453.
  • Арабо-византийские войны — ряд военных конфликтов между Арабским халифатом и Византийской империей в течение VII—XII веков. Начало войн ознаменовало вторжение арабов в Византию в 630-е годы и начало территориальных захватов с их стороны.
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  • Byzantine–Arab Wars
  • Byzantsko-arabské války
  • Guerre arabo-bizantine (780-1180)
  • Byzantijns-Arabische oorlogen
  • Арабо-византийские войны
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  • Byzantine-Arab Wars
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