| dbpedia-owl:abstract
|
- Unter der Sammelbezeichnung Atlantische Kreolen wird eine ethnisch und kulturell wenig einheitliche Gruppe von sozial und räumlich mobilen, überwiegend afrikanischstämmigen Frauen und Männern verstanden, die vom 15. bis 19. Jahrhundert im Dienste europäischer Handelsgesellschaften den Atlantik bereisten und an den afrikanischen, europäischen und amerikanischen Küsten viele eigene Siedlungen und Handelsstützpunkte errichteten. Geprägt hat diesen Begriff der amerikanische Historiker Ira Berlin, der in seinen Arbeiten über die Sklaverei in den Vereinigten Staaten beschreibt, wie im 17. Jahrhundert unter der europäischen Kolonialherrschaft aus den Atlantischen Kreolen die ersten Generationen von Sklaven auf dem nordamerikanischen Festland rekrutiert wurden.
- Atlantic Creole is a term used in North America to describe some early slaves during the European colonization of the Americas. These slaves had cultural roots in Africa, Europe and sometimes the Caribbean. They were of mixed race, at first mostly with a European father and African mother. Some lived and worked in Europe or the Caribbean before coming (or being transported) to North America. Examples included John Punch and Emanuel Driggus (possibly derived from Rodriguez). There was an emergence in the Chesapeake Bay region in the 17th century of what historian Ira Berlin (1998) called "Atlantic Creoles". He identified such people arising first on the west coast of Africa and of mixed parentage, born where European and African peoples came together - at trading ports, for instance. They grew up in multilingual environments and often worked as go-betweens for Africans and Europeans, or sailors, merchants and traders. Later some traveled to the Caribbean, North America, or Europe. Atlantic creoles were among the charter generation in the Chesapeake Colony. Through the first 50 years of settlement, lines were fluid between black and white workers; often both were indentured servants, and slaves were less set apart than they were later. Many relationships grew between white women and black men. The new generation of creoles were the children of freed slaves and indentured servants of European, West African, and Native American ancestry (and not just North American, but also Caribbean, Central and South American Indian) who were born in the colonies. When the mothers were free, the children were considered free, as slavery was matrilineal. These families with white mothers and African or African American fathers were the origins of most of the free people of color during the colonial period. According to Berlin, some of these "Atlantic Creoles" were culturally what today might be called "Latino" in the United States of America, bearing names such as Chavez, Rodriguez, and Francisco. Many of them intermarried with their English neighbors, adopted English surnames, became property owners and farmers, and owned slaves. The families became well-established, with numerous descendants by the time of the American Revolution. In 2007, Linda Heywood and John Thornton presented a different interpretation, arguing that the Iberian names derived from the fact that they were mostly enslaved in Kongo and Angola, African regions where Christianity and Iberian names were widely used. They argued that in fact, the large population of Angola, rather than the small communities around European trading posts, were the ultimate source of most early Atlantic Creoles. In addition, they sought to demonstrate that the Dutch colonies in South America, the Caribbean and New York were also populated by enslaved Atlantic Creoles from Angola.
|
