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"Where gross statistical disparities can be shown, they alone may in a proper case constitute prima facie proof of a pattern or practice of discrimination."ref|Supreme Court of the United States Castaneda v. Partida, 1977 https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0430_0482_ZS.html cited in Meier (1986) Ibid. who states "Thus, in the space of less than half a year, the Supreme Court had moved from the traditional legal disdain for statistical proof to a strong endorsement of it as being capable, on its own, of establishing a prima facie case against a defendant."|group="nb"
mathematical proof using statistical tests
Statistical proof