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The Court of Wards was a legal body created by the East India Company on a model similar to the Court of Wards and Liveries that had existed in England from 1540 to 1660. Its purpose was to protect heirs and their estates when the heir was deemed to be a minor and therefore incapable of acting independently. Estates would be managed on behalf of the heir, who would also be educated and nurtured through the offices of the Court in order to ensure that he gained the necessary skills to manage his inheritance independently. Control of the estates would in normal circumstances return to the heir on his coming of age.

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  • Tribunal de Tuteles (Índia) (ca)
  • Court of Wards (India) (en)
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  • El Tribunal de Tuteles (en anglès, Court of Wards) va ser un òrgan jurídic creat per la Companyia de les Índies Orientals segons un model similar al (en anglès, Court of Wards and Liveries) que havia existit a Anglaterra des de 1540 fins a 1660. El seu propòsit era protegir els hereus i les seves finques quan es considerava que l'hereu era menor d'edat i, per tant, incapaç d'actuar independentment. Les finques serien gestionades en nom de l'hereu, que també seria educat i alimentat a través de les oficines del Tribunal per tal d'assegurar-se que adquirís les habilitats necessàries per gestionar la seva herència de forma independent. En circumstàncies normals, el control de les finques tornaria a l'hereu quan arribés a la majoria d'edat. (ca)
  • The Court of Wards was a legal body created by the East India Company on a model similar to the Court of Wards and Liveries that had existed in England from 1540 to 1660. Its purpose was to protect heirs and their estates when the heir was deemed to be a minor and therefore incapable of acting independently. Estates would be managed on behalf of the heir, who would also be educated and nurtured through the offices of the Court in order to ensure that he gained the necessary skills to manage his inheritance independently. Control of the estates would in normal circumstances return to the heir on his coming of age. (en)
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  • El Tribunal de Tuteles (en anglès, Court of Wards) va ser un òrgan jurídic creat per la Companyia de les Índies Orientals segons un model similar al (en anglès, Court of Wards and Liveries) que havia existit a Anglaterra des de 1540 fins a 1660. El seu propòsit era protegir els hereus i les seves finques quan es considerava que l'hereu era menor d'edat i, per tant, incapaç d'actuar independentment. Les finques serien gestionades en nom de l'hereu, que també seria educat i alimentat a través de les oficines del Tribunal per tal d'assegurar-se que adquirís les habilitats necessàries per gestionar la seva herència de forma independent. En circumstàncies normals, el control de les finques tornaria a l'hereu quan arribés a la majoria d'edat. Els governants de l'Índia disposaven d'algunes disposicions informals per a la protecció física dels seus joves hereus abans del control europeu de grans parts del subcontinent, com exemplifica Humayun que va deixar el seu fill petit a la cura del seu germà Askari, tot i que els dos havien tingut una relació amarga. Philip Francis, membre del , va reconèixer la utilitat de crear una Court of Wards al país ja el 1773, però no va ser fins a l'agost de 1797 que Governador general, Sir John Shore, establí la institució de manera definitiva. El tribunal tenia facultats de supervisió sobre les finances i la criança dels hereus de les finques, en cas que un propietari de finques morís o fos incapacitat. Els seus poders s'estenien fins a permetre al tribunal escollir diferents hereus, dissoldre successions i prendre el control directe de les finques, fins i tot prendre el control sobre les terres i els ingressos que es cregués necessari per protegir els interessos dels britànics. Posteriorment es van establir institucions similars en altres àrees controlades per la Companyia de les Índies Orientals (Assam, la Presidència de Bombai, les Províncies Centrals, la , Orissa, el Panjab, el Sindh i les Províncies Unides d'Agra i Oudh) i van ser emulades per governants com ara el raja del de Gadwal. Menys similar era el cos creat per servir a l'estat príncep autogovernat del Nizam de Hyderabad. El Tribunal de Tuteles va continuar a l'era del Raj britànic. Els estats de vegades van acollir amb satisfacció la intervenció del tribunal perquè l'administració de les autoritats britàniques, que invertien els fons amb prudència, tenia la tendència a augmentar la seva posició econòmica. Sovint es gestionaven malament abans de la participació del tribunal perquè els sistemes complexos, influïts tant pel nepotisme com pel suborn, afectaven dramàticament els ingressos de les famílies governants. El sistema burocràtic introduït pel Tribunal, els funcionaris del qual no tenien cap vincle amb la zona, resolia el problema. Per altra banda el fet que tots els esforços se centressin en la recerca de la millor gestió en benefici dels propietaris feia que, sovint, no es consideressin les conseqüències per als inquilins. (ca)
  • The Court of Wards was a legal body created by the East India Company on a model similar to the Court of Wards and Liveries that had existed in England from 1540 to 1660. Its purpose was to protect heirs and their estates when the heir was deemed to be a minor and therefore incapable of acting independently. Estates would be managed on behalf of the heir, who would also be educated and nurtured through the offices of the Court in order to ensure that he gained the necessary skills to manage his inheritance independently. Control of the estates would in normal circumstances return to the heir on his coming of age. Rulers in India had some informal provisions for the physical protection of their young heirs before the European control of large parts of the sub-continent, as exemplified by Humayun leaving his young son safely in the care of his brother Askari, even though the two had an acrimonious relationship. The usefulness of creating a Court of Wards in the country was recognised by Philip Francis, a member of the Council of Bengal, as early as 1773, but it was not until August 1797 that the institution was finally established in the Presidency of Bengal by the Governor-General, Sir John Shore. The court had powers of supervision regarding the finances and upbringing of the heirs to estates, in case an estate owner died or was incapacitated. Its powers extended as far as allowing the Court to choose different heirs, to dissolve successions, and to take direct control of estates, including taking such control over lands and revenues as was found necessary to protect the interests of the British. Similar institutions were later established in other areas controlled by the East India Company - Assam, the Bombay Presidency, the Central Provinces, the North West Frontier Province, Orissa, the Punjab, Sindh, and the United Provinces - and were emulated by rulers such as the raja of the Gadwal . Less similar was the body created to serve the self-governing princely state of the Nizam of Hyderabad. The Court of Wards continued in the era of the British Raj. Estates sometimes welcomed the intervention of the Court of Wards because the stewardship of the British authorities, who invested funds wisely, had a tendency to boost their economic position. They were often badly managed prior to the involvement of the court because complex systems, influenced by both nepotism and sycophancy, dramatically affected the rental income of the ruling families. The bureaucratic system introduced by the Court, whose appointed officials had no ties to the area, resolved the issue although, being focussed entirely on what was best for the owners, it did so without considering the consequences for the tenants. (en)
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