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- The Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) was an early electronic stored-program computer design produced by Alan Turing at the invitation of John Womersley, superintendent of the Mathematics Division of the National Physical Laboratory. The use of the word Engine was in homage to Charles Babbage and his Difference Engine and Analytical Engine. Turing's technical design Proposed Electronic Calculator was the product of his theoretical work in 1936 "On Computable Numbers" and his wartime experience at Bletchley Park where the Colossus computers had been successful in breaking German military codes. In his 1936 paper, Turing described his idea as a "universal computing machine", but it is now known as the Universal Turing machine. On 19 February, 1946 Turing presented a detailed paper to the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) Executive Committee, giving the first reasonably complete design of a stored-program computer. However, because of the strict and long-lasting secrecy around the Bletchley Park work, he was prohibited (because of the Official Secrets Act) from explaining that he knew that his ideas could be implemented in an electronic device. The better-known EDVAC design presented in the First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, by John von Neumann, who knew of Turing's theoretical work, received much publicity, despite its incomplete nature and questionable lack of attribution of the sources of some of the ideas. Turing's report on the ACE was written in late 1945 and included detailed logical circuit diagrams and a cost estimate of ₤11,200. He felt that speed and size of memory were crucial and he proposed a high-speed memory of what would today be called 25 KiB, accessed at a speed of 1 MHz. The ACE implemented subroutine calls, whereas the EDVAC did not, and what also set the ACE apart from the EDVAC was the use of Abbreviated Computer Instructions, an early form of programming language. Initially, it was planned that Tommy Flowers, the engineer at the Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill in north London, who had been responsible for building the Colossus computers should build the ACE, but because of the secrecy around his wartime achievements and the pressure of post-war work, this was not possible. Turing's colleagues at the NPL, not knowing about Colossus, thought that the engineering work to build a complete ACE was too ambitious, so the first version of the ACE that was built was the Pilot Model ACE, a smaller version of Turing's original design. The Pilot ACE had 1450 thermionic valves (vacuum tubes), and used mercury delay lines for its main memory. Each of the 12 delay lines could store 32 instructions or data words of 32 bits. This ran its first program on May 10, 1950, at which time it was the fastest computer in the world with a clock speed of 1MHz. A second implementation of the ACE design was the MOSAIC (Ministry of Supply Automatic Integrator and Computer). This was built by Allen Coombs and William Chandler of Dollis Hill who had worked with Tommy Flowers on building the ten Colossus computers. It was installed at the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) which soon became the Royal Radar Establishment (RRE) at Malvern and ran its first program in late 1952 or early 1953. It was used to calculate aircraft trajectories from radar data, but details of it are still secret. The principles of the ACE design were used in the Bendix Corporation's G-15 computer. The engineering design was done by Harry Huskey who had spent 1947 in the ACE section at the NPL. He later contributed to the hardware designs for the EDVAC. The first G-15 ran in 1954 and, as a relatively small single user machine, some consider it to be the first personal computer. The first production versions of the Pilot ACE, the English Electric DEUCE, of which 31 were sold, were delivered in the spring of 1955.
- L'Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) fu il primo computer elettronico sviluppato nel Regno Unito, fu progettato da Alan Turing nel 1946. Il 19 febbraio 1946 Turing presentò un documento al comitato esecutivo del National Physical Laboratory (NPL) dove delineava il primo progetto di un computer con programma caricabile. A differenza della maggior parte dei primi computer come l'EDVAC di John von Neumann il progetto di Turing era un progetto indipendente slegato da ogni organizzazione militare. Turing nel 1936 aveva pubblicato il progetto di una macchina universale, un'astrazione teorica di ogni computer, che è nota come macchina di Turing universale. Nel 1945 l'Università della Pennsylvania costruì il computer ENIAC, un progetto sviluppato da John Mauchley e J. Prosper Eckert. Il programma dell'ENIAC comunque era cablato nell'hardware e quindi non poteva essere modificato senza alterare la macchina. L'EDVAC a differenza dell'ENIAC poteva caricare un programma esternamente ma John von Neumann dichiarò di non aver letto il lavoro di Turing sulla macchina universale, in questo lavoro Turing parlava di un nastro perforato che veniva utilizzato per inserire il programma nel calcolatore. Il sistema ACE aveva parole di 48 bit, utilizzava come memoria delle linee di ritardo e conteneva circa 7000 valvole termoioniche, poche rispetto alle 17486 utilizzate dall'ENIAC. L'ENIAC utilizzava anche 70000 resistenze, 10000 capacità e aveva 5 milioni di giunzioni saldate quindi era molto più grande e molto soggetto a guasti. Il documento di Turing sull'ACE includeva diagrammi dettagliati sui circuiti logici e stimava il costo in 11200 sterline. L'ACE gestiva anche le subroutine a differenza dell'EDVAC, inoltre L'ACE gestiva un primitivo linguaggio di programmazione chiamato Abbreviated Computer Instructions. Per via di difficoltà tecniche la prima versione dell'ACE costruita fu il Pilot ACE, una versione ridotta del progetto ACE. La versione completa dell'ACE venne costruita verso al fine del 1950 e operò fino alla fine del 1957 quando divenuto troppo obsoleto venne dismesso.
- ACE（エース、Automatic Computing Engine）は、1946年にアラン・チューリングが設計したイギリスの初期のコンピュータである。 1946年2月19日、チューリングは国立物理学研究所(NPL)運営委員会に世界初のプログラム内蔵式コンピュータの完全な設計に関する論文を提出した。他の同時期のコンピュータと異なり ACEはチューリングが単独で設計したもので、EDVACに関するジョン・フォン・ノイマンの草稿の影響を受けていない。ただし、これに対して全く逆の解釈をとる者もいる。 チューリングは万能チューリングマシンを実現することを目指し、そのうえで人工知能を構築することを目標としていた。NPLの数学部門にはコンピュータを実際に製作する能力がなかったため、通信研究所(TRE)に製作を依頼した。しかし、TREは戦後の電話網の復興に忙しく、世論もACE開発には批判的であった。このためチューリングは1947年にNPLを去った。しかし、ACEは国家プロジェクトであったため中止することもできず、ジェームズ・H・ウィルキンソンがプロジェクトを引き継ぎ、ハリー・ハスキーがこれを補佐した。1950年にはプロトタイプの Pilot ACE が完成し、1957年にはようやく ACE が完成する。しかし、完成したときにはACEはすでに時代遅れとなっていた。
- ACE (сокр. от англ. Automatic Computing Engine, Автоматическая вычислительная машина) — первый компьютер разработанный в Великобритании. Выполнен по проекту Алана Тьюринга в 1946 году. 19 февраля 1946 года Тьюринг представил Исполнительному комитету Национальной физической лаборатории Великобритании первый завершённый проект компьютера с хранимой в памяти программой. В отличие от большинства более ранних проектов, он ничем не был похож на компьютер EDVAC. Это был полностью независимый проект, разработанный в одно время с EDVAC. ACE оперировал 48-битными словами памяти. Он использовал в качестве основной памяти линии задержки и содержал около 7000 вакуумных ламп. Время необходимое для выполнения операции умножения составляло около 448 микросекунд. В результате различных затруднений, первым в действительности построенным вариантом ACE был Pilot ACE, являвшийся уменьшенной версией изначального проекта Тьюринга. Полномасштабный вариант был сконструирован позже, в конце 1950-х годов и функционировал до конца 1957 года, но к тому времени уже устарел из-за использования линии задержки в качестве основной памяти.
- 自动计算机（ACE，Automatic Computing Engine）设计为一台早期的存储程序式电子计算机。 名称中使用“Engine”一词是为了向查尔斯·巴贝奇的差分机（Difference Engine）和分析机（Analytical Engine）致敬。它是艾伦·图灵应英国国家物理实验室（NPL）数学部的监督人约翰·沃默斯利（John Womersley）的邀请而设计的。
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