Ancient North Arabian is a language known from fragmentary inscriptions in Iraq, Jordan, Syria and Saudi Arabia, dating to between roughly the 6th century BC and the 6th century AD, all written in scripts derived from Epigraphic South Arabian. Preclassical Arabic (or Old Arabic), the predecessor of Classical Arabic, seems to have coexisted with these languages in central and north Arabia.

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  • Ancient North Arabian is a language known from fragmentary inscriptions in Iraq, Jordan, Syria and Saudi Arabia, dating to between roughly the 6th century BC and the 6th century AD, all written in scripts derived from Epigraphic South Arabian. Preclassical Arabic (or Old Arabic), the predecessor of Classical Arabic, seems to have coexisted with these languages in central and north Arabia. However, it remained spoken until it was first attested in an inscription in Qaryat Al-Faw (Qaryat Dhat Kahil) in the 1st century BC . Ancient North Arabian includes a number of closely related extinct dialects of pre-Islamic Arabia, summarized as Ancient or Old North Arabian, including: Safaitic Dedanitic/Lihyanitic (Dedanite/Lihyanite) Thamudic Hasaitic Hismaic Taymanitic Dumaitic The main characteristic differences between Classical Arabic and Ancient North Arabian: The definite article is h-/hn- (or zero) in Ancient North Arabian and al- in CA. However, the oldest evidence of both articles occurs in the 5th century BC, in the epithet of a goddess which Herodotus quotes in its preclassical Arabic form as ʼal-ʼilat, and which occurs in its Ancient North Arabian form as hn-ʼlt in a number of Aramaic inscriptions. Both mean "the goddess". Verb morphology differences regarding weak roots and roots with a doubled consonant. Ancient North Arabian banaya becomes banā in CA, and bayata becomes bāta and ʼaẓlala becomes ʼaẓalla. In Dedanite, verb stem IV can occur in the form hafʻal(a) (perfect) and yuhafʻil(u) (imperfect). Dedanite also uses the Classical form of verb stem IV (ʼafʻala and yufʻilu). As in Classical Arabic, the common word order in Ancient North Arabian is VSO, but most Dedanite inscriptions show a SVO order. Most Ancient North Arabian languages have 28 consonantal phonemes (similar to CA). There are, however, some variations in the "s" sibilants among Ancient North Arabian languages and Classical Arabic. Taymanite has only 27 phonemes (lacks the ظ "ẓ" phoneme). Nasal assimilation of the vowelless "n" occurs in some Ancient North Arabian languages: ʼintaẓar "wait" becomes ʼittaẓar, and bnt "daughter" becomes bt. (The same happens in Hebrew. ) Safaitic shows considerable alternations in roots between w and y, e.g. wrḫ which becomes yrḫ "month". (This change is also characteristic of Northwest Semitic languages). Safaitic and Hismaic show a -y where CA has -ā or -āʼ, such as CA samāʼ (which means heaven or sky) which occurs as smy. This y could also indicate a diphthong (ay). Compound (non-construct) names are more frequent in Ancient North Arabian, and occur in a manner similar to that found in Northwest Semitic names. For example: ʼl-rym (ʼil-riyām): which means "high ʼil" ʼl-ntn (ʼil-natan) ntn-ʼl (natan-ʼil): which means "ʼil has given"; equivalent of Nathaniel. ṣlm-nʻmt ṣlm-ntn yhyṯʻ-nʻmt (yuhayṯiʻ-niʻmat): which means "the one who assists niʻmat". yuhayṯiʻ being the imperfect aspect of Dedanite verb stem IV (root y-ṯ-ʻ). ḫršt-nʻmt (ḫaršat-niʻmat) mt-nʻmt (this name also occurs in Phoenician inscriptions) ʼil and niʻmat being deity names.
  • Das Frühnordarabische (auch Altnordarabisch) ist eine westsemitische Sprache, die in vorislamischer Zeit in weiten Gebieten Nord- und Zentralarabiens, in den heutigen Staaten Saudi-Arabien, Syrien und Jordanien, gesprochen wurde Sie ist nahe verwandt mit dem Arabischen, jedoch, anders als lange angenommen, nicht dessen Frühform
  • Северноаравийские языки (ранне-северноаравийский, древне-северноаравийский; Ancient / Old North Arabian) — группа близкородственных языков или диалектов, относящихся к аравийской группе семитских языков. Известны по кратким надписям из различных районов Северной и Центральной Аравии, на территории современных Саудовской Аравии, Сирии и Иордании. Древнейшие надписи относятся к VIII в. до н. э. Наиболее поздние — к VI в. н. э. Из всех семитских языков северноаравийские языки наиболее близки классическому арабскому, хотя и не являются его непосредственными предками. Известны следующие северноаравийские языки/наречия: Северноаравийский оазисов (Oasennordarabisch): Саудовская Аравия, Сирия тайманский (Taymanitic) лихъянский (деданский; Dadanitic/Lihyanitic, Dedanite/Lihyanite) — по названию царства Лихъян в оазисе Дедан (совр. Эль-Ула на северо-западе Саудовской Аравии), VI—IV века до н. э. думайский (Dumaitic) диалект нескольких находок из Междуречья («халдейский») сафаитский (сафские; Safaitic) — граффити кочевников из области Эс-Сафа в Сирийской пустыне (Иордания, Сирия, север Саудовской Аравии), c I в. до н. э. или несколько раньше; хисмайский (Hismaic) — язык кочевников из пустыни Хисма (Иордания), ранее включали в самудский; самудский (Thamudic) — условно назван по древнему племени самудиев (θamūd-); надписи из различных оазисов западной и центральной части северной Аравии, с VI в. до н. э. , которые не удалось отнести к другим северноаравийским диалектам; хасаитский (Hasaitic) — несколько кратких надписей из области Эль-Хаса на северо-востоке Саудовской Аравии, с V в. до н. э.
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  • marginalized by Classical Arabic from the 7th century
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  • Afro-Asiatic
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  • xna
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  • Ancient North Arabian
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  • Ancient North Arabian is a language known from fragmentary inscriptions in Iraq, Jordan, Syria and Saudi Arabia, dating to between roughly the 6th century BC and the 6th century AD, all written in scripts derived from Epigraphic South Arabian. Preclassical Arabic (or Old Arabic), the predecessor of Classical Arabic, seems to have coexisted with these languages in central and north Arabia.
  • Das Frühnordarabische (auch Altnordarabisch) ist eine westsemitische Sprache, die in vorislamischer Zeit in weiten Gebieten Nord- und Zentralarabiens, in den heutigen Staaten Saudi-Arabien, Syrien und Jordanien, gesprochen wurde Sie ist nahe verwandt mit dem Arabischen, jedoch, anders als lange angenommen, nicht dessen Frühform
  • Северноаравийские языки (ранне-северноаравийский, древне-северноаравийский; Ancient / Old North Arabian) — группа близкородственных языков или диалектов, относящихся к аравийской группе семитских языков.
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  • Ancient North Arabian
  • Frühnordarabische Sprache
  • Северноаравийские языки
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  • Ancient North Arabian
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