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- Anna Botsford Comstock, was a US artist, educator, conservationist, and a leader of the nature study movement, born in Otto, New York, to Marvin and Phebe Irish Botsford. Comstock grew up on her parents' farm, where she and her Quaker mother spent time together examining the wildflowers, birds, and trees. Comstock attended the Chamberlain Institute and Female College, a Methodist school in Randolph, New York, then she returned to Otto and taught for a year. In 1874, Comstock entered Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, but she left after two years. In 1878, at the age of 24, she married John Henry Comstock, a young entomologist on the Cornell faculty who got her interested in insect illustration. Throughout her life, Comstock illustrated her husband's lectures and publications on insects. She had no formal training in this illustration; she would study an insect under a microscope then draw it. While her husband was chief entomologist in the U.S. Department of Agriculture from 1879 to 1881, she prepared the drawings for his 1880 Report of the Entomologist on citrus scale insects. She then reentered Cornell and received a degree in natural history in 1885. Then she studied wood engraving at Cooper Union, New York City, so she could prepare illustrations for her husband's book Introduction to Entomology in 1888. Also in 1888, she was one of the first four women admitted to Sigma Xi, a national honor society for the sciences. Comstock made engravings for the more than 600 plates Manual for the Study of Insects (1895), Insect Life (1897), and How to Know the Butterflies (1904), the first written by her husband and the latter two co-authored by them. Her engravings were also featured in exhibits and won several prizes. She both wrote and illustrated several books, including Ways of the Six-Footed (1903), How to Keep Bees (1905), The Handbook of Nature Study (1911), The Pet Book (1914), and Trees at Leisure (1916). She also wrote the novel Confessions to a Heathen Idol (1906). Liberty Hyde Bailey and her husband told her they expected The Handbook of Nature Study to lose money, but it became a standard textbook for teachers and was later translated into eight languages, with over twenty printings. Comstock is most famous for being one of the first to bring her students and other teachers out-of-doors to study nature. In 1895, Comstock was appointed to the New York State Committee for the Promotion of Agriculture. In this position, she planned and implemented an experimental course of nature study for the public schools. The program was approved for statewide use through the extension service of Cornell. She then wrote and spoke on behalf of the program, helped train teachers, and prepared classroom materials. Starting in 1897, she taught nature study at Cornell. Comstock was the first female professor at Cornell. However, she was denied full professorship for twenty years until 1920. (In 1911, Martha Van Rennsalaer and Flora Rose became the first women with full professorship at Cornell. ) Comstock edited Nature-Study Review from 1917 to 1923), and she was on the staff of Country Life in America. Anna Botsford's autobiography was published in 1953 by Comstock Publishing Associates (Ithaca, NY), titled "The Comstocks of Cornell: John Henry Comstock and Anna Botsford Comstock". In 1922, Comstock retired from Cornell as professor emerita but continued to teach in the summer session. In 1923, she and Martha Van Rensselaer were nominated by the National League of Women Voters as being among the twelve greatest women in the country. Comstock died in Ithaca, New York in 1930. In 1988, she was inducted into the National Wildlife Federation Conservation Hall of Fame.
- Anna Botsford Comstock est une entomologiste, une illustratrice et une pédagogue américaine, née le 1 septembre 1854 dans le Comté de Cattaraugus dans l'État de New York et morte le 24 août 1930 à Ithaca. Elle est la fille unique d’une famille de fermiers Quaker. Elle étudie à l’université de Cornell de 1847 à 1876. Elle se marie avec son professeur d’entomologie, John Henry Comstock (1849-1931) en 1878. Lorsque son mari prend la direction du département d'entomologie du ministère de l’agriculture, elle commence à y travailler bénévolement avant d’y être appointée. À la fin des années 1880, elle étudie la gravure auprès de John P. Davis de la Cooper Union et sera la première femme à être acceptée au sein de l’American society of Wood Engravers. Elle illustre les cours et les ouvrages de son mari, son nom apparaissant parfois à ses côtés. Elle œuvre notamment sur le Manual for the Study of Insects et Insect Life. Elle travaille également pour d’autres enseignants de Cornell comme Liberty Hyde Bailey (1858-1954). Elle obtient son Bachelor of Sciences en 1885 avec une thèse intitulée The Fine Anatomy of the Interior of the Larva of Corydalus cornutus. Elle est la première femme à être nommée professeur-assistant à Cornell en 1898 mais suite à la protestation du comité directeur, son titre est ramené à celui de simple conférencière. Elle ne retrouve son titre qu’en 1913 avant d’être nommée professeur en 1920, deux ans avant son départ en retraite. Anna Comstock travaille à la popularisation de l’étude de la nature directement sur le terrain et non simplement à travers les livres et milite pour une approche mêlant poésie et rigueur scientifique; sa devise "Par les livres jusqu'à la nature", par opposition à la maxime "La nature, pas les livres" de Louis Agassiz, souligne la démarche hypothético-déductive de sa méthode. Elle participe activement à la revue Nature Study Review de 1905 à 1923, qu’elle dirige après 1917. Contre l’avis de son mari et de son collègue L.H. Bailey, elle fait paraître un manuel, Handbook of Nature Study, en 1911, qui est réédité 24 fois jusqu’en 1939. En 1913, elle fait paraître un guide sur l’élevage des animaux domestiques, Pet Book. Son mari atteint d’une hémorragie cérébrale le 6 août 1926 l’oblige à interrompre l'ensemble de ses activités. Elle-même souffre d’une sévère maladie du cœur.
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- Anna Botsford Comstock, was a US artist, educator, conservationist, and a leader of the nature study movement, born in Otto, New York, to Marvin and Phebe Irish Botsford. Comstock grew up on her parents' farm, where she and her Quaker mother spent time together examining the wildflowers, birds, and trees. Comstock attended the Chamberlain Institute and Female College, a Methodist school in Randolph, New York, then she returned to Otto and taught for a year.
- Anna Botsford Comstock est une entomologiste, une illustratrice et une pédagogue américaine, née le 1 septembre 1854 dans le Comté de Cattaraugus dans l'État de New York et morte le 24 août 1930 à Ithaca. Elle est la fille unique d’une famille de fermiers Quaker. Elle étudie à l’université de Cornell de 1847 à 1876. Elle se marie avec son professeur d’entomologie, John Henry Comstock (1849-1931) en 1878.
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