Allen Newell (March 19, 1927 - July 19, 1992) was a researcher in computer science and cognitive psychology at the RAND corporation and at Carnegie Mellon University’s School of Computer Science, Tepper School of Business, and Department of Psychology. He contributed to the Information Processing Language (1956) and two of the earliest AI programs, the Logic Theory Machine (1956) and the General Problem Solver (1957). He was awarded the ACM's A.M.

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  • Allen Newell (March 19, 1927 - July 19, 1992) was a researcher in computer science and cognitive psychology at the RAND corporation and at Carnegie Mellon University’s School of Computer Science, Tepper School of Business, and Department of Psychology. He contributed to the Information Processing Language (1956) and two of the earliest AI programs, the Logic Theory Machine (1956) and the General Problem Solver (1957). He was awarded the ACM's A.M. Turing Award along with Herbert Simon in 1975 for their basic contributions to artificial intelligence and the psychology of human cognition. Newell was a graduate student at Princeton University during 1949-1950 when he studied mathematics. Due to his early exposure to a new field known as game theory and the experiences from the study of mathematics, he was convinced that he would prefer "a combination of experimental and theoretical research to pure mathematics" (Simon). Soon after, he left Princeton and joined the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica where he worked for "a group that was studying logistics problems of the Air Force" (Simon). His work with Joseph Kruskal led to the creation of two theories: A Model for Organization Theory and Formulating Precise Concepts in Organization Theory. Newell eventually earned his PhD from the now Tepper School of Business at Carnegie Mellon with Herbert Simon serving as his advisor. Afterwards, Newell "turned to the design and conduct of laboratory experiments on decision making in small groups" (Simon). He was dissatisfied, however, with the accuracy and validity of their findings produced from small-scale laboratory experiments. He joined with fellow RAND teammates John Kennedy, Bob Chapman, and Bill Biel at an Air Force Early Warning Station to study organizational processes in flight crews. They received funding from the Air Force in 1952 to build a simulator that would enable them to examine and analyze the interactions in the cockpit related to decision-making and information-handling. From these studies, Newell came to believe that information processing is the central activity in organizations. In September of 1954, Newell enrolled in a seminar where Oliver Selfridge "described a running computer program that learned to recognize letters and other patterns" (Simon). This was when Allen came to believe that systems may be created and contain intelligence and have the ability to adapt. With this in mind, Allen, after a couple months, wrote in 1955 The Chess Machine: An Example of Dealing with a Complex Task by Adaptation, which "outlined an imaginative design for a computer program to play chess in humanoid fashion" (Simon). His work came to the attention of economist (and future nobel laureate) Herbert Simon, and, together with programmer J. C. Shaw, they developed the first true artificial intelligence program, the Logic Theorist. Newell's work on the program laid the foundations of the field. His inventions included: list processing, the most important programming paradigm used by AI ever since; the application of means-ends analysis to general reasoning (or "reasoning as search"); and the use of heuristics to limit the search space. They presented the program at the Dartmouth conference of 1956, an informal gathering of researchers who were interested in simulating intelligence with machines. The conference, now widely considered the "birth of artificial intelligence", was enormously influential and those who attended became the leaders of AI research for the next two decades, Newell included. Newell and Simon formed a lasting partnership. They founded an artificial intelligence laboratory at Carnegie Mellon University and produced a series of important programs and theoretical insights throughout the late fifties and sixties. This work included the General Problem Solver, a highly influential implementation of means-ends analysis, and the physical symbol systems hypothesis, the controversial philosophical assertion that all intelligent behavior could be reduced the kind of symbol manipulation that Newell's programs demonstrated. Newell's work culminated in the development of a cognitive architecture known as Soar and his unified theory of cognition, published in 1990.
  • Allen Newell war ein US-amerikanischer Informatiker und Kognitionspsychologe. Newell gilt als einer der Väter der künstlichen Intelligenz und der Kognitionswissenschaft. Newell studierte Physik an der Stanford-Universität und Mathematik in Princeton. Von 1950 bis 1961 arbeitete er für den "think-tank" RAND Corporation. Inspiriert durch die Entwicklung der Computertechnik und die Formulierung der Kybernetik durch Norbert Wiener, begann er jedoch bald, sich für das maschinelle Problemlösen zu interessieren. Mit Herbert Simon zusammen entwickelte er einige der frühsten Programme der künstlichen Intelligenz. Newell war Professor an der Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. Er wurde 1975 zusammen mit Herbert Simon mit dem Turing-Preis ausgezeichnet. 1992 starb er an Krebs.
  • Allen Newell, né le 19 mars 1927, mort le 19 juillet 1992, était un chercheur en informatique et psychologie cognitive à la compagnie RAND et à la Carnegie-Mellon’s School of Computer Science. Il a contribué à the Information Processing Language (1956) et à deux des premiers programmes en IA, the Logic Theory Machine (1956) et le General Problem Solver (1957). SOAR est une tentative de réaliser quelques-unes des considérations de Newell qui désirait une théorie unifiée de la connaissance, baptisée, “You can’t play twenty questions with nature and win,”. Il existe d'autres architectures cognitives du même genre, notamment celle du psychologue cognitiviste John R. Anderson, la théorie ACT-R, laquelle est devenue une théorie unifiée populaire, utilisée aujourd'hui avec succès par les scientifiques cognitifs pour modéliser le comportement humain dans un large champs d'activités. Il remporta le Turing Award de l'ACM avec Herbert Simon en 1975 pour leurs efforts collectifs sur plus de 20 ans, initialement en collaboration avec J. C. Shaw et la compagnie RAND, puis après avec de nombreux collègues et étudiants de l'université Carnegie-Mellon, pour leurs contributions à la base de l'intelligence artificielle, la psychologie de la pensée (cognition), et la manipulation des listes.
  • アレン・ニューウェル（Allen Newell、1927年3月19日 - 1992年7月19日）は、初期の人工知能研究の研究者。情報工学および認知心理学の研究者であり、ランド研究所やカーネギーメロン大学の情報工学科に勤務した。アメリカのカリフォルニア州出身。スタンフォード大学卒。
  • Allen Newell - specjalista w dziedzinie nauk komputerowych i psychologii poznawczej w korporacji RAND. Wniósł wkład w rozwój Information Processing Language i dwóch wczesnych programów sztucznej inteligencji, Logic Theory Machine (1956) i General Problem Solver. Dążenie Newella do stworzenia zunifikowanej teorii poznania zostało zrealizowane, przynajmniej w dużej mierze, przez jego kolegów. W szczególności teoria ACT Johna Andersona stała się popularną, zunifikowaną platformą, pomyślnie eksplorowaną przez naukowców zajmujących się zagadnieniami poznania do symulowania ludzkiego zachowania w szerokim zakresie zadań. Newell był jednym z 10 uczestników spotkania w Dartmouth w 1956 roku, o którym mówi się, że zapoczątkowało nowy dział badań - sztuczną inteligencję (nazwa zaproponowana wcześniej przez Johna McCarthy'ego została oficjalnie zaakceptowana podczas tego spotkania). Newell wraz z Herbertem Simonem zdominowali owo spotkanie przedstawiając Logic Theory Machine. Newell jest laureatem Nagrody Turinga, którą otrzymał wraz z Herbertem Simonem w 1975 r. za dwudziestoletnie badania nad sztuczną inteligencją i psychologią ludzkiego poznania, które prowadził głównie na Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), w Pittsburghu. W uznaniu jego zasług, CMU nazwał jego imieniem jeden z budynków.
  • Allen Newell foi um pesquisador da Ciência da computação e psicólogo cognitivo estado-unidense. Newell é considerado um dos pais da Inteligência artificial e da Ciência cognitiva. Allen Newell fez o curso universitário de Física na Universidade de Stanford em 1949, e a sua pós-graduação em Matemática na Universidade de Princeton. Foi doutorado em Administração Industrial pelo Instituto Tecnológico da Carnegie Mellon University e tornou-se investigador científico na Rand Corporation entre 1950 e 1961, onde conheceu Herbert Simon.
  • Allen Newell a fost un cercetător american în domeniul informaticii şi ştiinţelor cognitive care a lucrat pentru corporaţia RAND şi pentru catedra de informatică de la Universitatea Carnegie Mellon. A contribuit la proiectul Information Processing Language (1956) şi la două dintre primele programe de inteligenţă artificială, Logic Theorist (1956) şi Rezolvitorul General de Probleme (1957). A primit din partea ACM Premiul A.M. Turing împreună cu Herbert Simon în 1975 pentru contribuţiile lor deschizătoare de drumuri în inteligenţa artificială şi în psihologia proceselor cognitive umane.
  • Аллен Ньюэлл — американский учёный в области когнитивной психологии и искусственного интеллекта.
  • 艾伦·纽厄尔（Allen Newell，1927年3月19日－1992年7月19日）是计算机科学和认知信息学领域的科学家，曾在兰德公司，卡内基梅隆大学的计算机学院、泰珀商学院和心理学系任职和教研。他是信息处理语言（IPL）发明者之一，并写了该语言最早的两个AI程序，合作开发了逻辑理论家（Logic Theorist 1956年）和通用问题求解器General Problem Solver。1975年他和赫伯特·西蒙一起因人工智能方面的基础贡献而被授予图灵奖。
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  • Allen Newell (March 19, 1927 - July 19, 1992) was a researcher in computer science and cognitive psychology at the RAND corporation and at Carnegie Mellon University’s School of Computer Science, Tepper School of Business, and Department of Psychology. He contributed to the Information Processing Language (1956) and two of the earliest AI programs, the Logic Theory Machine (1956) and the General Problem Solver (1957). He was awarded the ACM's A.M.
  • Allen Newell war ein US-amerikanischer Informatiker und Kognitionspsychologe. Newell gilt als einer der Väter der künstlichen Intelligenz und der Kognitionswissenschaft. Newell studierte Physik an der Stanford-Universität und Mathematik in Princeton. Von 1950 bis 1961 arbeitete er für den "think-tank" RAND Corporation.
  • Allen Newell, né le 19 mars 1927, mort le 19 juillet 1992, était un chercheur en informatique et psychologie cognitive à la compagnie RAND et à la Carnegie-Mellon’s School of Computer Science. Il a contribué à the Information Processing Language (1956) et à deux des premiers programmes en IA, the Logic Theory Machine (1956) et le General Problem Solver (1957).
  • アレン・ニューウェル（Allen Newell、1927年3月19日 - 1992年7月19日）は、初期の人工知能研究の研究者。情報工学および認知心理学の研究者であり、ランド研究所やカーネギーメロン大学の情報工学科に勤務した。アメリカのカリフォルニア州出身。スタンフォード大学卒。
  • Allen Newell - specjalista w dziedzinie nauk komputerowych i psychologii poznawczej w korporacji RAND. Wniósł wkład w rozwój Information Processing Language i dwóch wczesnych programów sztucznej inteligencji, Logic Theory Machine (1956) i General Problem Solver. Dążenie Newella do stworzenia zunifikowanej teorii poznania zostało zrealizowane, przynajmniej w dużej mierze, przez jego kolegów.
  • Allen Newell foi um pesquisador da Ciência da computação e psicólogo cognitivo estado-unidense. Newell é considerado um dos pais da Inteligência artificial e da Ciência cognitiva. Allen Newell fez o curso universitário de Física na Universidade de Stanford em 1949, e a sua pós-graduação em Matemática na Universidade de Princeton.
  • Allen Newell a fost un cercetător american în domeniul informaticii şi ştiinţelor cognitive care a lucrat pentru corporaţia RAND şi pentru catedra de informatică de la Universitatea Carnegie Mellon. A contribuit la proiectul Information Processing Language (1956) şi la două dintre primele programe de inteligenţă artificială, Logic Theorist (1956) şi Rezolvitorul General de Probleme (1957). A primit din partea ACM Premiul A.M.
  • Аллен Ньюэлл — американский учёный в области когнитивной психологии и искусственного интеллекта.
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