| dbpprop:abstract
|
- American Horse (ca. 1820?-1876) was a minor headman of the Miniconjou Lakota during the Plains Indian wars of the last half of the nineteenth century. More commonly known as Iron Plume, he was probably present at the Battle of the Little Bighorn and was mortally wounded at the Battle of Slim Buttes. Following the native victory over General George Armstrong Custer at the Little Bighorn in June 1876, the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne moved eastward where by early fall, many were encamped in the area of the Little Missouri River. A small group of about forty lodges, including minor headmen such as Roman Nose, Red Horse and Iron Plume, separated from the main villages and moved near Slim Buttes, South Dakota, apparently intending to quietly slip in to the Cheyenne River Agency to surrender. Unfortunately, they were discovered by a party of troops under Captain Anson Mills, an advance party of General George Crook's column, and attacked. During the battle, Iron Plume, four warriors, and fifteen women were backed into a cave, but refused to surrender. During the shooting, Iron Plume was mortally wounded by a shot through his bowels. After the battle, he was treated by an army surgeon, but little could be done for him and he died later that night. Scout Frank Grouard identified the wounded man as American Horse, though later Lakota corrected his error, noting that the minor Indian headman was named Iron Plume. This has resulted in considerable confusion by later historians. Many have misidentified him as the Oglala American Horse and have even used portraits of him to represent Iron Plume. George Hyde, historian and author, incorrectly listed him as American Horse the elder, to distinguish him from the younger Oglala by the same name. Contrary to Hyde's writing, these two men were not related. he was an Indian chief.
- American Horse I war der Name eines Häuptlings der Minneconjou-Lakota. American Horse kämpfte zusammen mit Red Cloud, Crazy Horse und Sitting Bull gegen die Unterwerfung durch die Weißen. Am 1. August 1867 attackierte er mit etwa 500 Kriegern eine zum Einbringen von Heu aus dem Fort C. F. Smith ausgerückte Einheit der US-Armee. Obwohl die Weißen unvorbereitet waren, erlitt American Horse eine Niederlage. Seine Krieger wurden von der Feuerkraft der neuen, modernen Springfield-Hinterladergewehre der Weißen überrascht. Der Überfall ging als Kampf im Heufeld in die Geschichte ein. Am 19. März 1868 griff er zusammen mit Crazy Horse die Old Horseshoe Station am North Platte River an und vernichtete dort eine Patrouille der US-Infanterie fast vollständig. Etwas später gaben die Weißen ihre Interessen im Gebiet zwischen North Platte River und Yellowstone River vor den vereinten Lakota, Arapaho und Cheyenne im Vertrag von Fort Laramie vorläufig auf. Der Frieden dauerte nur wenige Jahre. Nach den Ereignissen um die Schlacht am Little Bighorn, an der auch American Horse teilgenommen hatte, griff am 9. September 1876 US-General George Crook das Tipi-Dorf von American Horse an, das bei Slim Buttes im US-Bundesstaat South Dakota errichtet worden war. American Horse wurde in einem Hagel von Schrotkugeln schwer verwundet, konnte aber noch selbst die Kapitulation vor Crook aussprechen und so einem Teil seiner Leute das Leben retten. Kurz darauf erlag American Horse jedoch seinen Verwundungen. Seine Bemühungen um ein gerechteres Los für seinen Stamm wurden von seinem Neffen, American Horse II, fortgeführt.
|
![[RDF Data]](/statics/sw-cube.png)
