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- Abaje (Abbaje / Abajje / Abaje bar Nachmani) war ein bedeutender babylonischer Amoräer der 4. Generation (320-350). Aufgewachsen mit und Gefährte des Raba (Rawa) in Pumbedita, mit dem er viele Debatten geführt hat (diese hawajot abaje we-raba sind Inbegriff talmudischer Dialektik und machen einen großen Teil der Diskussion im babylonischen Talmud aus; überwiegend folgte die Halacha der Meinung Rawas). Abaje lebte etwa 280-339, war Sohn des Kajlil, der ein Bruder des Rabba(h) bar Nachmani war. Abaje war Schüler seines Onkels Rabbah und besonders auch Josefs (Rabbi Josef bar Chijja). Als dessen Nachfolger war Abaje vor seinem (eigenen) Tod fünf Jahre Schulhaupt in Pumbedita. Abaje ist nicht zu verwechseln mit dem gleichnamigen palästinischen Amoräer der 2. Generation.
- Abaye was a Rabbi of the Jewish Talmud who lived in Babylonia [בבל בבל], known as an amora [אמורא אמורא] born about the close of the third century; died 339. His father, Kaylil, was the brother of Rabbah bar Nachmani, a teacher at the Academy of Pumbedita. Abaye's real name was Nachmani, after his grandfather. Left an orphan at an early age, he was adopted by his uncle, Rabbah bar Nachmani, who nicknamed him Abaye ("Little Father"), to avoid confusion (perhaps respect for his father) with his grandfather of the same name; thenceforth he was known as Abaye, without any other title. It is a curious fact that he perpetuated the memory of his foster-mother by mentioning her name in many popular recipes and dietetic precepts, some of which seem to be based on superstitious notions. He introduced each recipe with the phrase, "My mother told me. " Abaye's teachers were his uncle Rabbah and Joseph bar Chama, both of whom successively became presidents of the Pumbedita Academy. When Joseph died (324), this dignity was conferred upon Abaye, who retained it until his death some five years later. Rabbah trained him in the application of the dialectic method to halakhic problems, and Joseph, with his stores of traditional lore, taught him to appreciate the value of positive knowledge. Superior as Abaye no doubt was in his dialectic analysis of halakhic sentences, he was, nevertheless, surpassed in this regard by Rava, with whom he had been closely associated from early youth. To the disputations between these amoraim we owe the development of the dialectic method in the treatment of halakhic traditions. Their debates are known as the "Havayot d'Abaye ve'Rava" (Debates of Abaye and Rava), the subjects of which were then considered such essential elements of Talmudic knowledge that by an anachronism they were thought to be known to Yohanan ben Zakkai, who lived some centuries before (Sukkah 28a). Their halakhic controversies are scattered throughout the Babylonian Talmud. With the exception of six of his decisions, the opinions of Rava were always accepted as final. Abaye was never so happy as when one of his disciples had completed the study of a Mishnah treatise. On such occasions, he always gave a feast to his pupils (Shabbat 118b), though his circumstances were needy, and wine never appeared upon his table. His peace-loving disposition and his sincere piety are well exhibited in his maxims (Berachot 17a), among which occur the following: "Be mild in speech; suppress your wrath; and maintain good-will in intercourse with your relatives as well as with others, even with strangers in the market-place. " Abaye urged his disciples to conduct themselves in such a way as to lead others to the love of God (Yoma 86a). In Biblical exegesis, he was one of the first to draw a distinct line between the evident meaning of the text (peshat) and the sense ascribed to it by midrashic interpretation. He formulated the following rule, of great importance in Talmudic exegesis (Sanhedrin 34a): "One Bible verse can be referred to different subjects, but several different Bible verses can not refer to one and the same subject. " He defended the Apocryphal book Ecclesiasticus against his teacher Joseph. By quoting from it a number of edifying passages he showed that it did not belong to the heretical books which are forbidden, and even compelled his teacher to admit that quotations might with advantage be taken from it for homiletical purposes (Sanhedrin 100b). Possessing an extensive knowledge of tradition, Abaye became a most eager disciple of Dimi, the Palestinian amora, who had brought to Babylonia a perfect treasury of interpretations by Palestinian amoraim. Abaye considered Dimi, as a representative of the Palestinian school, a qualified Bible exegete, and used to ask him how this or that Bible verse was explained in "the West," or Palestine. Of his own interpretations of Biblical passages only a few, of a haggadic nature, are preserved; but he often supplements, elucidates, or corrects the opinions of older authorities.
- Nato alla fine del terzo secolo d.C. , da un padre di nome Kalyl, il suo vero nome, ereditato dal nonno, era invece Naḥmani (Nahmani). Restato orfano in piccola età, fu adottato da Rabbah bar Naḥmani, lo zio paterno, che gli diede il nomignolo di Abaye ("Piccolo padre"), ad evitare confusione con il nonno da cui aveva preso il nome. Fece parte degli Amorei babilonesi e fu a capo dell'Accademia di Pūmbĕdītā a Babilonia, la stessa in cui insegnava Rabbah bar Naḥmani, lo zio che lo aveva adottato. È curioso notare che Abbayē perpetuò il nome di sua madre adottiva, probabilmente una schiava della cerchia familiare di Rabbah, citandone il nome in molti ricette popolari e prescrizioni dietetiche, alcune delle quali appaiono fondate si credenze superstiziose: egli introduce infatti ogni ricetta con la frase «Mia madre mi disse». Insegnanti di Abbayē furono suo zio Rabbah e Joseph bar Ḥama, entrambi i quali presiedettero in seguito l'Accademia di Pumbedita. Quando nel 333 Joseph morì, la carica fu conferita ad Abbayē, che la detenne fino alla morte, avvenuta circa cinque anni dopo. Rabbah lo formò nell'applicazione del metodo dialettico ai problemi halakhichi, e Joseph, con il suo bagaglio di conoscenze tradizionali, gli insegnò ad apprezzare il valore della conoscenza pratica.
- <timeline> ImageSize = width:590 height:120 PlotArea = width:570 height:25 left:5 bottom:60 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:-250 till:2000 AlignBars = early ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:200 start:-200 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:50 start:-200 Colors = id:turkiz value:rgb(0,0.76,0.76) id:treaty value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.6) id:lightgrey value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.4) id:darkgrey value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0) id:Celadon value:rgb(0.67,1,0.68) id:TeaGreen value:rgb(0.81,0.94,0.75) Define $hx = 15 # shift text to right side of bar PlotData = bar:Leaders color:blue width:20 align:left fontsize:s from:-250 till:0 color:treaty shift:(-10,$hx) text:Zugot from:0 till:220 color:turkiz shift:(-20,$hx) text:Tanaíta from:220 till:500 color:TeaGreen shift:(-20,$hx) text:Amoraítas from:500 till:625 color:darkgrey shift:(-20,$hx) text:Savoraim from:625 till:1050 color:turkiz shift:(-15,$hx) text:Gueonim from:1050 till:1500 color:TeaGreen shift:(-20,$hx) text:Rishonim from:1500 till:2000 color:treaty shift:(-20,$hx) text:Aharonim LineData = layer:front # all lines in front of bars unless stated otherwise from:278 till:338 atpos:65 color:red width:2 Legend = columns:4 left:125 top:25 columnwidth:150 Colors = id:aaa value:red legend:Abaye </timeline> Abaye foi um rabino da época talmúdica, que viveu na Babilônia ], conhecido como um amoraíta [אמורא אמורא] da quarta geração, nascido por volta de 280; morreu em 339.
- <timeline> ImageSize = width:590 height:120 PlotArea = width:570 height:25 left:5 bottom:60 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:-250 till:2000 AlignBars = early ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:200 start:-200 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:50 start:-200 Colors = id:turkiz value:rgb(0,0.76,0.76) id:treaty value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.6) id:lightgrey value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.4) id:darkgrey value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0) id:Celadon value:rgb(0.67,1,0.68) id:TeaGreen value:rgb(0.81,0.94,0.75) Define $hx = 15 # shift text to right side of bar PlotData = bar:Leaders color:blue width:20 align:left fontsize:s from:-250 till:0 color:treaty shift:(-10,$hx) text:Zougot from:0 till:220 color:turkiz shift:(-20,$hx) text:Tannaim from:220 till:500 color:TeaGreen shift:(-20,$hx) text:Amoraim from:500 till:625 color:darkgrey shift:(-20,$hx) text:Savoraïm from:625 till:1050 color:turkiz shift:(-15,$hx) text:Gueonim from:1050 till:1500 color:TeaGreen shift:(-20,$hx) text:Rishonim from:1500 till:2000 color:treaty shift:(-20,$hx) text:Aharonim LineData = layer:front # all lines in front of bars unless stated otherwise from:278 till:338 atpos:65 color:red width:2 Legend = columns:4 left:125 top:25 columnwidth:150 Colors = id:aaa value:red legend:Abaye </timeline> Abaye ("petit père"), de son vrai nom Nahmani ben Kaylil, est le surnom d'un grand Amora Babylonien né en 278 EC. Orphelin, il fut élevé et éduqué par son oncle, Rabba bar Nahmani, Rosh Yeshiva de Pumbedita, qui, ne pouvant se résoudre à appeler son neveu comme son père, l'affubla du surnom. Abaye respectait énormément son oncle, et le divertissait en jonglant, nous rapporte la Guemara. Abaye était un Cohen (un prêtre), descendant de la famille de Eli (cf. Livre de Samuel), et en tant que tel, victime de la malédiction divine proférée à leur encontre en châtiment de la désécration du Nom Divin causée par les forfaits de Pinhas et Hofni, les fils d'Eli. Du fait de celle-ci, il ne pourrait vivre son comptant d'années. Sa nature vertueuse lui permit de vivre jusqu'à 60 ans, mais il mourut à cet âge, relativement jeune pour l'époque, d'un œdème en 338 ou en 339. Par ailleurs, sa vie fut laborieuse. À l'image de Rabbi Yehoshoua ben Hanania, il fut laid et pauvre, charmant les gens par sa sagesse, étudiant la Torah au terme d'harassantes journées de labeur de terres ingrates, ou au cours des deux mois de la morte-saison agricole babylonienne, les Yar'he Kala, les Mois de la Mariée, celle-ci étant (l'étude de) la Torah Il fit ses études auprès de son oncle et de Rav Yosseph bar Hama à la Yeshiva de Pumbedita, et devint rapidement maître tant dans l'étude que dans l'enseignement de la Torah. Il y fit aussi la connaissance de Rava, qui, selon une vieille habitude des Sages d'Israël devint son plus farouche contradicteur en même temps que son plus cher ami. Les "disputes" entre Abaye et Rava (Havayot de Abaye veRava) sont devenus le prototype des joutes dialectiques tant sur des grands que sur des détails, voire ce qu'Anouar el-Sadate appellerait (quelques dizaines de siècles plus tard) des "anicroches talmudiques", et sont tellement importantes pour la connaissance talmudique qu'un autre anachronisme relaté sans Soukka 28a nous apprend que Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkaï, disciple d'Hillel et fondateur de l'école de Yavne, connaissait toute la Halakha "jusqu'au débats d'Abaye et Rava". Bien qu'Abaye détienne une indéniable maîtrise dans l'analyse dialectique des sentences halakhiques, Rava le surpassa et les opinions de Rava l'emportèrent sur celles d'Abaye sauf en six exceptions. Abaye devint directeur de la Yeshiva de Pumbedita à la mort de ses maîtres. Il n'était jamais aussi heureux que lorsqu'un de ses disciples complétait l'étude d'un traité mishnaïque. En ces occasions, il organisait un grand festin, bien que ses moyens fussent réduits et que le vin n'apparaisse jamais sur la table (Traité Shabbat 118b). Il défendit le livre de l'Ecclésiaste contre son maître Yosseph bar Hama (l'Ecclésiaste n'ayant donc pas encore été inclus dans le canon biblique à cette époque). En citant un nombre de passages extraits du livre, il montra qu'il ne s'agissait pas d'un livre hérétique, et fit même admettre à son maître que ces citations pourraient avantageusement servir à des visées homilétiques (Traité Sanhédrin 100b). Par la suite, l'Ecclésiaste est devenu la lecture privilégiée à Soukkot.
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- <timeline> ImageSize = width:590 height:120 PlotArea = width:570 height:25 left:5 bottom:60 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:-250 till:2000 AlignBars = early ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:200 start:-200 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:50 start:-200 Colors = id:turkiz value:rgb(0,0.76,0.76) id:treaty value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.6) id:lightgrey value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.4) id:darkgrey value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0) id:Celadon value:rgb(0.67,1,0.68) id:TeaGreen value:rgb(0.81,0.94,0.75) Define $hx = 15 # shift text to right side of bar PlotData = bar:Leaders color:blue width:20 align:left fontsize:s from:-250 till:0 color:treaty shift:(-10,$hx) text:Zugot from:0 till:220 color:turkiz shift:(-20,$hx) text:Tanaíta from:220 till:500 color:TeaGreen shift:(-20,$hx) text:Amoraítas from:500 till:625 color:darkgrey shift:(-20,$hx) text:Savoraim from:625 till:1050 color:turkiz shift:(-15,$hx) text:Gueonim from:1050 till:1500 color:TeaGreen shift:(-20,$hx) text:Rishonim from:1500 till:2000 color:treaty shift:(-20,$hx) text:Aharonim LineData = layer:front # all lines in front of bars unless stated otherwise from:278 till:338 atpos:65 color:red width:2 Legend = columns:4 left:125 top:25 columnwidth:150 Colors = id:aaa value:red legend:Abaye </timeline> Abaye foi um rabino da época talmúdica, que viveu na Babilônia ], conhecido como um amoraíta [אמורא אמורא] da quarta geração, nascido por volta de 280; morreu em 339.
- Abaje (Abbaje / Abajje / Abaje bar Nachmani) war ein bedeutender babylonischer Amoräer der 4. Generation (320-350). Aufgewachsen mit und Gefährte des Raba (Rawa) in Pumbedita, mit dem er viele Debatten geführt hat (diese hawajot abaje we-raba sind Inbegriff talmudischer Dialektik und machen einen großen Teil der Diskussion im babylonischen Talmud aus; überwiegend folgte die Halacha der Meinung Rawas). Abaje lebte etwa 280-339, war Sohn des Kajlil, der ein Bruder des Rabba(h) bar Nachmani war.
- Abaye was a Rabbi of the Jewish Talmud who lived in Babylonia [בבל בבל], known as an amora [אמורא אמורא] born about the close of the third century; died 339. His father, Kaylil, was the brother of Rabbah bar Nachmani, a teacher at the Academy of Pumbedita. Abaye's real name was Nachmani, after his grandfather.
- Nato alla fine del terzo secolo d.C. , da un padre di nome Kalyl, il suo vero nome, ereditato dal nonno, era invece Naḥmani (Nahmani). Restato orfano in piccola età, fu adottato da Rabbah bar Naḥmani, lo zio paterno, che gli diede il nomignolo di Abaye ("Piccolo padre"), ad evitare confusione con il nonno da cui aveva preso il nome. Fece parte degli Amorei babilonesi e fu a capo dell'Accademia di Pūmbĕdītā a Babilonia, la stessa in cui insegnava Rabbah bar Naḥmani, lo zio che lo aveva adottato.
- <timeline> ImageSize = width:590 height:120 PlotArea = width:570 height:25 left:5 bottom:60 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:-250 till:2000 AlignBars = early ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:200 start:-200 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:50 start:-200 Colors = id:turkiz value:rgb(0,0.76,0.76) id:treaty value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.6) id:lightgrey value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.4) id:darkgrey value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0) id:Celadon value:rgb(0.67,1,0.68) id:TeaGreen value:rgb(0.81,0.94,0.75) Define $hx = 15 # shift text to right side of bar PlotData = bar:Leaders color:blue width:20 align:left fontsize:s from:-250 till:0 color:treaty shift:(-10,$hx) text:Zougot from:0 till:220 color:turkiz shift:(-20,$hx) text:Tannaim from:220 till:500 color:TeaGreen shift:(-20,$hx) text:Amoraim from:500 till:625 color:darkgrey shift:(-20,$hx) text:Savoraïm from:625 till:1050 color:turkiz shift:(-15,$hx) text:Gueonim from:1050 till:1500 color:TeaGreen shift:(-20,$hx) text:Rishonim from:1500 till:2000 color:treaty shift:(-20,$hx) text:Aharonim LineData = layer:front # all lines in front of bars unless stated otherwise from:278 till:338 atpos:65 color:red width:2 Legend = columns:4 left:125 top:25 columnwidth:150 Colors = id:aaa value:red legend:Abaye </timeline> Abaye ("petit père"), de son vrai nom Nahmani ben Kaylil, est le surnom d'un grand Amora Babylonien né en 278 EC.
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