Apportionment is the process of allocating political power among a set of principles (or defined constituencies). In most representative governments, political power has most recently been apportioned among constituencies based on population, but there is a long history of different approaches. The United States Constitution, however, apportions political power differently between its upper house, the Senate, and its lower house, the House of Representatives.

PropertyValue
dbpprop:abstract
  • Apportionment is the process of allocating political power among a set of principles (or defined constituencies). In most representative governments, political power has most recently been apportioned among constituencies based on population, but there is a long history of different approaches. The United States Constitution, however, apportions political power differently between its upper house, the Senate, and its lower house, the House of Representatives. Within the Senate, each state is represented by two seats, the result of compromise when the constitution was written. Seats in the US House of Representatives (the House) are apportioned among the states based on the relative population of each state in the total population of the union. The states then create districts from which representatives will be elected to serve in the US House of Representatives. The ideal is that each district would have an equal amount of population. States can lose or gain seats at each decennial census. Districts must be redrawn within each state after each census to reflect population changes. Apportionment is also applied in party-list proportional representation elections to distribute seats between different parties once they've won a particular percentage of the vote. Current philosophy is that each person's vote should carry the same weight in legislative bodies that are derived from population. There are many different mathematical schemes for calculating apportionment, which can produce different results in terms of seats for the relevant party or sector. Additionally, all methods are subject to one or more anomalies. With the Hamilton method, party A with vote total P(A) is entitled to its mth seat before party B with vote total P(B) is entitled to its nth seat if and only if P(A)/Q-m > P(B)/Q-n, where Q is a fixed amount called a quota. A popular alternative is a family of methods where the condition can be represented as P(A)/f(m-1) > P(B)/f(n-1) where f(x) is a function that, for practical applications, yields a number between x and x+1. Five choices for f(x) have received support over the years : f(x)=x (the Adams method or method of smallest divisors) f(x) set to the harmonic mean of x and x+1 f(x) set to the geometric mean of x and x+1 (the Huntington-Hill method or method of equal proportions) f(x) set to the arithmetic mean of x and x+1 (the Webster method or method of major fractions) f(x)=x+1 (the Jefferson method or method of greatest divisors)
  • Sitzzuteilungsverfahren sind Methoden der proportionalen Repräsentation, wie sie bei der Verhältniswahl benötigt werden, um Wählerstimmen in Abgeordnetensitze umzurechnen. Nach dem Ende der Stimmenauszählung bestimmt das Sitzzuteilungsverfahren die Umrechnung der Stimmenzahlen in Abgeordnetensitze. Die Quoten der Parteien, also ihre Stimmenzahlen mal Gesamtmandatszahl geteilt durch Gesamtstimmenzahl, sind meistens keine ganzen Zahlen. Da keine Bruchteile von Abgeordnetensitzen vergeben werden können, bedarf es eines Sitzzuteilungsverfahrens als einer Regel, nach der aus den Stimmenanteilen der Parteien Sitzanzahlen als ganze Zahlen errechnet werden. Jede Regel erzeugt eine andere Art der Fehlerminimierung. Welche man als die beste betrachten kann, ist abhängig von den zu Grunde gelegten Gütekriterien für die Sitzzuteilung.
dbpprop:date
  • March 2008
  • November 2008
dbpprop:hasPhotoCollection
dbpprop:reference
dbpprop:wikiPageUsesTemplate
rdfs:comment
  • Apportionment is the process of allocating political power among a set of principles (or defined constituencies). In most representative governments, political power has most recently been apportioned among constituencies based on population, but there is a long history of different approaches. The United States Constitution, however, apportions political power differently between its upper house, the Senate, and its lower house, the House of Representatives.
  • Sitzzuteilungsverfahren sind Methoden der proportionalen Repräsentation, wie sie bei der Verhältniswahl benötigt werden, um Wählerstimmen in Abgeordnetensitze umzurechnen. Nach dem Ende der Stimmenauszählung bestimmt das Sitzzuteilungsverfahren die Umrechnung der Stimmenzahlen in Abgeordnetensitze. Die Quoten der Parteien, also ihre Stimmenzahlen mal Gesamtmandatszahl geteilt durch Gesamtstimmenzahl, sind meistens keine ganzen Zahlen.
rdfs:label
  • Apportionment (politics)
  • Sitzzuteilungsverfahren
owl:sameAs
skos:subject
foaf:page
is dbpprop:redirect of