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- The Battle of Covadonga was the first major victory by a Christian military force in Iberia following the Muslim Moors' conquest of that region in 711. Taking place about a decade later, most likely in the summer of 722, the victory at Covadonga assured the survival of a Christian stronghold in northern Iberia, and today is regarded as the beginning of the Reconquista. From the perspective of the following seven centuries, this view of the battle has some validity - since the battle assured the independence of the Kingdom of Asturias, and it is that kingdom which eventually became the nucleus of new Christian rule over the entire peninsula. There is no reason to assume, however, that contemporaries (either Christian or Muslim) regarded it as anything more than part of local rebellion in a marginal area. In evaluating the battle, care must be taken to distinguish the actual historical facts from the meanings read into it and the myths created around it by later Spanish and Portuguese generations. According to texts written by Mozarabs in northern Iberia during the ninth century, noble Visigoths, in 718 AD, elected a man named Pelayo (681-737) as their leader. Pelayo, a son of Favila, who had been a dignitary at the court of the Visigoth King Egica, (687-700), established his headquarters at Cangas de Onís, Asturias and incited an uprising against the Umayyad Muslims. From the beginning of the Muslim invasion of Iberia, refugees and combatants from the south of the peninsula had been moving north to avoid Islamic authority. Some had taken refuge in the remote mountains of Asturias in the northwestern part of the Iberian peninsula. There, from among the dispossessed of the south, Pelayo recruited his band of fighters. His first acts were to refuse to pay tribute to the Moors any longer and to assault the small Berber garrisons that had been stationed in the area. Eventually, he managed to expel a provincial governor named Munuza from Asturias. He held the territory against a number of attempts to re-establish Muslim control, and soon founded the Kingdom of Asturias, which became a Christian stronghold against further Muslim expansion. For the first few years, this rebellion posed no economic or strategic threat to the new masters of Iberia, whose seat of power had been established at Cordoba. Consequently, there was only a quite perfunctory reaction. Pelayo was not always able to keep the Muslims out of Asturias, but neither could they defeat him, and as soon as the Muslims left, he would always re-establish control. Islamic forces were focused on raiding Narbonne and Gaul, and there was a shortage of manpower for putting down an inconsequential, albeit irritating, insurrection in the mountains. Pelayo never attempted to force the issue, and it was a Moorish defeat elsewhere that probably set the stage for the Battle of Covadonga. On July 9, 721, a Muslim force that had crossed the Pyrenees and invaded the Kingdom of the Franks was defeated by them in the Battle of Toulouse, in present-day France. This was the first serious setback in the Muslim campaign in southwestern Europe. Reluctant to return to Cordoba with such unalloyed bad news, the Ummayad Wāli, Anbasa ibn Suhaym Al-Kalbi, decided that putting down the rebellion in Asturias on his way home would afford his troops an easy victory and raise their flagging morale. In 722, forces commanded by the Berbers Al-Kama and Munuza, accompanied by Bishop Oppas of Seville, brother of the former Visigothic King Witiza, were sent to Asturias. As Al-Kama overran much of the region, Oppas attempted to broker the surrender of his fellow Christians, but he failed in the effort. Pelayo and his force retreated deep into the mountains of Asturias, eventually retiring into a narrow valley flanked by mountains, which was easily defensible due to the impossibility of launching a broad-fronted attack. Pelayo may have had as few as three hundred men with him. Alqama eventually arrived at Covadonga, and sent forward an envoy to convince Pelayo to surrender. He refused, so Alqama ordered his best troops into the valley to fight. The Asturians opened fire from the slopes of the mountains, and then, at the climactic moment, Pelayo personally led some of his soldiers out into the valley. They had been hiding in a cave, unseen by the Moors. The Christian accounts of the battle claim that the slaughter among the Moors was horrific, while Moorish accounts describe it as a mere skirmish. Alqama himself fell in the battle, and his soldiers fled from the battlefield. In the aftermath of Pelayo's victory, the people of the conquered villages of Asturias now emerged with their weapons, and killed hundreds of Alqama's fleeing troops. Munuza, learning of the defeat, organized another force, and gathered what was left of the survivors of Covadonga. At some later date, he confronted Pelayo and his now greatly-augmented force, near the modern town of Proaza. Again Pelayo won, and Munuza was killed in the fighting. And although the Muslims in their own histories called Pelayo and his men "thirty Infidels left, what can they do", they never again seriously challenged the independence of the Kingdom of Asturias. Legend claims that Munuza fell in love with Pelayo's sister, Ormesinda, and kidnapped her. Supposedly, on her wedding day with Munuza, she took poison and died.
- Die Schlacht von Covadonga fand bei der Felsenhöhle von Covadonga in Asturien statt. Dort besiegten im Jahre 722 (oder 718) Asturer unter Führung von Pelayo eine maurische Streitmacht. Dieser erste militärische Erfolg der Christen nach der muslimischen Eroberung der Iberischen Halbinsel gilt traditionell als Beginn der christlichen Rückeroberung. In der modernen Forschung wird die Historizität des auch in muslimischen Quellen erwähnten Kampfes, der möglicherweise eher ein Gefecht als eine Schlacht war, nicht bezweifelt. Die stark übertriebene Darstellung seiner Bedeutung in der christlichen Geschichtsschreibung („Covadonga-Mythos“) wird jedoch als unglaubwürdig zurückgewiesen.
- La batalla de Covadonga, tot i no tenir cap transcendència militar, però es considera l'inici de l'anomenada Reconquesta.
- La batalla de Covadonga tuvo lugar en 722 en Covadonga, un paraje próximo a Cangas de Onís, entre el ejército de Don Pelayo y tropas musulmanas, que resultaron derrotadas. Esta acción bélica se considera como el arranque de la Reconquista. Gobernaba el norte peninsular desde León un bereber llamado Munuza, cuya autoridad fue desafiada por los dirigentes astures que, reunidos en Cangas de Onís en 718 bajo el liderazgo de Pelayo, tomaron la decisión de rebelarse negándose a pagar impuestos exigidos, el jaray y el yizia. Tras algunas acciones de castigo a cargo de tropas árabes locales, Munuza solicitó la intervención de refuerzos desde Córdoba. Aunque se restó importancia a lo que estaba sucediendo en el extremo ibérico, el emir Ambasa envió al mando de Al Qama un cuerpo expedicionario sarraceno que probablemente en ningún caso alcanzaría la cifra de 180.000 hombres dada por las crónicas cristianas. En cuanto a las fuerzas de Pelayo, la historiografía reciente las cuantifica en poco más de 300 combatientes. Con ellas esperó a los musulmanes en un lugar estratégico, como el angosto valle de Cangas de los Picos de Europa cuyo fondo cierra el monte Covadonga, donde un atacante ordenado no dispone de espacio para maniobrar y pierde la eficacia que el número y la organización podrían otorgarle. Allí, en 722, se produjo el enfrentamiento, cuya dimensión se desconoce y que pudo tratarse de una batalla o una simple escaramuza. La cuestión es que las tropas sarracenas fueron diezmadas, obligando a Munuza a escapar de Gijón, donde se hallaba en ese momento. No logró huir el gobernador musulmán dado que él y sus tropas encontraron la muerte. Un centenar de hombres comandados por Pelayo habían ocupado la célebre cueva de Covadonga, atacando desde allí a las desconcertadas tropas moras. Al Qama halló la muerte en este lance, mientras que sus fuerzas sufrieron grandes pérdidas en su desordenada huida, al caer sobre ellos una ladera debido a un desprendimiento de tierras, probablemente provocado, cerca de Cosgaya en Cantabria. Esta victoria permitió que el reino no volviese a ser atacado por fuerzas musulmanas. La batalla de Covadonga supuso la primera victoria de un contingente rebelde contra la dominación musulmana en la Península Ibérica. Tuvo una amplia difusión en la historiografía posterior como detonante del establecimiento de una insurrección organizada que desembocaría en la fundación, en primera instancia, del reino independiente de Asturias, y de otros reinos cristianos que en última instancia culminaría con la formación del Reino de España
- Traditionnellement, la bataille de Covadonga marque le début de la « Reconquista » de l'Espagne par les rois chrétiens. Ayant eu lieu à une époque reculée, il est difficile de faire la part du vrai, de l'inventé et de l'enjolivé dans les différentes versions.
- La battaglia di Covadonga fu la prima grande vittoria dei Cristiani, guidati da Don Pelayo, sulla penisola iberica dopo la conquista della Spagna da parte dei Mori nel 711: essa segnò l'inizio della Reconquista spagnola. Ebbe luogo nell'estate del 722, a Covadonga, nei paraggi di Cangas de Onís, e consentì la sopravvivenza di una roccaforte cristiana nel nord della Spagna. Questa vicenda bellica fu consegnata alla leggenda dai cronisti Mozarabi della fine del IX secolo: le testimonianze, però, si intrecciano con le credenze religiose che attribuiscono la vittoria all'intervento della Vergine Maria, circostanza che dà alle cronache una meno provata attendibilità. Altrettanto provata è l'attendibilità delle testimonianze sulla discendenza dai principi visigoti di Pelayo, una versione che probabilmente punta a legittimare la monarchia asturiana come una prosecuzione di quella deposta dall'invasione musulmana. Ad ogni modo, secondo la leggenda, sette anni dopo la conquista musulmana della penisola iberica, gli asturiani, guidati da Pelayo, si riunirono nel 718 a Cangas de Onís e decisero di ribellarsi al governatore del distretto di León, un berbero chiamato Munuza, rifiutando di pagare le tasse. Ma la rivolta fallì, e Pelayo fu imprigionato e inviato a Cordova. Da qui tornò per una nuova rivolta, stavolta riuscita: vista l'importanza della situazione, l'emiro Ambasa inviò nella zona Al Qama (Alqama), un generale musulmano, con un contingente che secondo la leggenda sarebbe stato composto da 180.000 uomini. La stretta sulle Asturie, del resto, arrivò dopo una sconfitta: le forze dei Mori erano provate dalla battaglia che il 9 luglio li aveva visti sconfitti nella Battaglia di Tolosa, seguito al tentativo di varcare i Pirenei e invadere il regno dei Franchi.
- Tijdens de Slag bij Covadonga (in 722) behaalde een 'christelijk' leger een eerste overwinning op de Moren, nadat deze in 711 Iberië op de Visigoten hadden veroverd . Deze veldslag was belangrijk voor het voortbestaan van een onafhankelijke christelijke gemeenschap in Asturië en voor de latere geschiedenis van Spanje. Van hieruit werd immers de reconquista gelanceerd. Nadat hij, in 717, Munuza, de Moorse gouverneur van Noord-Iberië, had verslagen stichtte Don Pelayo, een Visigothisch edelman, het koninkrijk Asturië. Zijn koninkrijk kreeg vaste grond na de slag bij Covadonga waar hij erin slaagde de moslim-overmacht te verslaan. Een bondgenootschap met Peter van Cantabrië leidde later tot een samensmelten van Asturië met het hertogdom Cantabrië.
- Bitwa pod Covadongą miała miejsce w roku 722. W okolicy miejscowości Covadonga, w Królestwie Asturii, w roku 722 miała miejsce bitwa, a raczej potyczka, pomiędzy wojskami chrześcijańskimi a muzułmańskimi. W starciu tym około 300 Wizygotów pod wodzą Pelagiusza (Pelayo) pokonało liczniejsze siły arabskie (od 800 do 1500 ludzi) pod wodzą Alcamana. Według tradycji od tego momentu datuje się rekonkwista i współczesna Hiszpania.
- A Batalha de Covadonga foi a primeira grande vitória das forças militares Cristãs na Hispânia a seguir à invasão árabe em 711. Uma década depois, provavelmente no verão de 722, a vitória de Covadonga assegurou a sobrevivência da soberania Cristã no Norte da Península Ibérica, e é considerada por muitos autores como o ínicio da Reconquista. Sete anos depois da invasão árabe sobre Hispânia, Pelágio das Astúrias, um nobre descendente dos monarcas visigodos, conseguiu expulsar um governador provincial, Munuza, do distrito das Astúrias, no noroeste da Península. Conseguiu segurar o território contra inúmeras investidas dos árabes para o recuperar, e depressa estabeleceu o Reino das Astúrias, que viria a transformar-se na região cristã de soberania contra a expansão islâmica. Pelágio, embora incapaz de conter os Muçulmanos em muitas situações, sobrevivia e dinamizava o movimento para a Reconquista. Após a vitória de Pelágio, as populações das vilas asturianas emergiam com as suas armas, matando centenas de mouros. Munuza, reconhecendo a derrota, organizou outra força e reuniu os sobreviventes de Covadonga. Mais tarde, iria confrontar Pelágio e o seu exército, agora aumentado, perto de Proaza. Novamente Pelágio vence, e Munuza morre na batalha.
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