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- In Roman Catholic Churches, an altar stone is a solid piece of natural stone, consecrated by a bishop. Before the Second Vatican Council, Mass could only lawfully be celebrated on a properly consecrated altar. This consecration was carried out by a bishop, and involved specially blessed "Gregorian Water" (water to which wine, salt, and ashes are added), annointings and ceremonies. The relics of at least two saints, at least one of which had to be a martyr, were inserted in a cavity in the altar which was then sealed, a practice that was meant to recall the use of martyrs' tombs as places of Eucharistic celebration during the persecutions of the Church in the first through third centuries. Also in the cavity were sealed documents relating to the altar's consecration. The tabletop of the altar, the "mensa," had to be of a single piece of natural stone (almost always marble). Its supports had to be attached to the mensa. If contact was later broken even only momentarily (for instance, if the top was lifted off for some reason), the altar lost its consecration. Every altar had to have a "title" or "titulus" in Latin. This could be The Holy Trinity or one of its Persons; a title or mystery of Christ's life; Mary in one of her titles (Mother of Christ; Our Lady of Good Counsel); or a canonized saint. The main altar of a church had to have the same title as the church itself (for instance, there are many "side altars" in St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York, but the "high altar" in the center is dedicated to St. Patrick). This reflected the idea that the altar was the key element, and the church was built to house it, as opposed to the church being built and simply supplied with an altar as part of its furniture. Obviously, these regulations would have made it impossible to celebrate Mass anywhere but inside of a Roman Catholic church. To provide for other circumstances—for chaplains of everything from military to Boy Scout units, for priests traveling alone, for missionaries, or for large outdoor celebrations of Mass on pilgrimages—portable altars, popularly called "altar stones," were used. These were usually blocks of marble, often about 6 inches by 9 inches and an inch thick, consecrated as described above. A priest with a field kit could simply place this stone on any available surface (a tailgate, or a stump or log) to celebrate Mass, or it could be inserted in a flat frame built into the surface of a wooden altar. Many Roman Catholic schools had a full-sized, decoratively carved wooden altar (which, being wood, could not be consecrated) in their gym or auditorium that could be taken out and prepared for Mass, with an altar stone placed in the "mensa" space. The privilege of using a portable altar was not automatically conferred on any priest. Cardinals and bishops normally had such rights under canon law, but other priests had to be given specific permission—this was, however, easily and widely obtained. Today, a consecrated altar is no longer necessary for the lawful celebration of Mass, so priests in the field or elsewhere may use any table. Chapels often have wooden altars today, which may be blessed (as opposed to consecrated). Parish churches and cathedrals should have a consecrated altar, however, still made of stone, though the ceremonies for the consecration are somewhat simplified. Side altars, once common in churches because priests could not normally concelebrate before Vatican II and so had to offer Mass individually, are now frowned upon. That an altar be built of stone goes back to the Bible. For example, Elijah built his altar of twelve stones: He took twelve stones, for the number of tribes of the sons of Jacob, to whom the LORD had said, "Your name shall be Israel. " He built an altar in honor of the LORD with the stones, and made a trench around the altar large enough for two seahs of grain.
- ファイル:Holy Table (Valaam, Kareliya). jpg ヴァラーム修道院の至聖所にある宝座（写真中央）。七燭台が後方に置かれ、さらに向こう側の壁際には奉献台が覆いを掛けられた状態で置かれている。 宝座（寶座、ほうざ, ギリシア語: Θρόνος もしくはΑγία Τράπεζα, ロシア語: Престол）とは、正教会の聖堂内の至聖所に設けられる祭壇。聖体礼儀の中心をなす台座であり、至聖所の中心に設けられる。聖堂の中心的存在として位置付けられる。形状が四角形であるのは、福音が世界の四方へ広がっていく事を象徴するとされる。 また、正教会では天使の一階級名でもある。 日本正教会訳聖書および日本正教会の祈祷書では旧字体である「寶座」が用いられているが、「宝座」の表記も同教会で用いられる。以下、本記事では一部を除き、「宝座」の表記を用いる。
- Mensa (budownictwo) - płyta z piaskowca lub marmuru oparta na nogach (stipes) lub bloku, skrzyni. Mensa jest podstawową częścią ołtarza. Na środku umieszczano kwadratowe zagłębienie przeznaczone na relikwie męczenników. Zobacz też: przegląd zagadnień z zakresu architektury.
- Файл:Holy Table (Valaam, Kareliya). jpg Престол Престо́л в православном храме — стол, находящийся в середине алтаря, освящённый архиереем для совершения на нём Евхаристии. В греческих Церквах именуется Αγία Τράπεζα — «Святая Трапеза».
- Менса, а також престол - плита з пісковика або ж мармуру оперта на ніжках чи блоку, скрині. Менса є однією з частин вівтаря. Посередині знаходиться невелике заглиблення - гріб, призначений для мощів мучеників.
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- In Roman Catholic Churches, an altar stone is a solid piece of natural stone, consecrated by a bishop. Before the Second Vatican Council, Mass could only lawfully be celebrated on a properly consecrated altar. This consecration was carried out by a bishop, and involved specially blessed "Gregorian Water" (water to which wine, salt, and ashes are added), annointings and ceremonies.
- ファイル:Holy Table (Valaam, Kareliya).
- Mensa (budownictwo) - płyta z piaskowca lub marmuru oparta na nogach (stipes) lub bloku, skrzyni. Mensa jest podstawową częścią ołtarza. Na środku umieszczano kwadratowe zagłębienie przeznaczone na relikwie męczenników. Zobacz też: przegląd zagadnień z zakresu architektury.
- Файл:Holy Table (Valaam, Kareliya). jpg Престол Престо́л в православном храме — стол, находящийся в середине алтаря, освящённый архиереем для совершения на нём Евхаристии. В греческих Церквах именуется Αγία Τράπεζα — «Святая Трапеза».
- Менса, а також престол - плита з пісковика або ж мармуру оперта на ніжках чи блоку, скрині. Менса є однією з частин вівтаря. Посередині знаходиться невелике заглиблення - гріб, призначений для мощів мучеників.
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