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Horka, or harka, was a title used by the Magyar tribes in the 9th and 10th centuries. According to Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenetos in De administrando imperio, the horka had judicial authority. However, in other sources, the term was applied to a military leader (such as Bulcsú, who led the Magyar forces at the Battle of Lechfeld). Certainly at some point in the 10th century, the roles of horka and gyula (the chief warlord) had become similar, with the horka having authority in Western Transdanubia and the gyula in Transylvania in the east. In later sources the word appears, only as a personal name.

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  • Horka (title) (en)
  • Harka (it)
  • 허르커 (ko)
  • Харка (ru)
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  • 허르커(헝가리어: harka)는 9세기-10세기 머저르인 부족들에서 사용한 작위다. 동로마 황제 콘스탄티노스 7세 포르피로옌니토스의 『』에 따르면 허르커는 사법을 담당했다고 한다. 하지만 다른 문헌들에서는 허르커가 군사지도자였다고 하며, 예컨대 레히펠트 전투에서 패하고 붙잡혀 죽은 불추도 허르커였다. 확실히 10세기의 어느 순간이 되면 허르커와 줄러의 역할이 비슷해져서 허르커는 서쪽의 트란스다누비아, 줄러는 동쪽의 트란실바니아를 다스리는 식이 되었다. 후기 문헌들에서는 인명으로만 사용된다. (ko)
  • Horka, or harka, was a title used by the Magyar tribes in the 9th and 10th centuries. According to Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenetos in De administrando imperio, the horka had judicial authority. However, in other sources, the term was applied to a military leader (such as Bulcsú, who led the Magyar forces at the Battle of Lechfeld). Certainly at some point in the 10th century, the roles of horka and gyula (the chief warlord) had become similar, with the horka having authority in Western Transdanubia and the gyula in Transylvania in the east. In later sources the word appears, only as a personal name. (en)
  • Harka, o anche Horka, era un titolo usato dalle tribù magiare nel IX e nel X secolo. Secondo quanto riferisce l'Imperatore bizantino Costantino VII nella sua opera De Administrando Imperio, l'harka aveva un'autorità civile, in particolare nell'amministrazione della giustizia, mentre secondo altri autori la sua autorità si estendeva anche all'ambito militare; in particolare viene ricordato l'harka Bulcsú, comandante in capo dell'esercito magiaro nella battaglia di Lechfeld, che però viene spesso indicato come "gyula", termine che si riferisce all'autorità militare. (it)
  • Харка или хорка, возможно карха (у императора Константина VII — каркхас) — титул, использовавшийся венгерскими племенами в VIII - X веках. До образования государства Древневенгерской конфедерацией племён был третьим по достоинству после титулов надьфейеделем (великий князь) и дьюла (главный военачальник). Согласно книге византийского императора Константина VII Багрянородного «De administrando imperio», хорка обладал судебной властью. Однако, по другим источникам титул хорка применялся к воинскому лидеру (такому, как ), кто возглавлял венгерские племена в Битве на реке Лех. Точно известно, что в какой-то момент в 10 веке роли хорка и дьюла стали тождественными. Хорка имел власть в Западной Трансданубии, а дьюла — в Трансильвании на востоке. В поздних источниках титул встречается только в ка (ru)
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  • Horka, or harka, was a title used by the Magyar tribes in the 9th and 10th centuries. According to Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenetos in De administrando imperio, the horka had judicial authority. However, in other sources, the term was applied to a military leader (such as Bulcsú, who led the Magyar forces at the Battle of Lechfeld). Certainly at some point in the 10th century, the roles of horka and gyula (the chief warlord) had become similar, with the horka having authority in Western Transdanubia and the gyula in Transylvania in the east. In later sources the word appears, only as a personal name. The title is somewhat similar to word harki, which is used to describe soldier in Arabic. (en)
  • 허르커(헝가리어: harka)는 9세기-10세기 머저르인 부족들에서 사용한 작위다. 동로마 황제 콘스탄티노스 7세 포르피로옌니토스의 『』에 따르면 허르커는 사법을 담당했다고 한다. 하지만 다른 문헌들에서는 허르커가 군사지도자였다고 하며, 예컨대 레히펠트 전투에서 패하고 붙잡혀 죽은 불추도 허르커였다. 확실히 10세기의 어느 순간이 되면 허르커와 줄러의 역할이 비슷해져서 허르커는 서쪽의 트란스다누비아, 줄러는 동쪽의 트란실바니아를 다스리는 식이 되었다. 후기 문헌들에서는 인명으로만 사용된다. (ko)
  • Harka, o anche Horka, era un titolo usato dalle tribù magiare nel IX e nel X secolo. Secondo quanto riferisce l'Imperatore bizantino Costantino VII nella sua opera De Administrando Imperio, l'harka aveva un'autorità civile, in particolare nell'amministrazione della giustizia, mentre secondo altri autori la sua autorità si estendeva anche all'ambito militare; in particolare viene ricordato l'harka Bulcsú, comandante in capo dell'esercito magiaro nella battaglia di Lechfeld, che però viene spesso indicato come "gyula", termine che si riferisce all'autorità militare. Nella seconda metà del X secolo, le due cariche vennero però a confondersi, con il titolo di gyula riservato a chi aveva potere civile e militare in Transilvania. (it)
  • Харка или хорка, возможно карха (у императора Константина VII — каркхас) — титул, использовавшийся венгерскими племенами в VIII - X веках. До образования государства Древневенгерской конфедерацией племён был третьим по достоинству после титулов надьфейеделем (великий князь) и дьюла (главный военачальник). Согласно книге византийского императора Константина VII Багрянородного «De administrando imperio», хорка обладал судебной властью. Однако, по другим источникам титул хорка применялся к воинскому лидеру (такому, как ), кто возглавлял венгерские племена в Битве на реке Лех. Точно известно, что в какой-то момент в 10 веке роли хорка и дьюла стали тождественными. Хорка имел власть в Западной Трансданубии, а дьюла — в Трансильвании на востоке. В поздних источниках титул встречается только в качестве личного имени персоналий. (ru)
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