About: Benito Mussolini

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician, journalist and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943. In 1926 Mussolini seized total power as dictator and ruled Italy as Il Duce ("the leader") from 1930 to 1943. Mussolini was one of the key figures in the creation of fascism.

Property	Value
dbpedia-owl:abstract	, fou el cap d'estat dictatorial d'Itàlia durant el període de 1922 fins el 1943. Va ser el creador d'un règim antidemocràtic anomenat feixisme, en el qual ell va rebre el sobrenom de Duce (guia o cap). A partir de 1936, el seu títol oficial va ser Sua Eccellenza Benito Mussolini, Capo del Governo, Duce del Fascismo e Fondatore dell'Impero ("Sa excel·lència Benito Mussolini, Cap del Govern, Duce del Feixisme i Fundador de l'Imperi") Fill d'una família humil, el seu pare era ferrer i la seva mare mestra d'escola. Va estudiar magisteri, però només va fer de mestre en períodes mai no massa llargs. A més de ser un actiu propagandista del socialisme, combinava l'activitat docent amb continus viatges. Aviat va tenir problemes amb les autoritats, i fou expulsat de Suïssa i Àustria, on havia iniciat contactes amb sectors pròxims al moviment irredemptista. En la seva primera afiliació política, tanmateix, es va apropar al Partit Socialista, atret per la seva ala radical. Del socialisme, més que les seves postures socials i reformadores, el seduí el seu caire revolucionari. Va crear a Milà l'any 1919 els Fasci italiani di combattimento, grups armats d'agitació que van constituir el principi del futur Partit Nacional Feixista l'any 1920, que incloïa elements del nacionalisme, corporitivisme, nacional sindicalisme, expansionisme, progrés social i anti-socialisme, juntament amb la censura dels elements subversius, i la propaganda d'estat. Va aconseguir guanyar el favor dels grans propietaris i va ser elegit diputat a les eleccions del maig del 1921. En els anys que seguiren la creació de la ideologia feixista Mussolini influencià o aconseguí admiració d'una ample varietat de figures polítiques. La total impotència del govern per fer front a la situació en què es trobava el país i la dissolució del Parlament, van aplanar el camí per la denominada "Marxa sobre Roma", que és datada al 22 d'octubre de 1922. La seva entrada triomfal a la capital italiana, a la qual no va trobar cap oposició, ja que va rebre l'ajut i el beneplàcit de l'exèrcit i del govern, va motivar el nomenament de primer ministre per part de del rei Víctor Manuel III d'Itàlia el 30 d'octubre de 1922. Gradualment, encara que amb major ímpetu després de l'assassinat del diputat socialista Giacomo Matteotti el 1924, es creà com a un únic poder, traient qualsevol forma d'oposició i va acabar per transformar el seu govern en un règim dictatorial. Durant el seu govern se solucionà la Qüestió Romana amb la Santa Seu a través dels Pactes del Laterà, firmats per Mussolini i el papa Pius XI. Li van donar suport un ampli sector de la població i a favor del seu eficaç sistema propagandístic, va realitzar importants infraestructures i va recuperar vells projectes expansionistes, com ara la conquesta d'Etiòpia i l'annexió d'Albània. També va ajudar Franco a la Guerra Civil Espanyola. Després de l'arribada al poder de Hitler a Alemanya, va anar apropant-se al nazisme, i després de les primeres victòries alemanyes a la Segona Guerra Mundial, que va jutjar definitives, va declarar la guerra als aliats. El fracàs de l'exèrcit italià a Grècia, Líbia i Àfrica oriental, i sobretot l'inici de la invasió aliada d'Itàlia (el 10 de juliol els aliats havien desembarcat a Sicília), va motivar el seu empresonament per ordre del rei Víctor Manuel III, el qual va impulsar un cop d'Estat i va decretar la fi del feixisme. Alliberat per paracaigudistes de les SS alemanyes el 12 de setembre del 1943, va crear una república feixista al nord d'Itàlia però l'avanç aliat el va obligar a fugir cap a Suïssa. Va intentar travessar la frontera disfressat de soldat alemany, però va ser descobert a Dongo per membres de la Resistència (partisana) el 27 d'abril del 1945, i l'endemà va ser afusellat amb la seva companya Clara Petacci. Els seus cadàvers van ser exposats públicament, penjats pels peus, a la Plaça Loreto de Milà. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini byl italský premiér, politik a diktátor, spolutvůrce a průkopník fašismu. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini war Diktator des Königreiches Italien von 1922 bis 1943 und der Italienischen Sozialrepublik von 1943 bis 1945. Mussolini war während der gesamten Zeit Ministerpräsident und Capo del Governo, außerdem zeitweise unter anderem auch Außen- und Innenminister. Als Führer der faschistischen Bewegung und des faschistischen Regimes führte er den Titel Duce del Fascismo („Führer des Faschismus“; in der Kurzform auch Duce). Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943, and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of fascism. Originally a member of the Italian Socialist Party and editor of the Avanti! from 1912 to 1914, Mussolini fought in World War I as an ardent nationalist and created the Fasci di Combattimento in 1919, catalyzing his nationalist and socialist beliefs in the Fascist Manifesto, published in 1921. Following the March on Rome in October 1922 he became the 27th Prime Minister of Italy and began using the title Il Duce by 1925, about which time he had established dictatorial authority by both legal and extraordinary means, aspiring to create a totalitarian state. After 1936, his official title was Sua Eccellenza Benito Mussolini, Capo del Governo, Duce del Fascismo e Fondatore dell'Impero ("His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Duce of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire") Mussolini also created and held the supreme military rank of First Marshal of the Empire along with King Victor Emmanuel III, which gave him and the King joint supreme control over the military of Italy. Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943; for a short period after this until his death, he was the leader of the Italian Social Republic. Mussolini was among the founders of Italian Fascism, which included elements of nationalism, corporatism, national syndicalism, expansionism, social progress, and anti-socialism in combination with censorship of subversives and state propaganda. In the years following his creation of the Fascist ideology, Mussolini influenced, or achieved admiration from, a wide variety of political figures. Among the domestic achievements of Mussolini from the years 1924–1939 were: his public works programs such as the taming of the Pontine Marshes, the improvement of job opportunities, the public transport, and the so-called Italian economic battles. Mussolini also solved the Roman Question by concluding the Lateran Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See. Mussolini and the Fascist regime initiated an aggressive campaign to destroy the Sicilian mafia with mass arrests and mass trials of mafiosi. Mussolini was unable to purge Sicily of the mafia, because the mafia utilized its strong base of supporters to hide and protect itself as an underground movement during Fascist rule in Italy. On 10 June 1940, Mussolini led Italy into World War II, ultimately siding with Germany. Mussolini was aware that Italy did not have the military capacity to carry out a long war with France and the United Kingdom. Therefore, he waited until the former was on the verge of imminent collapse and surrender because of the German invasion before declaring war on France and the UK, on the assumption that - following France's collapse - the war would be short-lived and peace negotiations would soon take place. Mussolini believed that after the imminent French surrender, Italy could gain from this country some territorial concessions and then concentrate its forces on a major offensive in Egypt where British and Commonwealth forces were outnumbered by Italian forces. However the UK refused to accept German proposals for a peace that would involve accepting Germany's victories in Eastern and Western Europe, plans for a German invasion of the UK did not proceed, and the war continued. On 24 July 1943, soon after the start of the Allied invasion of Italy, through the Ordine del giorno Grandi Mussolini was defeated in the vote at the Grand Council of Fascism, and the day after the King had him arrested. On 12 September 1943, Mussolini was rescued from prison in the daring Gran Sasso raid by German special forces. Following his rescue, Mussolini headed the Italian Social Republic in parts of Italy that were not occupied by Allied forces. In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north, only to be quickly captured and summarily executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans. His body was then taken to Milan where it was hung upside down at a petrol station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini fue un militar, político y dictador italiano. Primer ministro del Reino de Italia con poderes dictatoriales desde 1922 hasta 1943, cuando fue depuesto y encarcelado brevemente. Escapó gracias a la ayuda de la Alemania Nazi, y recibió el cargo de presidente de la República Social Italiana desde septiembre de 1943 hasta su derrocamiento en 1945, y posteriormente muerte por ejecución. Mussolini —también conocido como el Duce— pasó de ser el número 3 en el escalafón del Partido Socialista Italiano y dirigir su rotativo Avanti!, a promover el fascismo dentro de Italia. Durante su mandato estableció un régimen cuyas características fueron el nacionalismo, el militarismo y la lucha contra el liberalismo y contra el comunismo, combinadas con la estricta censura y la propaganda estatal. Mussolini se convirtió en un estrecho aliado del canciller alemán Adolf Hitler líder del Nazismo, sobre quien había influido. Bajo su gobierno, Italia entró en la Segunda Guerra Mundial en junio de 1940, como aliado de Alemania Nazi. Tres años después, los aliados invadieron el Reino de Italia y ocuparon la mayor parte del sur del país. En abril de 1945, trató de escapar a Suiza, pero fue capturado y fusilado, cerca del lago de Como por partisanos comunistas. Su cuerpo fue llevado a Milán donde fue ultrajado. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini 12px kuuntele ääntämys oli italialainen poliitikko ja fasismin keskeinen perustaja. Mussolini toimi nimellisesti Italian pääministerinä 1922–1943, mutta käytännössä hän perusti valtaan päästyään maahan yksipuoluediktatuurin. Hän käytti arvonimeä Il Duce (”johtaja”). Mussolinin ura alkoi Italian sosialistipuolueessa, mutta hänet erotettiin ensimmäistä maailmansotaa kannattavien mielipiteidensä vuoksi. Karismaattisena ja taitavana puhujana Mussolini muodosti Fasci di Combattimento -järjestönsä, josta kehittyi Italian fasistipuolue. Sodanjälkeisen Italian poliittiseen maaperään upposi Mussolinin nationalistinen retoriikka ja lupaukset suurvalta-asemasta. Mussolinin tukijoiden marssi Roomaan lokakuussa 1922 johti fasistien vallankaappaukseen ja nosti Mussolinin johtoon. Elintason nousu, teollistaminen ja työttömyystyöt takasivat kansansuosion. Mussolini suhtautui aluksi epäillen Adolf Hitlerin johtamaan Saksaan, vaikka natsien ideologia oli saanut vaikutteita Mussolinilta. 1930-luvun loppuun mennessä Mussolinista oli tullut Hitlerin liittolainen ja Italia riippuvaiseksi Saksan sotilaallisesta avusta. Suurvaltapyrkimyksiensä toteuttamiseksi Mussolini vei maansa toiseen maailmansotaan akselivaltojen puolella. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini,, est un journaliste et homme d'État italien. Fondateur du fascisme, il est président du Conseil du Royaume d'Italie, du 31 octobre 1922 au 25 juillet 1943, premier maréchal d'Empire du 30 mars 1938 au 25 juillet 1943, et président de la République sociale italienne (RSI) de septembre 1943 à avril 1945. Il est couramment désigné du titre de Duce, mot italien dérivé du latin Dux et signifiant « Chef » ou « Guide ». Il est d'abord membre du Parti socialiste italien (PSI) et directeur du quotidien socialiste Avanti! à partir de 1912. Anti-interventionniste convaincu avant la Première Guerre mondiale, il change d'opinion en 1914, se déclarant favorable à l'entrée en guerre de l'Italie. Expulsé du PSI en novembre 1914, il crée son propre journal, Il Popolo d'Italia (Le peuple d'Italie) qui prend des positions nationalistes proches de celles de la petite bourgeoisie. Dans l'immédiat après-guerre, profitant du mécontentement de la « victoire mutilée », il crée le Parti national fasciste (PNF) en 1921 et se présente au pays avec un programme politique nationaliste, autoritaire, antisocialiste et antisyndical, ce qui lui vaut l'appui de la petite bourgeoisie et d'une partie des classes moyennes industrielles et agraires. Dans le contexte de forte instabilité politique et sociale qui suit la Grande Guerre, il vise la prise du pouvoir, en forçant la main aux institutions avec l'aide des actions de squadristi et l'intimidation qui culminent le 28 octobre 1922 avec la Marche sur Rome. Mussolini obtient la charge de constituer le gouvernement le 30 octobre 1922. En 1924, après la victoire contestée des élections et l'assassinat du député socialiste Giacomo Matteotti, Mussolini assume l'entière responsabilité de la situation. La série des « Lois fascistissimes » lui attribue des pouvoirs dictatoriaux et fait de l'Italie un régime à parti unique. Après 1935, il se rapproche du régime nazi d'Adolf Hitler avec qui il établit le Pacte d'Acier. Convaincu d'un conflit à l'issue rapide, il entre dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale au côté de l'Allemagne nazie. Les défaites militaires de l'Italie et le débarquement des Alliés sur le sol italien entraînent sa mise en minorité par le Grand Conseil du fascisme le 24 juillet 1943 : il est alors destitué et arrêté par ordre du roi. Libéré par les Allemands, il instaure en Italie septentrionale la République sociale italienne. Le 25 avril 1945, alors qu'il tente de fuir pour la Valteline déguisé en soldat allemand, il est capturé par un groupe de partisans, qui le fusille avec sa maîtresse Clara Petacci. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini Sound hallgat olasz fasiszta politikus, Olaszország diktátori hatalmú miniszterelnöke 1922–1943 között, 1943–1945 között a nemzetiszocialista Németország által fenntartott bábállam, a Salói Köztársaság miniszterelnöke. Partizánok végezték ki szeretőjével együtt. Unokája, Alessandra Mussolini a mai olasz parlament tagja a Popolo della Libertà jobbközép kormánypárt színeiben. Fondatore del fascismo, fu Presidente del Consiglio del Regno d'Italia dal 31 ottobre 1922 al 25 luglio 1943. Nel gennaio 1925 assunse de facto poteri dittatoriali e dal dicembre dello stesso anno acquisì il titolo di Capo del Governo Primo Ministro Segretario di Stato. Divenne Primo Maresciallo dell'Impero il 30 marzo 1938 e fu capo della Repubblica Sociale Italiana dal settembre 1943 al 27 aprile 1945. Fu esponente di spicco del Partito Socialista Italiano, e direttore del quotidiano socialista Avanti! dal 1912. Convinto anti-interventista negli anni della guerra di Libia e in quelli precedenti la prima guerra mondiale, nel 1914 cambiò radicalmente opinione, dichiarandosi a favore dell'intervento in guerra. Trovatosi in netto contrasto con la linea del partito, si dimise dalla direzione dell'Avanti! e fondò Il Popolo d'Italia, schierato su posizioni interventiste, venendo quindi espulso dal PSI. Nell'immediato dopoguerra, cavalcando lo scontento per la "vittoria mutilata", fondò i Fasci Italiani di Combattimento, poi divenuti Partito Nazionale Fascista nel 1921, e si presentò al Paese con un programma politico nazionalista, autoritario e radicale. Nel contesto di forte instabilità politica e sociale successivo alla Grande Guerra, puntò alla presa del potere; forzando la mano delle istituzioni, con l'aiuto di atti di squadrismo e d'intimidazione politica che culminarono il 28 ottobre 1922 con la Marcia su Roma, Mussolini ottenne l'incarico di costituire il Governo (30 ottobre). Dopo il contestato successo alle elezioni politiche del 1924, instaurò nel gennaio 1925 la dittatura, risolvendo con forza la delicata situazione venutasi a creare dopo l'assassinio di Giacomo Matteotti. Negli anni successivi consolidò il regime, affermando la supremazia del potere esecutivo, trasformando il sistema amministrativo e inquadrando le masse nelle organizzazioni di partito. Nel 1935, Mussolini decise di occupare l'Etiopia, provocando l'isolamento internazionale dell'Italia. Appoggiò i franchisti nella Guerra civile spagnola e si avvicinò alla Germania Nazista di Adolf Hitler, con il quale stabilì un legame che culminò con il Patto d'Acciaio nel 1939. È in questo periodo che furono approvate in Italia le leggi razziali. Nel 1940, confidando in una veloce vittoria delle Potenze dell'Asse, entrò nella seconda guerra mondiale al fianco della Germania. In seguito alle disfatte subite dalle Forze Armate italiane e alla messa in minoranza durante il Gran Consiglio del Fascismo, fu arrestato per ordine del Re (25 luglio) e successivamente tradotto a Campo Imperatore. Liberato dai tedeschi, e ormai in balia delle decisioni di Hitler, instaurò nell'Italia settentrionale la Repubblica Sociale Italiana. In seguito alla completa disfatta delle forze italotedesche, abbandonò Milano la sera del 25 aprile 1945, dopo aver invano cercato di trattare la resa. Il tentativo di fuga si concluse il 27 aprile con la cattura da parte dei partigiani a Dongo, sul Lago di Como. Fu fucilato il giorno seguente insieme alla sua amante Claretta Petacci. ベニート・アミルカレ・アンドレア・ムッソリーニ（Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini、1883年7月29日 - 1945年4月28日）は、イタリア王国の政治家、第40代イタリア王国首相。イタリア社会党で活躍したのち追放され、ファシズム理論を独自に構築し、一党独裁制に基づいた統治を確立し実践した。 베니토 안드레아 아밀카레 무솔리니는 파시즘을 주도한 이탈리아의 정치인이다. 국가 파시스트당을 창당하였고 1922년 이후 이탈리아 왕국의 국무총리였다. 1925년부터 무솔리니는 최고통치자를 뜻하는 두체(Duce)라는 칭호를 사용하였다. 1936년 이후 무솔리니의 공식칭호는 "정부 수반이자 파시즘의 두체이며 제국의 설립자이신 불세출의 베니토 무솔리니"였다. 또한 무솔리니는 스스로 제국 제일 원수 계급을 제정하고 국왕 비토리오 에마누엘레 3세와 함께 이 칭호를 사용하여 이탈리아 군의 통수권을 행사하였다. 1943년 연합국에 패배한 후 도주하여 망명 정부인 이탈리아 사회주의 공화국을 세우고 그 수반이 되었다. 무솔리니는 국가주의, 협동조합주의, 생디칼리즘, 팽창주의, 사회진화론, 반공주의와 같은 다양한 정치 이념들을 조합하여 이탈리아 파시즘을 만들었다. 그는 공산주의자들의 체제 전복 시도를 막기 위한 검열의 필요성을 선전하였다. 1924년부터 1939년까지 무솔리니는 폰티네 습지의 개간과 같은 공공사업과 대중교통을 위한 기반시설 확충 등을 통해 일자리를 늘리고 경제를 성장시키는 성과를 보였으며 이탈리아 제국 전반의 경제적 안정을 실현하였다. 또한 라테란 조약을 통해 로마 문제라 불리던 로마와 바티칸 시국 사이의 문제를 해결하였다. 이와 같은 업적으로 무솔리니는 대중적 지지를 확보할 수 있었다. 무솔리니는 1935년 독일을 견제하기 위한 프랑스-이탈리아 조약을 채결하는 등 프랑스에 우호적인 입장을 보였으나 1940년에 들어 외교적 위치를 바꾸어 추축국의 일원으로 가입하였다. 추축국의 일원으로 제2차 세계대전을 일으켰고 1943년 연합국에 패배한 뒤 도주하여 망명정부를 세웠으나 1945년 공산주의 파르티잔에게 체포되어 총살되었다. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was een Italiaans onderwijzer, journalist en van 1922 tot 1945 fascistisch dictator. Hij schiep een antidemocratisch, totalitair, fascistisch regime, gebruikmakend van propaganda. Door volledige controle over de media nam hij de bestaande democratische regering over. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini var Italias statsminister og det italienske fascistpartiet Partito Nazionale Fascistas leder («il Duce», «leder» eller «fører») fra slutten av 1922 frem til 8. september 1943. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini – włoski polityk i dziennikarz początkowo socjalistyczny, główny założyciel i przywódca ruchu faszystowskiego; premier Włoch w latach 1922–1943, później do 1945 przywódca Włoskiej Republiki Socjalnej. Mussolini rozpoczynał karierę we Włoskiej Partii Socjalistycznej i wszedł do komitetu wykonawczego tej partii, a w latach 1912–1914 był redaktorem naczelnym socjalistycznej gazety Avanti!. Po wybuchu I wojny światowej poparł publicznie przystąpienie Włoch do wojny po stronie Ententy. Wydalono go za to z partii, ponieważ kłóciło się to z jej oficjalnym stanowiskiem wobec wojny. Mając doświadczenie dziennikarskie założył gazetę Popolo d'Italia. W 1915, gdy Włochy przystąpiły do wojny został powołany do wojska i skierowany na front alpejski. Zwolniono go z armii po tym gdy został ranny w nogę od odłamków z pocisku moździerzowego. 23 marca 1919 Mussolini wraz z kombatantami, oraz innymi zebranymi założył w Mediolanie prawicowy Fasci Italiani di Combattimento. Ich symbolem stało się fasces. W 1921 Mussolini przekształcił je w Narodową Partię Faszystowską. Ruch ten uzyskiwał coraz większe poparcie wśród włoskiego społeczeństwa, tak że przejęcie władzy stało się możliwe już rok później – w czasie strajku socjalistów faszyści zorganizowali tzw. Marsz na Rzym. Siły porządkowe i wojsko z łatwością mogłyby zatrzymać a nawet pokonać w walce siły faszystów, jednak król Wiktor Emanuel III przestraszył się możliwości rozlewu krwi i wybuchu wojny domowej. Mussoliniemu została powierzona teka premiera. Sformowany przez niego rząd miał jednak tylko kilku faszystów jako ministrów. Sytuacja zmieniła się po zabójstwie Giacomo Matteottego, jednego z przywódców socjalistów. Do 1925 partie opozycyjne zostały zepchnięte na margines, a w 1926 zdominowany przez faszystów parlament wydał zakaz działalności wszelkich partii i związków zawodowych poza Narodową Partią Faszystowską. Wcześniej te działania poprzedziły nadanie Mussoliniemu tytułu duce (wodza) Włoch w 1923 i ogłoszenie przez niego w 1925, że zostaje Głową Rządu. Benito Mussolini ogłosił, że zamierza odbudować Imperium rzymskie. Duce zaczął rozbudowywać armię, organizować roboty publiczne, walczyć z mafią. Odnosząc sukcesy faszyści zyskali ogromne poparcie społeczne, nawet mimo prowadzenia agresywnej polityki zagranicznej. W 1935 Włochy dokonały inwazji na Abisynię. Po jej zwycięskim dla Włoch zakończeniu Benito Mussolini ogłosił powstanie Drugiego Imperium Rzymskiego. Kolejnym konfliktem, w który zaangażowały się Włochy była Hiszpańska wojna domowa, gdzie Włoski Korpus Ekspedycyjny został wysłany do pomocy generałowi Franco. W tym czasie nastąpiło zbliżenie z III Rzeszą. W 1936 podpisano układ o przyjaźni. Wtedy to Mussolini po raz pierwszy użył terminu Oś. Jego rozszerzeniem było podpisanie paktu sojuszniczego, nazwanego przez duce stalowym 22 maja 1939. Po wybuchu II wojny światowej Mussolini poinformował Adolfa Hitlera, że nie jest jeszcze gotowy do wojny. Jednak postępy wojsk niemieckich zachęciły go i 10 czerwca 1940 w imieniu królestwa Włoch faszystowski przywódca wypowiedział wojnę Francji i Wielkiej Brytanii. Wojna zakończyła się dla Włoch klęską. Nieudane ataki na Egipt i Grecję zmusiły duce do proszenia o pomoc Hitlera. Ostatecznie Grecję i Jugosławię zajęto, siły Osi przeprowadziły też kontrofensywę w Afryce. W 1941 po ataku Niemiec na ZSRR Mussolini podjął decyzję o wysłaniu na front wschodni 250 tysięcy Włochów. Jednak z biegiem czasu alianci zajmowali włoskie tereny. W 1941 zajęto Włoską Afrykę Wschodnią, w 1942 pokonali siły Osi pod El Alamein i do kwietnia 1943 włoska kolonia Libia znalazła się pod kontrolą aliantów, a w maju 1943 siły Osi poddały się w Tunezji. Na przełomie 1942 i 1943 w czasie bitwy o Stalingrad zniszczono praktycznie całą włoską armię znajdującą się w ZSRR. Po lądowaniu aliantów na Sycylii autorytet Mussoliniego całkowicie upadł. 25 lipca 1943 został on zdymisjonowany ze stanowiska premiera przez Wielką Radę Faszystowską i aresztowany na polecenie króla. Na czele nowego rządu stanął Pietro Badoglio. 8 września ogłoszono zawieszenie broni między aliantami a Królestwem Włoch. Hitler nakazał zlokalizowanie Mussoliniego, a gdy było już pewne, że znajduje się w Gran Sasso został odbity 12 września przez strzelców spadochronowych (Fallschirmjager) Luftwaffe i oddział SS pod dowództwem Otto Skorzenego. Po krótkim odpoczynku w Rzeszy i spotkaniu z Hitlerem utworzył na okupowanych przez Niemców terytoriach Włoch Włoską Republikę Socjalną. 13 października rząd Badoglia wypowiedział Niemcom wojnę. W marionetkowym państewku Mussolini otoczył się ostatnimi zwolennikami, utworzył z resztek wiernych mu oddziałów Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana i Czarne Brygady. Specjalny Trybunał osądził też tych, którzy w lipcu 1943 głosowali za odsunięciem Mussoliniego od władzy. Większość skazano na karę śmierci w tym zięcia duce Galeazzo Ciano. Jednak sprzeciw większości ludności wobec niemieckiej okupacji doprowadził do powstania ruchu oporu i wybuchu na terenie Włoskiej Republiki Socjalnej wojny domowej. W kwietniu 1945 były duce postanowił uciec do Szwajcarii. W trakcie transportu został jednak rozpoznany przez partyzantów i pochwycony. Wraz ze swą kochanką Clarą Petacci Mussolini został rozstrzelany 28 kwietnia 1945 w Giulino di Mezzegra a jego ciało zostało powieszone głową w dół na stacji benzynowej w Mediolanie. Z żoną Rachel miał piątkę dzieci: Eddę, Vittoria, Bruna, Romano i Annę Marię. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini foi um político italiano que liderou o Partido Nacional Fascista e é creditado como sendo uma das figuras-chave na criação do Fascismo. Tornou-se o em 1922 e começou a usar o título Il Duce desde 1925. Após 1936, seu título oficial era "Sua Excelência Benito Mussolini, Chefe de Governo, Duce do Facismo, e Fundador do Império". Mussolini também criou e sustentou a patente militar suprema de Primeiro Marechal do Império, junto com o rei Vítor Emanuel III da Itália, quem deu-lhe o título, tendo controle supremo sobre as forças armadas da Itália. Mussolini permaneceu no poder até ser substituído em 1943; por um curto período, até a sua morte, ele foi o líder da República Social Italiana. Mussolini foi um dos fundadores do Fascismo Italiano, que incluía elementos do nacionalismo, corporativismo, sindicalismo nacional, expansionismo, progresso social e anticomunismo, combinado com a censura de subversivos e propaganda do Estado. Nos anos seguintes à criação da ideologia fascista, Mussolini conquistou a admiração de uma grande variedade de figuras políticas. Entre suas realizações nacionais de 1924 a 1939, citam-se: seus programas de obras públicas como a drenagem dos Pântanos Pontine e o melhoramento das oportunidades de trabalho e transporte público. Mussolini também resolveu a Questão Romana ao concluir o Tratado de Latrão entre o Rino de Itália e a Santa Sé. Ele também é creditado por garantir o sucesso econômico nas colônias italianas e dependências comerciais. Embora inicialmente tenha favorecido o lado da França contra a Alemanha no início da década de 1930, Mussolini tornou-se uma das figuras principais das potências do Eixo e, em 10 de junho de 1940, inseriu a Itália na Segunda Guerra Mundial ao lado do Eixo. Três anos depois, foi deposto pelo Grande Conselho do Fascismo, motivado pela invasão aliada. Logo após seu encarceramento ter iniciado, Mussolini foi resgatado da prisão em Gran Sasso por forças especiais alemãs. Após seu resgate, Mussolini chefiou a República Social Italiana nas partes da Itália que não haviam sido ocupadas por forças aliadas. Ao final de abril de 1945, com a derrota total aparente, tentou fugir para a Suíça, porém, foi rapidamente capturado e sumariamente executado próximo ao Lago de Como por guerrilheiros italianos. Seu corpo foi então trazido para Milão onde foi pendurado de cabeça para baixo em uma estação petrolífera para exibição pública e a confirmação de sua morte. Муссолини, Бенито style="background: transparent" \|60px\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Кавалер Большого креста ордена Святых Маврикия и Лазаря \|- \|Кавалер Большого креста ордена Короны Италии\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение \|- \|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение \|- \|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение \|- \|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение \|- \|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение \|\| Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение \|- \|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение \|- \|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Кавалер Большого креста ордена Южного Креста\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение \|- \|Кавалер ордена Слона\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение \|- \|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение \| \|} \|Commons = Category:Benito Mussolini }} Бени́то Ами́лькаре Андре́а Муссоли́ни — итальянский политический деятель, литератор, лидер фашистской партии (НФП), диктатор, вождь («дуче»), возглавлявший Италию (как премьер-министр) с 1922 по 1943. Первый маршал Империи. После 1936 года его официальным титулом стал «Его Превосходительство Бенито Муссолини, глава правительства, Дуче фашизма и основатель империи». Муссолини оставался у власти до 1943 года, после чего был смещён и арестован, но освобождён немецким спецназом и затем до гибели возглавлял марионеточную Итальянскую социальную республику на севере Италии. Муссолини был одним из основателей итальянского фашизма, включавшего в себя элементы корпоративизма, экспансионизма и антикоммунизма в сочетании с цензурой и государственной пропагандой. Среди достижений внутренней политики правительства Муссолини в период 1924—1939 годов были: успешная реализация программы общественных работ, таких как осушение Понтийских болот, улучшение возможностей для занятости населения, а также модернизация системы общественного транспорта. Муссолини также решил Римский вопрос путём заключения Латеранских соглашений между Королевством Италия и Папским престолом. Ему также приписывают обеспечение экономического успеха в колониях Италии. Экспансионистская внешняя политика, первоначально увенчавшаяся завоеванием Абиссинии и Албании, вынудила его к союзу с Германией и участию во Второй мировой войне в составе стран Оси, что и стало причиной его гибели. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini, född 29 juli 1883 i Dovia di Predappio nära Forlì, död 28 april 1945 i Giulino di Mezzegra nära Dongo i Como-området, var Italiens premiärminister och fascistiske ledare 1922-1943. Mussolini, tidigare socialist, var grundaren av fascismen i Italien och använde som ledare för landet titlarna Duce del Fascismo, Capo del Governo och Primo Ministro del Regno d'Italia, på svenska "fascismens ledare", "regeringschef" och "Konungariket Italiens premiärminister". Efter Abessiniens erövring 1936 tillkom även titlarna Fondatore dell'Impero och Primo Maresciallo dell'Impero, på svenska "imperiets grundläggare" och "Förste marskalk av Imperiet". Han var under olika perioder vidare även inrikesminister, krigsminister, marinminister och luftfartsminister. Till vardags kallades han il Duce, "ledaren". Italien var under Mussolinis regering allierat med Tyskland och Japan som tillsammans utgjorde axelmakterna under andra världskriget. Han försökte upprätta en fortsättning på det romerska riket, men efter några inledande framgångar kom hans expansionistiska politik i det andra världskriget att misslyckas. År 1943 avsattes Mussolini av det fascistiska rådet, för att senare insättas av tyskarna som statschef i den nyupprättade Salorepubliken. Han avrättades av partisaner 1945. Бені́то Муссолі́ні — італійський політичний діяч, фашистський диктатор Італії з 1922 по 1943 роки. Він сконцентрував всю владу в своїх руках як провідник (il duce) Фашистської партії та спробував створити Італійську імперію, яка була б у військовому союзі з гітлерівською Німеччиною. Поразка Італії у Другій Світовій війні привела також до втрати влади Муссоліні. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini là thủ tướng độc tài cai trị phát xít Ý với một thể chế quốc gia, quân phiệt và chống Cộng sản dựa trên hệ thống tuyên truyền và kềm kẹp khắc nghiệt. Mussolini đưa Ý vào liên minh khối Trục của Adolf Hitler chống lại quân Đồng Minh trong đệ nhị thế chiến. Khi khối Trục thua trận, Mussolini toan bỏ trốn sang Thụy Sĩ nhưng ông và vợ bị quân cộng sản kháng chiến Ý bắt giết tại hồ Como. 贝尼托·墨索里尼（意大利语：Benito Mussolini，全名：Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini，1883年7月29日－1945年4月28日），意大利政治家、记者、思想家，意大利王国第40任总理、法西斯主义的创始人，1922年10月31日至1943年7月25日出任意大利王国总理，1925年获“Il Duce（领袖）”称号，1925年1月至1943年7月25日间实施独裁统治，1938年3月30日至1943年7月25日任意大利最高帝国元帅，1943年9月23日至1945年4月26日任意大利社会共和国领袖。 Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943, and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of fascism. Originally a member of the Italian Socialist Party and editor of the Avanti! from 1912 to 1914, Mussolini fought in World War I as an ardent nationalist and created the Fasci di Combattimento in 1919, catalyzing his nationalist and socialist beliefs in the Fascist Manifesto, published in 1921. Following the March on Rome in October 1922 he became the 27th Prime Minister of Italy and began using the title Il Duce by 1925, about which time he had established dictatorial authority by both legal and extraordinary means, aspiring to create a totalitarian state. After 1936, his official title was Sua Eccellenza Benito Mussolini, Capo del Governo, Duce del Fascismo e Fondatore dell'Impero ("His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Duce of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire") Mussolini also created and held the supreme military rank of First Marshal of the Empire along with King Victor Emmanuel III, which gave him and the King joint supreme control over the military of Italy. Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943; for a short period after this until his death, he was the leader of the Italian Social Republic. Mussolini was among the founders of Italian Fascism, which included elements of nationalism, corporatism, national syndicalism, expansionism, social progress, and anti-communism in combination with censorship of subversives and state propaganda. In the years following his creation of the Fascist ideology, Mussolini influenced, or achieved admiration from, a wide variety of political figures. Among the domestic achievements of Mussolini from the years 1924–1939 were: his public works programs such as the taming of the Pontine Marshes, the improvement of job opportunities, the public transport, and the so-called Italian economic battles. Mussolini also solved the Roman Question by concluding the Lateran Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See. Mussolini and the Fascist regime initiated an aggressive campaign to destroy the Sicilian mafia with mass arrests and mass trials of mafiosi. Mussolini was unable to purge Sicily of the mafia, because the mafia utilized its strong base of supporters to hide and protect itself as an underground movement during Fascist rule in Italy. Since 1938 Mussolini had sought to delay a major war in Europe until at least 1942 to allow Italy to focus its resources to rearm its military, such as to rearm its army with new artillery to replace its existing outmoded artillery, to complete a squadron of new battleships, to create a large colonial-recruit army in newly-established Italian East Africa, to secure Italy's foreign currency reserves through the planned world exposition in Rome to be held in 1942, and to allow the repatriation of the largest number of Italians abroad as possible to fight for Italian forces in a major war. However European war erupted in 1939 after Germany's invasion of Poland. On 10 June 1940, Mussolini led Italy into World War II, siding with Germany. Mussolini was aware that Italy did not have the military capacity in 1940 to carry out a long war with France and the United Kingdom. Therefore, he waited until the former was on the verge of imminent collapse and surrender because of the German invasion before declaring war on France and the UK, on the assumption that - following France's collapse - the war would be short-lived and peace negotiations would soon take place. Mussolini believed that after the imminent French surrender, Italy could gain from this country some territorial concessions and then concentrate its forces on a major offensive in Egypt where British and Commonwealth forces were outnumbered by Italian forces. However the UK refused to accept German proposals for a peace that would involve accepting Germany's victories in Eastern and Western Europe, plans for a German invasion of the UK did not proceed, and the war continued. On 24 July 1943, soon after the start of the Allied invasion of Italy, through the Ordine del giorno Grandi Mussolini was defeated in the vote at the Grand Council of Fascism, and the day after the King had him arrested. On 12 September 1943, Mussolini was rescued from prison in the daring Gran Sasso raid by German special forces. Following his rescue, Mussolini headed the Italian Social Republic in parts of Italy that were not occupied by Allied forces. In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north, only to be quickly captured and summarily executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans. His body was then taken to Milan where it was hung upside down at a petrol station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943, and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of fascism. Originally a member of the Italian Socialist Party and editor of the Avanti! from 1912 to 1914, Mussolini fought in World War I as an ardent nationalist and created the Fasci di Combattimento in 1919, catalyzing his nationalist and socialist beliefs in the Fascist Manifesto, published in 1921. Following the March on Rome in October 1922 he became the 27th Prime Minister of Italy and began using the title Il Duce by 1925, about which time he had established dictatorial authority by both legal and extraordinary means, aspiring to create a totalitarian state. After 1936, his official title was Sua Eccellenza Benito Mussolini, Capo del Governo, Duce del Fascismo e Fondatore dell'Impero ("His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Duce of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire") Mussolini also created and held the supreme military rank of First Marshal of the Empire along with King Victor Emmanuel III, which gave him and the King joint supreme control over the military of Italy. Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943; he remained the leader of the Italian Social Republic until his death a short time later. Mussolini was among the founders of Italian Fascism, which included elements of nationalism, corporatism, national syndicalism, expansionism, social progress, and anti-communism in combination with censorship of subversives and state propaganda. In the years following his creation of the Fascist ideology, Mussolini influenced, or achieved admiration from, a wide variety of political figures. Among the domestic achievements of Mussolini from the years 1924–1939 were: his public works programs such as the taming of the Pontine Marshes, the improvement of job opportunities, the public transport, and the so-called Italian economic battles. Mussolini also solved the Roman Question by concluding the Lateran Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See. Mussolini and the Fascist regime initiated an aggressive campaign to destroy the Sicilian mafia with mass arrests and mass trials of mafiosi. Mussolini was unable to purge Sicily of the mafia, because the mafia utilized its strong base of supporters to hide and protect itself as an underground movement during Fascist rule in Italy. Since 1938 Mussolini had sought to delay a major war in Europe until at least 1942 to allow Italy to focus its resources to rearm its military, such as to rearm its army with new artillery to replace its existing outmoded artillery, to complete a squadron of new battleships, to create a large colonial-recruit army in newly-established Italian East Africa, to secure Italy's foreign currency reserves through the planned world exposition in Rome to be held in 1942, and to allow the repatriation of the largest number of Italians abroad as possible to fight for Italian forces in a major war. However European war erupted in 1939 after Germany's invasion of Poland. On 10 June 1940, Mussolini led Italy into World War II, siding with Germany. Mussolini was aware that Italy did not have the military capacity in 1940 to carry out a long war with France and the United Kingdom. Therefore, he waited until the former was on the verge of imminent collapse and surrender because of the German invasion before declaring war on France and the UK, on the assumption that—following France's collapse—the war would be short-lived and peace negotiations would soon take place. Mussolini believed that after the imminent French surrender, Italy could gain from this country some territorial concessions and then concentrate its forces on a major offensive in Egypt where British and Commonwealth forces were outnumbered by Italian forces. However the UK refused to accept German proposals for a peace that would involve accepting Germany's victories in Eastern and Western Europe, plans for a German invasion of the UK did not proceed, and the war continued. On 24 July 1943, soon after the start of the Allied invasion of Italy, through the Ordine del giorno Grandi Mussolini was defeated in the vote at the Grand Council of Fascism, and the day after the King had him arrested. On 12 September 1943, Mussolini was rescued from prison in the daring Gran Sasso raid by German special forces. Following his rescue, Mussolini headed the Italian Social Republic in parts of Italy that were not occupied by Allied forces. In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north, only to be quickly captured and summarily executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans. His body was then taken to Milan where it was hung upside down at a petrol station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943, and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of fascism. Originally a member of the Italian Socialist Party and editor of the Avanti! from 1912 to 1914, Mussolini fought in World War I as an ardent nationalist and created the Fasci di Combattimento in 1919, catalyzing his nationalist and socialist beliefs in the Fascist Manifesto, published in 1921. Following the March on Rome in October 1922 he became the 27th Prime Minister of Italy and began using the title Il Duce by 1925, about which time he had established dictatorial authority by both legal and extraordinary means, aspiring to create a totalitarian state. After 1936, his official title was Sua Eccellenza Benito Mussolini, Capo del Governo, Duce del Fascismo e Fondatore dell'Impero ("His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Duce of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire") Mussolini also created and held the supreme military rank of First Marshal of the Empire along with King Victor Emmanuel III, which gave him and the King joint supreme control over the military of Italy. Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943; he remained the leader of the Italian Social Republic until his death a short time later. Mussolini was among the founders of Italian Fascism, which included elements of nationalism, corporatism, national syndicalism, expansionism, social progress, and anti-communism in combination with censorship of subversives and state propaganda. In the years following his creation of the Fascist ideology, Mussolini influenced, or achieved admiration from, a wide variety of political figures. Among the domestic achievements of Mussolini from the years 1924–1939 were: his public works programs such as the drain of the Pontine Marshes, the improvement of job opportunities, the public transport, and the so-called Italian economic battles. Mussolini also solved the Roman Question by concluding the Lateran Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See. Mussolini and the Fascist regime initiated an aggressive campaign to destroy the Sicilian mafia with mass arrests and mass trials of mafiosi. Mussolini was unable to purge Sicily of the mafia, because the mafia utilized its strong base of supporters to hide and protect itself as an underground movement during Fascist rule in Italy. Since 1938 Mussolini had sought to delay a major war in Europe until at least 1942 to allow Italy to focus its resources to rearm its military. The military desperately needed to rearm its army with up-to-date artillery and man its army with colonial recruits from the newly establihsed Italian East Africa. The navy needed time to complete constructing a squadron of new battleships and their auxillary vessels, such as destroyers, submarines, and torpedo boats. Mussolini also wanted time to secure Italy's foreign currency reserves through the planned world exposition in Rome to be held in 1942. He also wanted to allow time for the repatriation of the largest number possible of Italians abroad to fight for Italian forces in a major war. However, Germany invaded Poland on the first day of September in 1939, starting World War II. On 10 June 1940, Mussolini led Italy into the calamity of siding with Germany. Mussolini was aware that Italy did not have the military capacity in 1940 to carry out a long war with France and the United Kingdom. Therefore, he had waited until the former was on the verge of imminent collapse because of the German invasion before declaring war on France and the United Kingdom, He had mistakenly concluded that following France's collapse the war would be short-lived. He believed that peace negotiations would take place shortly after France fell. Mussolini believed that after the imminent French surrender, Italy could gain territorial concessions from France and then he could concentrate his forces on a major offensive in Egypt, where British and Commonwealth forces were outnumbered by Italian forces. However the UK refused to accept German proposals for a peace that would involve accepting Germany's victories in Eastern and Western Europe, plans for a German invasion of the UK did not proceed, and the war continued. On 24 July 1943, soon after the start of the Allied invasion of Italy, through the Ordine del giorno Grandi Mussolini was defeated in the vote at the Grand Council of Fascism, and the day after the King had him arrested. On 12 September 1943, Mussolini was rescued from prison in the daring Gran Sasso raid by German special forces. Following his rescue, Mussolini headed the Italian Social Republic in parts of Italy that were not occupied by Allied forces. In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north, only to be quickly captured and summarily executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans. His body was then taken to Milan where it was hung upside down at a petrol station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943, and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of fascism. Originally a member of the Italian Socialist Party and editor of the Avanti! from 1912 to 1914, Mussolini fought in World War I as an ardent nationalist and created the Fasci di Combattimento in 1919, catalyzing his nationalist and socialist beliefs in the Fascist Manifesto, published in 1921. Following the March on Rome in October 1922 he became the 27th Prime Minister of Italy and began using the title Il Duce by 1925, about which time he had established dictatorial authority by both legal and extraordinary means, aspiring to create a totalitarian state. After 1936, his official title was Sua Eccellenza Benito Mussolini, Capo del Governo, Duce del Fascismo e Fondatore dell'Impero ("His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Duce of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire") Mussolini also created and held the supreme military rank of First Marshal of the Empire along with King Victor Emmanuel III, which gave him and the King joint supreme control over the military of Italy. Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943; he remained the leader of the Italian Social Republic until his death in 1945. Mussolini was among the founders of Italian Fascism, which included elements of nationalism, corporatism, national syndicalism, expansionism, social progress, and anti-communism in combination with censorship of subversives and state propaganda. In the years following his creation of the Fascist ideology, Mussolini influenced, or achieved admiration from, a wide variety of political figures. Among the domestic achievements of Mussolini from the years 1924–1939 were: his public works programs such as the draining of the Pontine Marshes, the improvement of job opportunities, the public transport, and the so-called Italian economic battles. Mussolini also solved the Roman Question by concluding the Lateran Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See. Mussolini and the Fascist regime initiated an aggressive campaign to destroy the Sicilian mafia with mass arrests and mass trials of mafiosi. Mussolini was unable to purge Sicily of the mafia, because the mafia utilized its strong base of supporters to hide and protect itself as an underground movement during Fascist rule in Italy. Since 1939, Mussolini had sought to delay a major war in Europe until at least 1942 for the following reasons: The army needed to substitute its outdated medium and large caliber guns with modern ones; Italian East Africa needed to be pacified so that a colonial army could be drafted there; the navy needed time to complete construction or refurbishing of six battleships; the 1942 planned world exposition in Rome had to be held in order raise foreign currency reserves; the Italians emigrants in France had to be repatriated for "military and ethical reasons". However, Germany invaded Poland on the first day of September in 1939, starting World War II. On 10 June 1940, Mussolini led Italy into the calamity of siding with Germany. Mussolini was aware that Italy did not have the military capacity in 1940 to carry out a long war with France and the United Kingdom. Therefore, he had waited until the former was on the verge of imminent collapse because of the German invasion before declaring war on France and the United Kingdom, He had mistakenly concluded that following France's collapse the war would be short-lived. He believed that peace negotiations would take place shortly after France fell. Mussolini believed that after the imminent French surrender, Italy could gain territorial concessions from France and then he could concentrate his forces on a major offensive in Egypt, where British and Commonwealth forces were outnumbered by Italian forces. However the UK refused to accept German proposals for a peace that would involve accepting Germany's victories in Eastern and Western Europe, plans for a German invasion of the UK did not proceed, and the war continued. On 24 July 1943, soon after the start of the Allied invasion of Italy, through the Ordine del giorno Grandi Mussolini was defeated in the vote at the Grand Council of Fascism, and the day after the King had him arrested. On 12 September 1943, Mussolini was rescued from prison in the daring Gran Sasso raid by German special forces. Following his rescue, Mussolini headed the Italian Social Republic in parts of Italy that were not occupied by Allied forces. In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north, only to be quickly captured and summarily executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans. His body was then taken to Milan where it was hung upside down at a petrol station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943, and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of fascism. Originally a member of the Italian Socialist Party and editor of the Avanti! from 1912 to 1914, Mussolini fought in World War I as an ardent nationalist and created the Fasci di Combattimento in 1919, catalyzing his nationalist and socialist beliefs in the Fascist Manifesto, published in 1921. Following the March on Rome in October 1922 he became the 27th Prime Minister of Italy and began using the title Il Duce by 1925, about which time he had established dictatorial authority by both legal and extraordinary means, aspiring to create a totalitarian state. After 1936, his official title was Sua Eccellenza Benito Mussolini, Capo del Governo, Duce del Fascismo e Fondatore dell'Impero ("His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Duce of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire") Mussolini also created and held the supreme military rank of First Marshal of the Empire along with King Victor Emmanuel III, which gave him and the King joint supreme control over the military of Italy. Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943; he remained the leader of the Italian Social Republic until his death in 1945. Mussolini was among the founders of Italian Fascism, which was essentially a collection of academic nonsense to give Mussolini and his thugs an excuse to takeover and misrule Italy. Among the domestic achievements of Mussolini from the years 1924–1939 were: his public works programs such as the inordinatey expensive and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to drain the Pontine Marshes, the improvement of job opportunities, the public transport, and the so-called Italian economic battles. Mussolini also solved the Roman Question by concluding the Lateran Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See. Mussolini and the Fascist regime initiated an aggressive campaign to destroy the Sicilian mafia with mass arrests and mass trials of mafiosi. Mussolini was unable to purge Sicily of the mafia, because the mafia utilized its strong base of supporters to hide and protect itself as an underground movement during Fascist rule in Italy. Since 1939, Mussolini had sought to delay a major war in Europe until at least 1942 for the following reasons: The army needed to substitute its outdated medium and large caliber guns with modern ones; Italian East Africa needed to be pacified so that a colonial army could be drafted there; the navy needed time to complete construction or refurbishing of six battleships; the 1942 planned world exposition in Rome had to be held in order raise foreign currency reserves; the Italians emigrants in France had to be repatriated for "military and ethical reasons". However, Germany invaded Poland on the first day of September in 1939, starting World War II. On 10 June 1940, Mussolini led Italy into the calamity of siding with Germany. Mussolini was aware that Italy did not have the military capacity in 1940 to carry out a long war with France and the United Kingdom. Therefore, he had waited until the former was on the verge of imminent collapse because of the German invasion before declaring war on France and the United Kingdom, He had mistakenly concluded that following France's collapse the war would be short-lived. He believed that peace negotiations would take place shortly after France fell. Mussolini believed that after the imminent French surrender, Italy could gain territorial concessions from France and then he could concentrate his forces on a major offensive in Egypt, where British and Commonwealth forces were outnumbered by Italian forces. However the UK refused to accept German proposals for a peace that would involve accepting Germany's victories in Eastern and Western Europe, plans for a German invasion of the UK did not proceed, and the war continued. On 24 July 1943, soon after the start of the Allied invasion of Italy, through the Ordine del giorno Grandi Mussolini was defeated in the vote at the Grand Council of Fascism, and the day after the King had him arrested. On 12 September 1943, Mussolini was rescued from prison in the daring Gran Sasso raid by German special forces. Following his rescue, Mussolini headed the Italian Social Republic in parts of Italy that were not occupied by Allied forces. In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north, only to be quickly captured and summarily executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans. His body was then taken to Milan where it was hung upside down at a petrol station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943, and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of fascism. Originally a member of the Italian Socialist Party and editor of the Avanti! from 1912 to 1914, Mussolini fought in World War I as an ardent nationalist and created the Fasci di Combattimento in 1919, catalyzing his nationalist and socialist beliefs in the Fascist Manifesto, published in 1921. Following the March on Rome in October 1922 he became the 27th Prime Minister of Italy and began using the title Il Duce by 1925, about which time he had established dictatorial authority by both legal and extraordinary means, aspiring to create a totalitarian state. After 1936, his official title was Sua Eccellenza Benito Mussolini, Capo del Governo, Duce del Fascismo e Fondatore dell'Impero ("His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Duce of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire") Mussolini also created and held the supreme military rank of First Marshal of the Empire along with King Victor Emmanuel III, which gave him and the King joint supreme control over the military of Italy. Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943; he remained the leader of the Italian Social Republic until his death in 1945. Mussolini was among the founders of fascism. Mussolini influenced, or achieved admiration from, a wide variety of political figures. Among the domestic achievements of Mussolini from the years 1924–1939 were: his public works programs such as the draining of the Pontine Marshes, the improvement of job opportunities, the public transport, and the so-called Italian economic battles. Mussolini also solved the Roman Question by concluding the Lateran Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See. Mussolini and the Fascist regime initiated an aggressive campaign to destroy the Sicilian mafia with mass arrests and trials of mafiosi. Mussolini was unable to purge Sicily of the mafia, because the mafia utilized its strong base of supporters to hide and protect itself as an underground movement during Fascist rule in Italy. Since 1939, Mussolini had sought to delay a major war in Europe until at least 1942 for the following reasons: The army needed to substitute its outdated medium and large caliber guns with modern ones; Italian East Africa needed to be pacified so that a colonial army could be drafted there; the navy needed time to complete construction or refurbishing of six battleships; the 1942 planned world exposition in Rome had to be held in order raise foreign currency reserves; the Italians emigrants in France had to be repatriated for "military and ethical reasons". However, Germany invaded Poland on the first day of September in 1939, starting World War II. On 10 June 1940, Mussolini led Italy into the calamity of siding with Germany. Mussolini was aware that Italy did not have the military capacity in 1940 to carry out a long war with France and the United Kingdom. Therefore, he had waited until the former was on the verge of imminent collapse because of the German invasion before declaring war on France and the United Kingdom, He had mistakenly concluded that following France's collapse the war would be short-lived. He believed that peace negotiations would take place shortly after France fell. Mussolini believed that after the imminent French surrender, Italy could gain territorial concessions from France and then he could concentrate his forces on a major offensive in Egypt, where British and Commonwealth forces were outnumbered by Italian forces. However the UK refused to accept German proposals for a peace that would involve accepting Germany's victories in Eastern and Western Europe, plans for a German invasion of the UK did not proceed, and the war continued. On 24 July 1943, soon after the start of the Allied invasion of Italy, through the Ordine del giorno Grandi Mussolini was defeated in the vote at the Grand Council of Fascism, and the day after the King had him arrested. On 12 September 1943, Mussolini was rescued from prison in the daring Gran Sasso raid by German special forces. Following his rescue, Mussolini headed the Italian Social Republic in parts of Italy that were not occupied by Allied forces. In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north, only to be quickly captured and summarily executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans. His body was then taken to Milan where it was hung upside down at a petrol station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943. Mussolini has been credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of fascism. Mussolini was Dictator of Italy from 1930 to 1943, having assumed complete military and political authority. Originally a member of the Italian Socialist Party and editor of the Avanti! from 1912 to 1914, Mussolini fought in World War I as an ardent nationalist and created the Fasci di Combattimento in 1919, catalyzing his nationalist and socialist beliefs in the Fascist Manifesto, published in 1921. Following the March on Rome in October 1922 he became the 27th Prime Minister of Italy and began using the title Il Duce by 1925, about which time he had established dictatorial authority by both legal and extraordinary means, aspiring to create a totalitarian state. After 1936, his official title was Sua Eccellenza Benito Mussolini, Capo del Governo, Duce del Fascismo e Fondatore dell'Impero ("His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Duce of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire") Mussolini also created and held the supreme military rank of First Marshal of the Empire along with King Victor Emmanuel III, which gave him and the King joint supreme control over the military of Italy. Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943; he remained the leader of the Italian Social Republic until his death in 1945. Mussolini was among the founders of fascism. Mussolini influenced, or achieved admiration from, a wide variety of political figures. Among the domestic achievements of Mussolini from the years 1924–1939 were: his public works programs such as the draining of the Pontine Marshes, the improvement of job opportunities, the public transport, and the so-called Italian economic battles. Mussolini also solved the Roman Question by concluding the Lateran Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See. Mussolini and the Fascist regime initiated an aggressive campaign to destroy the Sicilian mafia with mass arrests and trials of mafiosi. Mussolini was unable to purge Sicily of the mafia, because the mafia utilized its strong base of supporters to hide and protect itself as an underground movement during Fascist rule in Italy. Since 1939, Mussolini had sought to delay a major war in Europe until at least 1942 for the following reasons: The army needed to substitute its outdated medium and large caliber guns with modern ones; Italian East Africa needed to be pacified so that a colonial army could be drafted there; the navy needed time to complete construction or refurbishing of six battleships; the 1942 planned world exposition in Rome had to be held in order raise foreign currency reserves; the Italians emigrants in France had to be repatriated for "military and ethical reasons". However, Germany invaded Poland on the first day of September in 1939, starting World War II. On 10 June 1940, Mussolini led Italy into the calamity of siding with Germany. Mussolini was aware that Italy did not have the military capacity in 1940 to carry out a long war with France and the United Kingdom. Therefore, he had waited until the former was on the verge of imminent collapse because of the German invasion before declaring war on France and the United Kingdom, He had mistakenly concluded that following France's collapse the war would be short-lived. He believed that peace negotiations would take place shortly after France fell. Mussolini believed that after the imminent French surrender, Italy could gain territorial concessions from France and then he could concentrate his forces on a major offensive in Egypt, where British and Commonwealth forces were outnumbered by Italian forces. However the UK refused to accept German proposals for a peace that would involve accepting Germany's victories in Eastern and Western Europe, plans for a German invasion of the UK did not proceed, and the war continued. On 24 July 1943, soon after the start of the Allied invasion of Italy, through the Ordine del giorno Grandi Mussolini was defeated in the vote at the Grand Council of Fascism, and the day after the King had him arrested. On 12 September 1943, Mussolini was rescued from prison in the daring Gran Sasso raid by German special forces. Following his rescue, Mussolini headed the Italian Social Republic in parts of Italy that were not occupied by Allied forces. In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north, only to be quickly captured and summarily executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans. His body was then taken to Milan where it was hung upside down at a petrol station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943. Mussolini has been credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of fascism. Mussolini was Dictator of Italy from 1930 to 1943, having destroyed all political opposition through his secret police and having outlawed workers to go on strike. Originally a member of the Italian Socialist Party and editor of the Avanti! from 1912 to 1914, Mussolini fought in World War I as an ardent nationalist and created the Fasci di Combattimento in 1919, catalyzing his nationalist and socialist beliefs in the Fascist Manifesto, published in 1921. Following the March on Rome in October 1922 he became the 27th Prime Minister of Italy and began using the title Il Duce by 1925, about which time he had established dictatorial authority by both legal and extraordinary means, aspiring to create a totalitarian state. After 1936, his official title was Sua Eccellenza Benito Mussolini, Capo del Governo, Duce del Fascismo e Fondatore dell'Impero ("His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Duce of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire") Mussolini also created and held the supreme military rank of First Marshal of the Empire along with King Victor Emmanuel III, which gave him and the King joint supreme control over the military of Italy. Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943; he remained the leader of the Italian Social Republic until his death in 1945. Mussolini was among the founders of fascism. Mussolini influenced, or achieved admiration from, a wide variety of political figures. Among the domestic achievements of Mussolini from the years 1924–1939 were: his public works programs such as the draining of the Pontine Marshes, the improvement of job opportunities, the public transport, and the so-called Italian economic battles. Mussolini also solved the Roman Question by concluding the Lateran Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See. Mussolini and the Fascist regime initiated an aggressive campaign to destroy the Sicilian mafia with mass arrests and trials of mafiosi. Mussolini was unable to purge Sicily of the mafia, because the mafia utilized its strong base of supporters to hide and protect itself as an underground movement during Fascist rule in Italy. Since 1939, Mussolini had sought to delay a major war in Europe until at least 1942 for the following reasons: The army needed to substitute its outdated medium and large caliber guns with modern ones; Italian East Africa needed to be pacified so that a colonial army could be drafted there; the navy needed time to complete construction or refurbishing of six battleships; the 1942 planned world exposition in Rome had to be held in order raise foreign currency reserves; the Italians emigrants in France had to be repatriated for "military and ethical reasons". However, Germany invaded Poland on the first day of September in 1939, starting World War II. On 10 June 1940, Mussolini led Italy into the calamity of siding with Germany. Mussolini was aware that Italy did not have the military capacity in 1940 to carry out a long war with France and the United Kingdom. Therefore, he had waited until the former was on the verge of imminent collapse because of the German invasion before declaring war on France and the United Kingdom, He had mistakenly concluded that following France's collapse the war would be short-lived. He believed that peace negotiations would take place shortly after France fell. Mussolini believed that after the imminent French surrender, Italy could gain territorial concessions from France and then he could concentrate his forces on a major offensive in Egypt, where British and Commonwealth forces were outnumbered by Italian forces. However the UK refused to accept German proposals for a peace that would involve accepting Germany's victories in Eastern and Western Europe, plans for a German invasion of the UK did not proceed, and the war continued. On 24 July 1943, soon after the start of the Allied invasion of Italy, through the Ordine del giorno Grandi Mussolini was defeated in the vote at the Grand Council of Fascism, and the day after the King had him arrested. On 12 September 1943, Mussolini was rescued from prison in the daring Gran Sasso raid by German special forces. Following his rescue, Mussolini headed the Italian Social Republic in parts of Italy that were not occupied by Allied forces. In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north, only to be quickly captured and summarily executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans. His body was then taken to Milan where it was hung upside down at a petrol station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943. Mussolini has been credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of fascism. Mussolini was Dictator of Italy from 1930 to 1943, having destroyed all political opposition through his secret police and having outlawed workers to go on strike. Originally a member of the Italian Socialist Party and editor of the Avanti! from 1912 to 1914, Mussolini fought in World War I as an ardent nationalist and created the Fasci di Combattimento in 1919, catalyzing his nationalist and socialist beliefs in the Fascist Manifesto, published in 1921. Following the March on Rome in October 1922 he became the 27th Prime Minister of Italy and began using the title Il Duce by 1925, within five years he had established dictatorial authority by both legal and extraordinary means, aspiring to create a totalitarian state. After 1936, his official title was Sua Eccellenza Benito Mussolini, Capo del Governo, Duce del Fascismo e Fondatore dell'Impero ("His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Duce of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire") Mussolini also created and held the supreme military rank of First Marshal of the Empire along with King Victor Emmanuel III, which gave him and the King joint supreme control over the military of Italy. Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943; he remained the leader of the Italian Social Republic until his death in 1945. Mussolini was among the founders of fascism. Mussolini influenced, or achieved admiration from, a wide variety of political figures. Among the domestic achievements of Mussolini from the years 1924–1939 were: his public works programs such as the draining of the Pontine Marshes, the improvement of job opportunities, the public transport, and the so-called Italian economic battles. Mussolini also solved the Roman Question by concluding the Lateran Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See. Mussolini and the Fascist regime initiated an aggressive campaign to destroy the Sicilian mafia with mass arrests and trials of mafiosi. Mussolini was unable to purge Sicily of the mafia, because the mafia utilized its strong base of supporters to hide and protect itself as an underground movement during Fascist rule in Italy. Since 1939, Mussolini had sought to delay a major war in Europe until at least 1942 for the following reasons: The army needed to substitute its outdated medium and large caliber guns with modern ones; Italian East Africa needed to be pacified so that a colonial army could be drafted there; the navy needed time to complete construction or refurbishing of six battleships; the 1942 planned world exposition in Rome had to be held in order raise foreign currency reserves; the Italians emigrants in France had to be repatriated for "military and ethical reasons". However, Germany invaded Poland on the first day of September in 1939, starting World War II. On 10 June 1940, Mussolini led Italy into the calamity of siding with Germany. Mussolini was aware that Italy did not have the military capacity in 1940 to carry out a long war with France and the United Kingdom. Therefore, he had waited until the former was on the verge of imminent collapse because of the German invasion before declaring war on France and the United Kingdom, He had mistakenly concluded that following France's collapse the war would be short-lived. He believed that peace negotiations would take place shortly after France fell. Mussolini believed that after the imminent French surrender, Italy could gain territorial concessions from France and then he could concentrate his forces on a major offensive in Egypt, where British and Commonwealth forces were outnumbered by Italian forces. However the UK refused to accept German proposals for a peace that would involve accepting Germany's victories in Eastern and Western Europe, plans for a German invasion of the UK did not proceed, and the war continued. On 24 July 1943, soon after the start of the Allied invasion of Italy, through the Ordine del giorno Grandi Mussolini was defeated in the vote at the Grand Council of Fascism, and the day after the King had him arrested. On 12 September 1943, Mussolini was rescued from prison in the daring Gran Sasso raid by German special forces. Following his rescue, Mussolini headed the Italian Social Republic in parts of Italy that were not occupied by Allied forces. In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north, only to be quickly captured and summarily executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans. His body was then taken to Milan where it was hung upside down at a petrol station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943. Mussolini has been credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of fascism. Mussolini was Dictator of Italy from 1930 to 1943, having destroyed all political opposition through his secret police and having outlawed workers to go on strike. Originally a member of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and editor of the Avanti! from 1912 to 1914, Mussolini was expelled from the PSI due to his opposition to the party's stance on neutrality in World War I. Mussolini denounced the PSI's and joined the group of left politicians who supported Italian intervention against Austria-Hungary that held Italian-populated lands in its territories. He founded the Fascist movement during the conflict. Following the March on Rome in October 1922 he became the 27th Prime Minister of Italy and began using the title Il Duce by 1925, within five years he had established dictatorial authority by both legal and extraordinary means, aspiring to create a totalitarian state. After 1936, his official title was Sua Eccellenza Benito Mussolini, Capo del Governo, Duce del Fascismo e Fondatore dell'Impero ("His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Duce of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire") Mussolini also created and held the supreme military rank of First Marshal of the Empire along with King Victor Emmanuel III, which gave him and the King joint supreme control over the military of Italy. Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943; he remained the leader of the Italian Social Republic until his death in 1945. Mussolini was among the founders of fascism. Mussolini influenced, or achieved admiration from, a wide variety of political figures. Among the domestic achievements of Mussolini from the years 1924–1939 were: his public works programs such as the draining of the Pontine Marshes, the improvement of job opportunities, the public transport, and the so-called Italian economic battles. Mussolini also solved the Roman Question by concluding the Lateran Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See. Mussolini and the Fascist regime initiated an aggressive campaign to destroy the Sicilian mafia with mass arrests and trials of mafiosi. Mussolini was unable to purge Sicily of the mafia, because the mafia utilized its strong base of supporters to hide and protect itself as an underground movement during Fascist rule in Italy. Since 1939, Mussolini had sought to delay a major war in Europe until at least 1942 for the following reasons: The army needed to substitute its outdated medium and large caliber guns with modern ones; Italian East Africa needed to be pacified so that a colonial army could be drafted there; the navy needed time to complete construction or refurbishing of six battleships; the 1942 planned world exposition in Rome had to be held in order raise foreign currency reserves; the Italians emigrants in France had to be repatriated for "military and ethical reasons". However, Germany invaded Poland on the first day of September in 1939, starting World War II. On 10 June 1940, Mussolini led Italy into the calamity of siding with Germany. Mussolini was aware that Italy did not have the military capacity in 1940 to carry out a long war with France and the United Kingdom. Therefore, he had waited until the former was on the verge of imminent collapse because of the German invasion before declaring war on France and the United Kingdom, He had mistakenly concluded that following France's collapse the war would be short-lived. He believed that peace negotiations would take place shortly after France fell. Mussolini believed that after the imminent French surrender, Italy could gain territorial concessions from France and then he could concentrate his forces on a major offensive in Egypt, where British and Commonwealth forces were outnumbered by Italian forces. However the UK refused to accept German proposals for a peace that would involve accepting Germany's victories in Eastern and Western Europe, plans for a German invasion of the UK did not proceed, and the war continued. On 24 July 1943, soon after the start of the Allied invasion of Italy, through the Ordine del giorno Grandi Mussolini was defeated in the vote at the Grand Council of Fascism, and the day after the King had him arrested. On 12 September 1943, Mussolini was rescued from prison in the daring Gran Sasso raid by German special forces. Following his rescue, Mussolini headed the Italian Social Republic in parts of Italy that were not occupied by Allied forces. In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north, only to be quickly captured and summarily executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans. His body was then taken to Milan where it was hung upside down at a petrol station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943. Mussolini was one of the key figures in the creation of fascism. Mussolini was Dictator of Italy from 1930 to 1943, after he destroyed all political opposition through his secret police and outlawed labor strikes. Originally a member of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and editor of the Avanti! from 1912 to 1914, Mussolini was expelled from the PSI due to his opposition to the party's stance on neutrality in World War I. Mussolini denounced the PSI and joined the group of left politicians who supported Italian intervention against Austria-Hungary that held Italian-populated lands in its territories. He founded the Fascist movement during the conflict. Following the March on Rome in October 1922 he became the 27th Prime Minister of Italy and began using the title Il Duce by 1925, within five years he had established dictatorial authority by both legal and extraordinary means, aspiring to create a totalitarian state. After 1936, his official title was Sua Eccellenza Benito Mussolini, Capo del Governo, Duce del Fascismo e Fondatore dell'Impero ("His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Leader of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire") Mussolini also created and held the supreme military rank of First Marshal of the Empire along with King Victor Emmanuel III, which gave him and the King joint supreme control over the military of Italy. Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943; he remained the leader of the Italian Social Republic until his death in 1945. Mussolini was among the founders of fascism. Mussolini influenced, or achieved admiration from, a wide variety of political figures. Among the domestic achievements of Mussolini from the years 1924–1939 were: his public works programs such as the draining of the Pontine Marshes, the improvement of job opportunities, the public transport, and the so-called Italian economic battles. Mussolini also solved the Roman Question by concluding the Lateran Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See. Mussolini and the Fascist regime initiated an aggressive campaign to destroy the Sicilian mafia with mass arrests and trials of mafiosi. Mussolini was unable to purge Sicily of the mafia, because the mafia utilized its strong base of supporters to hide and protect itself as an underground movement during Fascist rule in Italy. Since 1939, Mussolini had sought to delay a major war in Europe until at least 1942 for the following reasons: The army needed to substitute its outdated medium and large caliber guns with modern ones; Italian East Africa had to be pacified so that a colonial army could be drafted there; the navy needed time to complete construction or refurbishing of six battleships; the 1942 planned world exposition in Rome had to be held to raise foreign currency reserves; Italian emigrants in France had to be repatriated for "military and ethical reasons. " However, Germany invaded Poland on the first day of September in 1939, starting World War II. On 10 June 1940, Mussolini led Italy into the calamity of siding with Germany. Mussolini was aware that Italy did not have the military capacity in 1940 to carry out a long war with France and the United Kingdom. Therefore, he had waited until the former was on the verge of imminent collapse because of the German invasion before declaring war on France and the United Kingdom, He had mistakenly concluded that following France's collapse the war would be short-lived. He believed that peace negotiations would take place shortly after France fell. Mussolini believed that after the imminent French surrender, Italy could gain territorial concessions from France and then he could concentrate his forces on a major offensive in Egypt, where British and Commonwealth forces were outnumbered by Italian forces. However the UK refused to accept German proposals for a peace that would involve accepting Germany's victories in Eastern and Western Europe, plans for a German invasion of the UK did not proceed, and the war continued. On 24 July 1943, soon after the start of the Allied invasion of Italy, through the Ordine del giorno Grandi Mussolini was defeated in the vote at the Grand Council of Fascism, and the day after the King had him arrested. On 12 September 1943, Mussolini was rescued from prison in the daring Gran Sasso raid by German special forces. Following his rescue, Mussolini headed the Italian Social Republic in parts of Italy that were not occupied by Allied forces. In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north, only to be quickly captured and summarily executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans. His body was then taken to Milan where it was hung upside down at a petrol station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943. Mussolini was one of the key figures in the creation of fascism. After destroying all political opposition through his secret police and outlawed labor strikes, Mussolini and his fascist followers consolidated their power through a series of laws that transformed the nation into a one-party dictatorship. In 1926 Mussolini seized total power as dictator and ruled Italy as Il Duce ("the leader") from 1930 to 1943. Originally a member of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and editor of the Avanti! from 1912 to 1914, Mussolini was expelled from the PSI due to his opposition to the party's stance on neutrality in World War I. Mussolini denounced the PSI and joined the group of left politicians who supported Italian intervention against Austria-Hungary that held Italian-populated lands in its territories. He founded the Fascist movement during the conflict. Following the March on Rome in October 1922 he became the 27th Prime Minister of Italy. Within five years he had established dictatorial authority by both legal and extraordinary means, aspiring to create a totalitarian state. After 1936, his official title was Sua Eccellenza Benito Mussolini, Capo del Governo, Duce del Fascismo e Fondatore dell'Impero ("His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Leader of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire") Mussolini also created and held the supreme military rank of First Marshal of the Empire along with King Victor Emmanuel III, which gave him and the King joint supreme control over the military of Italy. Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943; he remained the leader of the Italian Social Republic until his death in 1945. Mussolini was among the founders of fascism. Mussolini influenced, or achieved admiration from, a wide variety of political figures. Among the domestic achievements of Mussolini from the years 1924–1939 were: his public works programs such as the draining of the Pontine Marshes, the improvement of job opportunities, the public transport, and the so-called Italian economic battles. Mussolini also solved the Roman Question by concluding the Lateran Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See. Mussolini and the Fascist regime initiated an aggressive campaign to destroy the Sicilian mafia with mass arrests and trials of mafiosi. Mussolini was unable to purge Sicily of the mafia, because the mafia utilized its strong base of supporters to hide and protect itself as an underground movement during Fascist rule in Italy. Since 1939, Mussolini had sought to delay a major war in Europe until at least 1942 for the following reasons: The army needed to substitute its outdated medium and large caliber guns with modern ones; Italian East Africa had to be pacified so that a colonial army could be drafted there; the navy needed time to complete construction or refurbishing of six battleships; the 1942 planned world exposition in Rome had to be held to raise foreign currency reserves; Italian emigrants in France had to be repatriated for "military and ethical reasons. " However, Germany invaded Poland on the first day of September in 1939, starting World War II. On 10 June 1940, Mussolini led Italy into the calamity of siding with Germany. Mussolini was aware that Italy did not have the military capacity in 1940 to carry out a long war with France and the United Kingdom. Therefore, he had waited until the former was on the verge of imminent collapse because of the German invasion before declaring war on France and the United Kingdom, He had mistakenly concluded that following France's collapse the war would be short-lived. He believed that peace negotiations would take place shortly after France fell. Mussolini believed that after the imminent French surrender, Italy could gain territorial concessions from France and then he could concentrate his forces on a major offensive in Egypt, where British and Commonwealth forces were outnumbered by Italian forces. However the UK refused to accept German proposals for a peace that would involve accepting Germany's victories in Eastern and Western Europe, plans for a German invasion of the UK did not proceed, and the war continued. On 24 July 1943, soon after the start of the Allied invasion of Italy, through the Ordine del giorno Grandi Mussolini was defeated in the vote at the Grand Council of Fascism, and the day after the King had him arrested. On 12 September 1943, Mussolini was rescued from prison in the daring Gran Sasso raid by German special forces. Following his rescue, Mussolini headed the Italian Social Republic in parts of Italy that were not occupied by Allied forces. In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north, only to be quickly captured and summarily executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans. His body was then taken to Milan where it was hung upside down at a petrol station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943. In 1926 Mussolini seized total power as dictator and ruled Italy as Il Duce ("the leader") from 1930 to 1943. Mussolini was one of the key figures in the creation of fascism. Originally a member of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), Mussolini was expelled from the PSI due to his opposition to the party's stance on neutrality in World War I. Mussolini denounced the PSI, and later founded the fascist movement. Following the March on Rome in October 1922 he became the 27th Prime Minister of Italy. After destroying all political opposition through his secret police and outlawing labor strikes, Mussolini and his fascist followers consolidated their power through a series of laws that transformed the nation into a one-party dictatorship. Within five years he had established dictatorial authority by both legal and extraordinary means, aspiring to create a totalitarian state. Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943; he remained the leader of the Italian Social Republic until his death in 1945. Since 1939, Mussolini had sought to delay a major war in Europe until at least 1942. However, Germany invaded Poland on the first day of September in 1939, starting World War II. On 10 June 1940, Mussolini sided with Germany, though he was aware that Italy did not have the military capacity in 1940 to carry out a long war with France and the United Kingdom. Mussolini believed that after the imminent French surrender, Italy could gain territorial concessions from France and then he could concentrate his forces on a major offensive in Egypt, where British and Commonwealth forces were outnumbered by Italian forces. However the UK refused to accept German proposals for a peace that would involve accepting Germany's victories in Eastern and Western Europe, plans for a German invasion of the UK did not proceed, and the war continued. On 24 July 1943, soon after the start of the Allied invasion of Italy, Mussolini was defeated in the vote at the Grand Council of Fascism, and the day after the King had him arrested. On 12 September 1943, Mussolini was rescued from prison in the daring Gran Sasso raid by German special forces. In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north, only to be quickly captured and summarily executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans. His body was then taken to Milan where it was hung upside down at a petrol station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943. In 1926 Mussolini seized total power as dictator and ruled Italy as Il Duce ("the leader") from 1930 to 1943. Mussolini was one of the key figures in the creation of fascism. Originally a member of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), Mussolini was expelled from the PSI due to his opposition to the party's stance on neutrality in World War I. Mussolini denounced the PSI, and later founded the fascist movement. Following the March on Rome in October 1922 he became the 27th Prime Minister of Italy. After destroying all political opposition through his secret police and outlawing labor strikes, Mussolini and his fascist followers consolidated their power through a series of laws that transformed the nation into a one-party dictatorship. Within five years he had established dictatorial authority by both legal and extraordinary means, aspiring to create a totalitarian state. Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943; he remained the leader of the Italian Social Republic until his death in 1945. Since 1939, Mussolini had sought to delay a major war in Europe until at least 1942. However, Germany invaded Poland on the first day of September in 1939, starting World War II. On 10 June 1940, Mussolini sided with Germany, though he was aware that Italy did not have the military capacity in 1940 to carry out a long war with France and the United Kingdom. Mussolini believed that after the imminent French surrender, Italy could gain territorial concessions from France and then he could concentrate his forces on a major offensive in Egypt, where British and Commonwealth forces were outnumbered by Italian forces. However the UK refused to accept German proposals for a peace that would involve accepting Germany's victories in Eastern and Western Europe, plans for a German invasion of the UK did not proceed, and the war continued. On 24 July 1943, soon after the start of the Allied invasion of Italy, Mussolini was defeated in the vote at the Grand Council of Fascism, and the King had him arrested the following day. On 12 September 1943, Mussolini was rescued from prison in the daring Gran Sasso raid by German special forces. In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north, only to be quickly captured and summarily executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans. His body was then taken to Milan where it was hung upside down at a petrol station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician, journalist and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943. In 1926 Mussolini seized total power as dictator and ruled Italy as Il Duce ("the leader") from 1930 to 1943. Mussolini was one of the key figures in the creation of fascism. Originally a member of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), Mussolini was expelled from the PSI due to his opposition to the party's stance on neutrality in World War I. Mussolini denounced the PSI, and later founded the fascist movement. Following the March on Rome in October 1922 he became the 27th Prime Minister of Italy. After destroying all political opposition through his secret police and outlawing labor strikes, Mussolini and his fascist followers consolidated their power through a series of laws that transformed the nation into a one-party dictatorship. Within five years he had established dictatorial authority by both legal and extraordinary means, aspiring to create a totalitarian state. Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943; he remained the leader of the Italian Social Republic until his death in 1945. Since 1939, Mussolini had sought to delay a major war in Europe until at least 1942. However, Germany invaded Poland on the first day of September in 1939, starting World War II. On 10 June 1940, Mussolini sided with Germany, though he was aware that Italy did not have the military capacity in 1940 to carry out a long war with France and the United Kingdom. Mussolini believed that after the imminent French surrender, Italy could gain territorial concessions from France and then he could concentrate his forces on a major offensive in Egypt, where British and Commonwealth forces were outnumbered by Italian forces. However the UK refused to accept German proposals for a peace that would involve accepting Germany's victories in Eastern and Western Europe, plans for a German invasion of the UK did not proceed, and the war continued. On 24 July 1943, soon after the start of the Allied invasion of Italy, Mussolini was defeated in the vote at the Grand Council of Fascism, and the King had him arrested the following day. On 12 September 1943, Mussolini was rescued from prison in the daring Gran Sasso raid by German special forces. In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north, only to be quickly captured and summarily executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans. His body was then taken to Milan where it was hung upside down at a petrol station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise.
dbpedia-owl:activeYearsEndDate	1943-07-25 (xsd:date) 1943-07-25 (xsd:date) 1945-04-25 (xsd:date) 1945-04-25 (xsd:date)
dbpedia-owl:activeYearsStartDate	1922-10-31 (xsd:date) 1922-10-31 (xsd:date) 1925-12-24 (xsd:date) 1925-12-24 (xsd:date) 1938-03-30 (xsd:date) 1938-03-30 (xsd:date) 1943-09-23 (xsd:date) 1943-09-23 (xsd:date)
dbpedia-owl:associate	dbpedia:Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy
dbpedia-owl:battle	dbpedia:World_War_I
dbpedia-owl:birthDate	1883-07-29 (xsd:date) 1883-07-29 (xsd:date)
dbpedia-owl:birthPlace	dbpedia:Forlì dbpedia:Predappio dbpedia:Kingdom_of_Italy dbpedia:Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861–1946) dbpedia:History_of_Italy dbpedia:Forlì
dbpedia-owl:child	dbpedia:Vittorio_Mussolini dbpedia:Romano_Mussolini dbpedia:Edda_Mussolini dbpedia:Bruno_Mussolini
dbpedia-owl:country	dbpedia:Kingdom_of_Italy dbpedia:Italian_Social_Republic
dbpedia-owl:deathDate	1945-04-28 (xsd:date) 1945-04-28 (xsd:date)
dbpedia-owl:deathPlace	dbpedia:Kingdom_of_Italy dbpedia:Giulino dbpedia:Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861–1946) dbpedia:History_of_Italy dbpedia:Giulino_di_Mezzegra
dbpedia-owl:individualisedPnd	118585967
dbpedia-owl:militaryBranch	dbpedia:Kingdom_of_Italy dbpedia:Regio_Esercito
dbpedia-owl:militaryRank	dbpedia:Corporal
dbpedia-owl:militaryUnit	dbpedia:Bersaglieri
dbpedia-owl:monarch	dbpedia:Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy
dbpedia-owl:orderInOffice	27th Prime Minister of Italy First Marshal of the Empire Head of Government of Italy and Duce of Fascism Head of Government of Italy andDuce of Fascism Duce of the Italian Social Republic
dbpedia-owl:party	dbpedia:Republican_Fascist_Party dbpedia:Italian_Socialist_Party dbpedia:National_Fascist_Party dbpedia:Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento dbpedia:Fasci_d'Azione_Rivoluzionaria dbpedia:Fasci_Autonomi_d'Azione_Rivoluzionaria
dbpedia-owl:profession	dbpedia:Dictator
dbpedia-owl:relation	dbpedia:Margherita_Sarfatti dbpedia:Ida_Dalser dbpedia:Clara_Petacci
dbpedia-owl:serviceEndYear	1917-01-01 00:00:00 (xsd:date) 1917-01-01 00:00:00 (xsd:date)
dbpedia-owl:serviceStartYear	1915-01-01 00:00:00 (xsd:date) 1915-01-01 00:00:00 (xsd:date)
dbpedia-owl:spouse	dbpedia:Rachele_Mussolini
dbpedia-owl:successor	dbpedia:Pietro_Badoglio
dbpedia-owl:thumbnail	http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mussolini_biografia.jpg/200px-Mussolini_biografia.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Benito_Mussolini_Signature.svg/200px-Benito_Mussolini_Signature.svg.png
dbpedia-owl:wikiPageExternalLink	http://www.publiceye.org/fascist/corporatism.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3144984.stm http://cdm.reed.edu/ara-pacis/meier/piazza-augusto-imperatore/piazza/ http://www.comandosupremo.com/Mussolini.html http://greatspeeches.wordpress.com/category/twentieth-century-speeches/benito-mussolini-speeches/ http://www.benitomussolini.info/gallery/ http://www.benito-mussolini.com http://www.snopes.com/history/govern/trains.htm http://www.libcom.org/history/articles/murder-michael-schirru http://www.maxschoenherr.de/Archiv/londonNews1936.html#Mussolini
dbpprop:after	dbpedia:Galeazzo_Ciano dbpedia:Pietro_Badoglio dbpedia:Dino_Grandi dbpedia:Luigi_Federzoni dbpedia:Raffaele_Guariglia dbpedia:Bruno_Fornaciari End Title
dbpprop:allegiance	Kingdom of Italy Italian Social Republic
dbpprop:alongside	Victor Emmanuel III
dbpprop:alternativeNames	Mussolini, Benito
dbpprop:battles	dbpedia:World_War_I
dbpprop:before	dbpedia:Paolino_Taddei dbpedia:Dino_Grandi dbpedia:Luigi_Facta dbpedia:Luigi_Federzoni dbpedia:Carlo_Schanzer New Title Galeazzo Ciano
dbpprop:birthDate	1883-07-29 (xsd:date) 1883-07-29 (xsd:date)
dbpprop:birthName	Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini
dbpprop:birthPlace	dbpedia:Predappio dbpedia:Kingdom_of_Italy dbpedia:Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861–1946) dbpedia:Forlì
dbpprop:branch	Kingdom of Italy, army Regio Esercito
dbpprop:children	dbpedia:Vittorio_Mussolini dbpedia:Romano_Mussolini dbpedia:Edda_Mussolini dbpedia:Bruno_Mussolini Anna Maria Mussolini
dbpprop:dateOfBirth	1883-07-29 (xsd:date) 1883-07-29 (xsd:date)
dbpprop:dateOfDeath	1945-04-28 (xsd:date) 1945-04-28 (xsd:date)
dbpprop:deathDate	1945-04-28 (xsd:date) 1945-04-28 (xsd:date)
dbpprop:deathPlace	dbpedia:Kingdom_of_Italy dbpedia:Giulino dbpedia:Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861–1946) dbpedia:Giulino_di_Mezzegra
dbpprop:description	--07-25
dbpprop:filename	Rimozione di Mussolini.ogg
dbpprop:hasPhotoCollection	http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/flickrwrappr/photos/Benito_Mussolini
dbpprop:height	5 (xsd:integer)
dbpprop:imagesize	220 (xsd:integer)
dbpprop:lccn	n/78/095482
dbpprop:monarch	dbpedia:Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy Victor Emmanuel III
dbpprop:name	Benito Mussolini Mussolini, Benito Amilcare Andrea
dbpprop:nationality	Italian
dbpprop:order	27 (xsd:integer) dbpedia:Italian_Social_Republic dbpedia:Duce dbpedia:First_marshal_of_the_empire dbpedia:First_Marshal_of_the_Empire
dbpprop:party	dbpedia:Republican_Fascist_Party dbpedia:Italian_Socialist_Party dbpedia:National_Fascist_Party dbpedia:Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento dbpedia:Fasci_d'Azione_Rivoluzionaria dbpedia:Fasci_Autonomi_d'Azione_Rivoluzionaria
dbpprop:placeOfBirth	Dovia di Predappio, Italy
dbpprop:placeOfDeath	Giulino di Mezzegra, Italy
dbpprop:predecessor	dbpedia:Luigi_Facta Himself
dbpprop:profession	Dictator, politician, journalist, novelist, teacher
dbpprop:rank	dbpedia:Corporal
dbpprop:relations	dbpedia:Margherita_Sarfatti dbpedia:Ida_Dalser dbpedia:Clara_Petacci
dbpprop:restingPlace	San Cassiano cemetery, Predappio, Forlì, Italian Republic
dbpprop:serviceyears	1915 (xsd:integer)
dbpprop:shortDescription	Prime-Minister and fascist dictator of Italy
dbpprop:signature	Benito Mussolini Signature.svg
dbpprop:spouse	dbpedia:Rachele_Mussolini
dbpprop:successor	dbpedia:Pietro_Badoglio
dbpprop:termEnd	25 (xsd:integer)
dbpprop:termStart	23 (xsd:integer) 24 (xsd:integer) 30 (xsd:integer) 31 (xsd:integer)
dbpprop:title	dbpedia:Prime_Minister_of_Italy dbpedia:Italian_Minister_of_the_Interior dbpedia:Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Italy) dbpedia:Italian_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs Head of State of the Italian Social Republic Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Italian Social Republic Dismissal and arrest of Mussolini
dbpprop:unit	11 (xsd:integer)
dbpprop:viaf	90162262 (xsd:integer)
dbpprop:wikiPageUsesTemplate	dbpedia:Template:Authority_control dbpedia:Template:Infobox_officeholder dbpedia:Template:Persondata dbpedia:Template:Listen dbpedia:Template:Succession_box dbpedia:Template:Infobox_president
dbpprop:wordnet_type	http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-incumbent-noun-1 http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-president-noun-3
dbpprop:years	1922 (xsd:integer) 1926 (xsd:integer) 1932 (xsd:integer) 1943 (xsd:integer)
dc:description	Prime-Minister and fascist dictator of Italy
dcterms:subject	category:Knights_of_Malta category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_the_Tower_and_Sword category:People_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic category:Shooting_survivors category:Italian_Socialist_Party_politicians category:Italian_anti-communists category:20th-century_Italian_politicians category:Recipients_of_the_Cross_of_Liberty_(Estonia) category:Italian_people_of_World_War_II category:Benito_Mussolini category:World_War_II_political_leaders category:Italian_Ministers_of_the_Interior category:Prime_Ministers_of_Italy category:Leaders_ousted_by_a_coup category:Political_party_founders category:Executed_prime_ministers category:Ousted_heads_of_state category:Italian_newspaper_founders category:Annulled_Honorary_Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath category:Field_Marshals_of_Italy category:Attempted_assassination_survivors category:Knights_of_the_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland) category:1945_deaths category:1883_births category:Italian_fascists category:Leaders_who_took_power_by_coup category:Italian_atheists category:Historians_of_fascism category:Italian_military_personnel_of_World_War_I category:People_deported_from_Switzerland category:People_from_the_Province_of_Forlì-Cesena category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_Lāčplēsis,_1st_class category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Vytis_(Lithuania) category:Fascist_rulers category:Foreign_ministers_of_Italy category:People_executed_by_Italy_by_firing_squad category:Italian_people_executed_by_firing_squad
rdf:type	owl:Thing foaf:Person dbpedia-owl:Person dbpedia-owl:Agent dbpedia-owl:Politician dbpedia-owl:President http://schema.org/Person yago:Novelist110363573 yago:ItalianSocialistPartyPoliticians yago:ItalianMinistersOfForeignAffairs yago:ExecutedPrimeMinisters yago:ItalianPeopleOfWorldWarII yago:Journalist110224578 yago:ItalianFascists yago:PrimeMinistersOfItaly yago:ItalianMinistersOfTheInterior yago:ItalianAtheists yago:ExecutedItalianPeople yago:DeportedPeople http://umbel.org/umbel/rc/PersonWithOccupation http://umbel.org/umbel/rc/PresidentOfOrganization yago:Person100007846 yago:PeopleExecutedByFiringSquAD yago:LeadersWhoTookPowerByCoup yago:FascistEraScholarsAndWriters http://umbel.org/umbel/rc/Politician yago:KnightsOfMalta yago:PeopleFromTheProvinceOfForlì-Cesena yago:WorldWarIIPoliticalLeaders yago:LeadersOustedByACoup yago:FieldMarshalsOfItaly
rdfs:comment	, fou el cap d'estat dictatorial d'Itàlia durant el període de 1922 fins el 1943. Va ser el creador d'un règim antidemocràtic anomenat feixisme, en el qual ell va rebre el sobrenom de Duce (guia o cap). Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini byl italský premiér, politik a diktátor, spolutvůrce a průkopník fašismu. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini war Diktator des Königreiches Italien von 1922 bis 1943 und der Italienischen Sozialrepublik von 1943 bis 1945. Mussolini war während der gesamten Zeit Ministerpräsident und Capo del Governo, außerdem zeitweise unter anderem auch Außen- und Innenminister. Als Führer der faschistischen Bewegung und des faschistischen Regimes führte er den Titel Duce del Fascismo („Führer des Faschismus“; in der Kurzform auch Duce). Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini fue un militar, político y dictador italiano. Primer ministro del Reino de Italia con poderes dictatoriales desde 1922 hasta 1943, cuando fue depuesto y encarcelado brevemente. Escapó gracias a la ayuda de la Alemania Nazi, y recibió el cargo de presidente de la República Social Italiana desde septiembre de 1943 hasta su derrocamiento en 1945, y posteriormente muerte por ejecución. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini 12px kuuntele ääntämys oli italialainen poliitikko ja fasismin keskeinen perustaja. Mussolini toimi nimellisesti Italian pääministerinä 1922–1943, mutta käytännössä hän perusti valtaan päästyään maahan yksipuoluediktatuurin. Hän käytti arvonimeä Il Duce (”johtaja”). Mussolinin ura alkoi Italian sosialistipuolueessa, mutta hänet erotettiin ensimmäistä maailmansotaa kannattavien mielipiteidensä vuoksi. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini,, est un journaliste et homme d'État italien. Fondateur du fascisme, il est président du Conseil du Royaume d'Italie, du 31 octobre 1922 au 25 juillet 1943, premier maréchal d'Empire du 30 mars 1938 au 25 juillet 1943, et président de la République sociale italienne (RSI) de septembre 1943 à avril 1945. Il est couramment désigné du titre de Duce, mot italien dérivé du latin Dux et signifiant « Chef » ou « Guide ». Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini Sound hallgat olasz fasiszta politikus, Olaszország diktátori hatalmú miniszterelnöke 1922–1943 között, 1943–1945 között a nemzetiszocialista Németország által fenntartott bábállam, a Salói Köztársaság miniszterelnöke. Partizánok végezték ki szeretőjével együtt. Unokája, Alessandra Mussolini a mai olasz parlament tagja a Popolo della Libertà jobbközép kormánypárt színeiben. Fondatore del fascismo, fu Presidente del Consiglio del Regno d'Italia dal 31 ottobre 1922 al 25 luglio 1943. Nel gennaio 1925 assunse de facto poteri dittatoriali e dal dicembre dello stesso anno acquisì il titolo di Capo del Governo Primo Ministro Segretario di Stato. Divenne Primo Maresciallo dell'Impero il 30 marzo 1938 e fu capo della Repubblica Sociale Italiana dal settembre 1943 al 27 aprile 1945. ベニート・アミルカレ・アンドレア・ムッソリーニ（Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini、1883年7月29日 - 1945年4月28日）は、イタリア王国の政治家、第40代イタリア王国首相。イタリア社会党で活躍したのち追放され、ファシズム理論を独自に構築し、一党独裁制に基づいた統治を確立し実践した。 베니토 안드레아 아밀카레 무솔리니는 파시즘을 주도한 이탈리아의 정치인이다. 국가 파시스트당을 창당하였고 1922년 이후 이탈리아 왕국의 국무총리였다. 1925년부터 무솔리니는 최고통치자를 뜻하는 두체(Duce)라는 칭호를 사용하였다. 1936년 이후 무솔리니의 공식칭호는 "정부 수반이자 파시즘의 두체이며 제국의 설립자이신 불세출의 베니토 무솔리니"였다. 또한 무솔리니는 스스로 제국 제일 원수 계급을 제정하고 국왕 비토리오 에마누엘레 3세와 함께 이 칭호를 사용하여 이탈리아 군의 통수권을 행사하였다. 1943년 연합국에 패배한 후 도주하여 망명 정부인 이탈리아 사회주의 공화국을 세우고 그 수반이 되었다. 무솔리니는 국가주의, 협동조합주의, 생디칼리즘, 팽창주의, 사회진화론, 반공주의와 같은 다양한 정치 이념들을 조합하여 이탈리아 파시즘을 만들었다. 그는 공산주의자들의 체제 전복 시도를 막기 위한 검열의 필요성을 선전하였다. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was een Italiaans onderwijzer, journalist en van 1922 tot 1945 fascistisch dictator. Hij schiep een antidemocratisch, totalitair, fascistisch regime, gebruikmakend van propaganda. Door volledige controle over de media nam hij de bestaande democratische regering over. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini var Italias statsminister og det italienske fascistpartiet Partito Nazionale Fascistas leder («il Duce», «leder» eller «fører») fra slutten av 1922 frem til 8. september 1943. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini – włoski polityk i dziennikarz początkowo socjalistyczny, główny założyciel i przywódca ruchu faszystowskiego; premier Włoch w latach 1922–1943, później do 1945 przywódca Włoskiej Republiki Socjalnej. Mussolini rozpoczynał karierę we Włoskiej Partii Socjalistycznej i wszedł do komitetu wykonawczego tej partii, a w latach 1912–1914 był redaktorem naczelnym socjalistycznej gazety Avanti!. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini foi um político italiano que liderou o Partido Nacional Fascista e é creditado como sendo uma das figuras-chave na criação do Fascismo. Tornou-se o em 1922 e começou a usar o título Il Duce desde 1925. Após 1936, seu título oficial era "Sua Excelência Benito Mussolini, Chefe de Governo, Duce do Facismo, e Fundador do Império". Муссолини, Бенито style="background: transparent" \|60px\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Кавалер Большого креста ордена Святых Маврикия и Лазаря \|- \|Кавалер Большого креста ордена Короны Италии\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение \|- \|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение \|- \|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение \|- \|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение \|- \|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение \|\| Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение \|- \|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение \|- \|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Кавалер Большого креста ордена Южного Креста\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение \|- \|Кавалер ордена Слона\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение \|- \|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение\|\|Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение \| \|} \|Commons = Category:Benito Mussolini }} Бени́то Ами́лькаре Андре́а Муссоли́ни — итальянский политический деятель, литератор, лидер фашистской партии (НФП), диктатор, вождь («дуче»), возглавлявший Италию (как премьер-министр) с 1922 по 1943. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini, född 29 juli 1883 i Dovia di Predappio nära Forlì, död 28 april 1945 i Giulino di Mezzegra nära Dongo i Como-området, var Italiens premiärminister och fascistiske ledare 1922-1943. Mussolini, tidigare socialist, var grundaren av fascismen i Italien och använde som ledare för landet titlarna Duce del Fascismo, Capo del Governo och Primo Ministro del Regno d'Italia, på svenska "fascismens ledare", "regeringschef" och "Konungariket Italiens premiärminister". Бені́то Муссолі́ні — італійський політичний діяч, фашистський диктатор Італії з 1922 по 1943 роки. Він сконцентрував всю владу в своїх руках як провідник (il duce) Фашистської партії та спробував створити Італійську імперію, яка була б у військовому союзі з гітлерівською Німеччиною. Поразка Італії у Другій Світовій війні привела також до втрати влади Муссоліні. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini là thủ tướng độc tài cai trị phát xít Ý với một thể chế quốc gia, quân phiệt và chống Cộng sản dựa trên hệ thống tuyên truyền và kềm kẹp khắc nghiệt. Mussolini đưa Ý vào liên minh khối Trục của Adolf Hitler chống lại quân Đồng Minh trong đệ nhị thế chiến. Khi khối Trục thua trận, Mussolini toan bỏ trốn sang Thụy Sĩ nhưng ông và vợ bị quân cộng sản kháng chiến Ý bắt giết tại hồ Como. 贝尼托·墨索里尼（意大利语：Benito Mussolini，全名：Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini，1883年7月29日－1945年4月28日），意大利政治家、记者、思想家，意大利王国第40任总理、法西斯主义的创始人，1922年10月31日至1943年7月25日出任意大利王国总理，1925年获“Il Duce（领袖）”称号，1925年1月至1943年7月25日间实施独裁统治，1938年3月30日至1943年7月25日任意大利最高帝国元帅，1943年9月23日至1945年4月26日任意大利社会共和国领袖。 Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943. In 1926 Mussolini seized total power as dictator and ruled Italy as Il Duce ("the leader") from 1930 to 1943. Mussolini was one of the key figures in the creation of fascism. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician, journalist and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943. In 1926 Mussolini seized total power as dictator and ruled Italy as Il Duce ("the leader") from 1930 to 1943. Mussolini was one of the key figures in the creation of fascism.
rdfs:label	Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini ベニート・ムッソリーニ 베니토 무솔리니 Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini Муссолини, Бенито Benito Mussolini Беніто Муссоліні Benito Mussolini 贝尼托·墨索里尼
owl:sameAs	http://es.dbpedia.org/resource/Benito_Mussolini http://ja.dbpedia.org/resource/ベニート・ムッソリーニ http://ko.dbpedia.org/resource/베니토_무솔리니 http://cs.dbpedia.org/resource/Benito_Mussolini http://el.dbpedia.org/resource/Μπενίτο_Μουσολίνι http://pl.dbpedia.org/resource/Benito_Mussolini http://it.dbpedia.org/resource/Benito_Mussolini http://pt.dbpedia.org/resource/Benito_Mussolini http://de.dbpedia.org/resource/Benito_Mussolini http://fr.dbpedia.org/resource/Benito_Mussolini http://ru.dbpedia.org/resource/Муссолини,_Бенито freebase:Benito Mussolini http://sw.cyc.com/concept/Mx4rwJBifJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA
http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini?oldid=495510283
foaf:depiction	http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Mussolini_biografia.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Benito_Mussolini_Signature.svg
foaf:givenName	Benito Amilcare Andrea
foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini
foaf:name	Benito Mussolini Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini
foaf:surname	Mussolini
is dbpedia-owl:commander of	dbpedia:Italian_invasion_of_Albania dbpedia:Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy dbpedia:Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II) dbpedia:Somaliland_Campaign dbpedia:Italian_Civil_War dbpedia:National_Liberation_War_of_Macedonia dbpedia:Eastern_Front_(World_War_II) dbpedia:Mediterranean,_Middle_East_and_African_theatres_of_World_War_II dbpedia:Fascist_and_anti-Fascist_violence_in_Italy_(1919–26) dbpedia:Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War dbpedia:European_theatre_of_World_War_II dbpedia:Eastern_Front_(World_War_II) dbpedia:Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II) dbpedia:Fascist_and_anti-Fascist_violence_in_Italy_(1919–26) dbpedia:Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II
is dbpedia-owl:country of	dbpedia:Esercito_Nazionale_Repubblicano
is dbpedia-owl:influenced of	dbpedia:Giovanni_Gentile
is dbpedia-owl:influencedBy of	dbpedia:Antun_Saadeh
is dbpedia-owl:notableCommander of	dbpedia:Esercito_Nazionale_Repubblicano dbpedia:Royal_Italian_Army dbpedia:Royal_Italian_Army_(1940–1946)
is dbpedia-owl:parent of	dbpedia:Edda_Mussolini
is dbpedia-owl:primeMinister of	dbpedia:Alfredo_Rocco dbpedia:Dino_Grandi
is dbpedia-owl:relation of	dbpedia:Alessandra_Mussolini
is dbpedia-owl:successor of	dbpedia:Dino_Grandi dbpedia:Luigi_Facta
is dbpedia-owl:wikiPageDisambiguates of	dbpedia:Mussolini_(disambiguation) dbpedia:Benito dbpedia:Mussolini_(disambiguation)
is dbpedia-owl:wikiPageRedirects of	dbpedia:Mussolini dbpedia:Mouselini dbpedia:Mouselinni dbpedia:Mussloini dbpedia:Benito_Amilcare_Andrea_Mussolini dbpedia:Musolini dbpedia:Muselini dbpedia:Benito_Mussilini dbpedia:Benito_Musolini dbpedia:Benito_Mussollini dbpedia:Mussolini,_Benito dbpedia:Benny_Mussolini dbpedia:Benito_Amilcare_Mussolini dbpedia:Benito_Andrea_Mussolini dbpedia:Moussolini dbpedia:Musollini dbpedia:Mussalini dbpedia:Mussolinism dbpedia:Benito_Mussalini dbpedia:Benito_mussolini dbpedia:Benito_Mussolini's_religious_beliefs dbpedia:Benito_Musellini dbpedia:Benito_Musillini dbpedia:Benito_Moosollini dbpedia:Benito_Moosellini dbpedia:Benito_Moosillini dbpedia:Mooselini dbpedia:Moosolini dbpedia:Moosilini dbpedia:Musselini dbpedia:Mussilini dbpedia:Mussollini dbpedia:Mussellini dbpedia:Mussillini dbpedia:Musilini dbpedia:Musellini dbpedia:Musillini dbpedia:Moosollini dbpedia:Moosellini dbpedia:Moosillini dbpedia:Benito_Mooselini dbpedia:Benito_Moosolini dbpedia:Benito_Moosilini dbpedia:Benito_Musselini dbpedia:Benito_Muselini dbpedia:Benito_Musilini dbpedia:Benito_Mussellini dbpedia:Benito_Mussillini dbpedia:Benito_Musollini
is dbpprop:after of	dbpedia:Paolino_Taddei dbpedia:Galeazzo_Ciano dbpedia:Dino_Grandi dbpedia:Luigi_Facta
is dbpprop:afterElection of	dbpedia:Italian_general_election,_1929 dbpedia:Italian_general_election,_1934 dbpedia:Italian_general_election,_1924
is dbpprop:allegiance of	dbpedia:Esercito_Nazionale_Repubblicano
is dbpprop:before of	dbpedia:Galeazzo_Ciano dbpedia:Pietro_Badoglio dbpedia:Dino_Grandi
is dbpprop:beforeElection of	dbpedia:Italian_general_election,_1929 dbpedia:Italian_general_election,_1934 dbpedia:Italian_general_election,_1924
is dbpprop:deputy of	dbpedia:Kingdom_of_Italy dbpedia:Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861–1946)
is dbpprop:father of	dbpedia:Edda_Mussolini
is dbpprop:firstOfficeholder of	dbpedia:Duce
is dbpprop:influenced of	dbpedia:Giovanni_Gentile dbpedia:Gabriele_d'Annunzio
is dbpprop:influences of	dbpedia:Antun_Saadeh
is dbpprop:lastOfficeholder of	dbpedia:Duce
is dbpprop:leader of	dbpedia:Italian_Social_Republic dbpedia:Italian_general_election,_1929 dbpedia:Italian_general_election,_1934 dbpedia:Italian_general_election,_1924
is dbpprop:leader1Name of	dbpedia:Republican_Fascist_Party dbpedia:National_Fascist_Party dbpedia:Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento dbpedia:Fasci_d'Azione_Rivoluzionaria dbpedia:Fasci_d'Azione_Rivoluzionaria dbpedia:National_Bloc_(Italy,_1921)
is dbpprop:minister1Name of	dbpedia:Blackshirts dbpedia:National_Republican_Guard_(Italy) dbpedia:Hidden@546860
is dbpprop:notableCommanders of	dbpedia:Esercito_Nazionale_Repubblicano dbpedia:Royal_Italian_Army dbpedia:Royal_Italian_Army_(1940–1946)
is dbpprop:predecessor of	dbpedia:Pietro_Badoglio
is dbpprop:primeminister of	dbpedia:Alfredo_Rocco dbpedia:Dino_Grandi
is dbpprop:relations of	dbpedia:Alessandra_Mussolini
is dbpprop:starring of	dbpedia:Ways_to_Strength_and_Beauty
is dbpprop:successor of	dbpedia:Luigi_Facta
is owl:sameAs of	http://data.nytimes.com/N57512346019240163413 yago-res:Benito Mussolini
is foaf:primaryTopic of	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini