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- Brenda Milner, CC, GOQ, FRS has contributed extensively to the research literature on various topics in the field of clinical neuropsychology. Born in Manchester, England, Dr. Milner received her undergraduate degree at the University of Cambridge in 1939, and her Ph.D. degree under Dr. Donald Hebb at McGill University in 1952. She joined Dr. Wilder Penfield at the Montreal Neurological Institute in 1950 and published landmark papers with Penfield and Scoville in 1957 and 1958. She is the Dorothy J. Killam Professor of Psychology, Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University. Dr. Brenda Milner has been a pioneer in the field of neuropsychology and in the study of memory and other cognitive functions in humans. She was the first to study the effects of damage to the medial temporal lobe on memory and systematically described the deficits in the most famous patient in cognitive neuroscience, HM. Through a series of landmark studies, Dr. Milner showed that the medial temporal lobe amnestic syndrome is characterized by an inability to acquire new memories while past memories and other cognitive abilities, including language, perception and reasoning are intact. Further, she showed that in patients with this syndrome the ability to learn certain motor skills remained normal. This seminal finding introduced the concept of multiple memory systems within the brain and stimulated an enormous body of research. Her work helped establish the importance of cortico-limbic pathways for cognitive memories and cortico-basal ganglia pathways for skills and procedural memories. These fundamental studies revealed the differences in episodic and procedural memory, concepts that we all take for granted now, and the brain regions that mediate each. This research laid the platform for advances in understanding learning in both normal and functionally impaired humans. Dr. Milner has made major contributions to the understanding of the role of the frontal lobes in memory processing, in the area of organizing information. She demonstrated the critical role of the dorsolateral frontal cortex for the temporal organization of memory and her work showed that there is partial separability of the neural circuits subserving recognition memory from those mediating memory for temporal order. Dr. Milner described the inflexibility in problem solving that is now widely recognized as a common consequence of frontal-lobe injury. These refinements in the understanding of memory and exposition of the relevant brain regions revealed the diffuse nature of complex cognitive functions in the brain. Dr. Milner helped describe the lateralization of function in the human brain and has shown how the representation of language in the cerebral hemispheres can vary in left-handed, right-handed and ambidextrous individuals (see handedness. These studies of the relationship between hand preference and speech lateralization led to an understanding of the effects of early unilateral brain lesions on the pattern of cerebral organization at maturity. Her studies were among the first to demonstrate convincingly that damage to the brain can lead to dramatic functional reorganization. Many of these studies were done in preoperative and postoperative neurosurgical patients for whom Dr. Milner developed special cognitive tasks to elucidate the nature of the cognitive impairments from which they suffered. Further, the realization of the potential risk to cognitive function led Dr. Milner to develop the use of sodium amytal to reversibly inactivate parts of the brain to assess and localize the memory functions in patients prior to surgery. This method, pioneered by Dr. Milner, is now widely used throughout the world. In recent years, Dr. Milner has expanded her research to the study of brain activity in normal subjects using functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. These studies focus on the identification of brain regions associated with spatial memory and language, including the neural substrates of unilingual and bilingual speech processing. Dr Milner leads the research group at the Cognitive Neuroscience Unit of the Montreal Neurological Institute in the exploration of the anatomical basis of cognition. She is currently engaged in cognitive activation studies, exploring the brain regions involved in the performance of specific cognitive tasks. Her work continues to inform this research field characterized by complex and difficult problems that can only be unraveled by subtle and sophisticated means. Her wealth of knowledge and her vast experience with patients and healthy subjects is a valuable resource that she imparts to her students. The large and varied body of research by Dr. Milner has had, and continues to have, a major impact on cognitive neuroscience and on clinical neuroscience. Dr. Milner’s studies have direct applicability to patient care, particularly for the neurosurgical treatment of patients with brain tumours or epilepsy. Her studies have a profound effect on the presurgical evaluation of patients and on specific surgical techniques that have resulted in world-renowned strategies to minimize the linguistic and cognitive deficits resulting from brain surgery. Her contribution to understanding memory and language function as well as hemispheric lateralization has informed research and potential therapies for debilitating conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and stroke. Dr. Milner’s distinguished career has been recognized by numerous awards and memberships in the Royal Society, the Royal Society of Canada and the National Academy of Sciences . Dr. Milner is actively engaged in research funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and other agencies, and she remains a major contributor to her field. At a recent symposium in her honor, Dr. Eric Kandel credited Dr. Milner with the creative and essential step of merging the fields of neurobiology and psychology to create cognitive neuroscience, a field that has direct and daily patient impact and one that catalyzes a vast array of basic research in the pursuit of understanding human cognition. In 1984 she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and was promoted to Companion in 2004. Also in 2004, Dr. Milner was awarded the prestigious Neuroscience Award from the United States National Academy of Science. In 1985, she was made an Officer of the National Order of Quebec and was promoted to Grand Officer in 2009. Dr. Milner won the prestigious Gairdner Foundation International Award in 2005 and the Balzan prize in 2009.
- Brenda Milner, CC, FRS ist eine Psychologin. 1952 promovierte sie bei Donald Hebb an der McGill-Universität. Seit 1950 war sie Mitarbeiterin bei Wilder Penfield. 1957/58 veröffentlichte sie bahnbrechende Arbeiten über Patienten nach Epilepsieoperation. Ihr bekanntester Patient ist H. M.. Diesem waren 1953 durch William Scoville die medialen Bereiche beider Temporallappen (Schläfenlappen) des Gehirns entfernt worden. Milners Arbeiten waren von großer Bedeutung für die Gedächtnisforschung.
- Brenda Milner, C.C. , O.Q. , FRS on brittiläissyntyinen, Kanadaan muuttanut neuropsykologi. Hänet tunnetaan pitkäaikaisesta työstään HM:ksi kutsutun potilaan kanssa. HM:n muisti vaurioitui hänelle epilepsian vuoksi tehdyn leikkauksen seurauksena. Leikkauksessa poistettiin ohimolohkojen sisäpinnat ja hippokampus. HM saattoi leikkauksen jälkeenkin oppia tiettyjä uusia taitoja, mutta esimerkiksi tutkijan nimeä hän ei koskaan oppinut muistamaan. HM muisti leikkausta ennen tapahtuneet asiat, mutta uusien muistojen luominen oli mahdotonta. Milner valmistui Cambridgen ja McGillin yliopistoista. Hän aloitti työskentelynsä Montrealin neurologisessa instituutissa vuonna 1950. Hänelle myönnettiin Gairdner-palkinto 2005. Vuonna 2009 hän voitti Balzan palkinnon kognitiivisen neurotieteen.
- Brenda Milner est un professeur de neuropsychologie canadienne née en 1918 à Manchester, Angleterre. Elle est considérée comme l'une des pionnières de la neuropsychologie cognitive, en particulier pour ses travaux avec le patient HM sur le rôle du lobe temporal du cerveau dans les mécanismes de la mémoire.
- Brenda Milner is een Brits-Canadese onderzoekster die veel heeft bijgedragen aan de neuropsychologie, in het bijzonder op het gebied van geheugen en cognitie. Zij was een van de eersten die de effecten omschreven van schade aan de mediale temporale kwab op het geheugen. Haar bijdrage aan het onderzoek naar de befaamde patiënt H.M. , als co-auteur van William Beecher Scoville, maakt hier een belangrijk onderdeel van uit. In een aantal beroemde studies naar het functioneren van de mediotemporale cortex toonden Scoville en Milner aan dat amnesie als gevolg van schade aan dit hersengebied gekarakteriseerd wordt door het onvermogen om nieuwe herinneringen aan te maken, terwijl andere cognitieve eigenschappen intact zijn gebleven. Daarnaast toonden zij een dissociatie aan tussen motorisch en episodisch leren en geheugen, aangezien patiënten met schade aan de mediotemporale cortex wel in staat zijn om procedureel te leren. Naast haar werk over de mediotemporale cortex hield zij zich ook bezig met lateralisatie van de hersenen en het functioneren van de frontale kwab.
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- Brenda Milner, CC, GOQ, FRS has contributed extensively to the research literature on various topics in the field of clinical neuropsychology. Born in Manchester, England, Dr. Milner received her undergraduate degree at the University of Cambridge in 1939, and her Ph.D. degree under Dr. Donald Hebb at McGill University in 1952. She joined Dr. Wilder Penfield at the Montreal Neurological Institute in 1950 and published landmark papers with Penfield and Scoville in 1957 and 1958.
- Brenda Milner, CC, FRS ist eine Psychologin. 1952 promovierte sie bei Donald Hebb an der McGill-Universität. Seit 1950 war sie Mitarbeiterin bei Wilder Penfield. 1957/58 veröffentlichte sie bahnbrechende Arbeiten über Patienten nach Epilepsieoperation. Ihr bekanntester Patient ist H. M.. Diesem waren 1953 durch William Scoville die medialen Bereiche beider Temporallappen (Schläfenlappen) des Gehirns entfernt worden. Milners Arbeiten waren von großer Bedeutung für die Gedächtnisforschung.
- Brenda Milner, C.C. , O.Q. , FRS on brittiläissyntyinen, Kanadaan muuttanut neuropsykologi. Hänet tunnetaan pitkäaikaisesta työstään HM:ksi kutsutun potilaan kanssa. HM:n muisti vaurioitui hänelle epilepsian vuoksi tehdyn leikkauksen seurauksena. Leikkauksessa poistettiin ohimolohkojen sisäpinnat ja hippokampus. HM saattoi leikkauksen jälkeenkin oppia tiettyjä uusia taitoja, mutta esimerkiksi tutkijan nimeä hän ei koskaan oppinut muistamaan.
- Brenda Milner est un professeur de neuropsychologie canadienne née en 1918 à Manchester, Angleterre. Elle est considérée comme l'une des pionnières de la neuropsychologie cognitive, en particulier pour ses travaux avec le patient HM sur le rôle du lobe temporal du cerveau dans les mécanismes de la mémoire.
- Brenda Milner is een Brits-Canadese onderzoekster die veel heeft bijgedragen aan de neuropsychologie, in het bijzonder op het gebied van geheugen en cognitie. Zij was een van de eersten die de effecten omschreven van schade aan de mediale temporale kwab op het geheugen. Haar bijdrage aan het onderzoek naar de befaamde patiënt H.M. , als co-auteur van William Beecher Scoville, maakt hier een belangrijk onderdeel van uit.
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