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dbpedia:Daniel_Dennett dbpprop:mainInterests dbpedia:Philosophy_of_science .
dbpedia:Imre_Lakatos dbpprop:mainInterests dbpedia:Philosophy_of_science .
dbpedia:Carl_Gustav_Hempel dbpprop:mainInterests dbpedia:Philosophy_of_science .
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dbpedia:Karl_Popper ns2:influenced dbpedia:Philosophy_of_science .
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dbpedia:Susan_Haack dbpprop:mainInterests dbpedia:Philosophy_of_science .
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dbpprop:reference ,
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@prefix rdfs: .
dbpedia:Philosophy_of_science rdfs:label "Philosophie des sciences"@fr ,
"\u79D1\u5B66\u54F2\u5B66"@zh ,
"Filosofia de la ci\u00E8ncia"@ca ,
"Filozofia nauki"@pl ,
"Filosofie v\u011Bdy"@cs ,
"Wetenschapsfilosofie"@nl ,
"Vitenskapsteori"@no ,
"Tudom\u00E1nyfiloz\u00F3fia"@hu ,
"\u0424\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0438\u044F \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0438"@ru ,
"Filozofia \u015Ftiin\u0163ei"@ro ,
"\u0424\u0456\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0456\u044F \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0438"@uk ,
"Filosof\u00EDa de la ciencia"@es ,
"\u79D1\u5B66\u54F2\u5B66"@ja ,
"Philosophy of science"@en ,
"Bilim felsefesi"@tr ,
"Filosofia della scienza"@it ,
"Tieteenfilosofia"@fi ,
"Wissenschaftstheorie"@de ,
"Vetenskapsteori"@sv ,
"Filosofia da ci\u00EAncia"@pt ;
dbpprop:abstract "\u79D1\u5B66\u54F2\u5B66\u662F20\u4E16\u7EAA\u5174\u8D77\u7684\u4E00\u4E2A\u54F2\u5B66\u5206\u652F\u3002\u65E9\u5148\u4E3B\u8981\u6307\u903B\u8F91\u7ECF\u9A8C\u4E3B\u4E49\uFF08\u6216\u79F0\u903B\u8F91\u5B9E\u8BC1\u4E3B\u4E49\uFF09\u3002\u4E3B\u8981\u7814\u7A76\u79D1\u5B66\u7684\u672C\u6027\uFF0C\u79D1\u5B66\u7406\u8BBA\u7684\u7ED3\u6784\u3001\u79D1\u5B66\u8BF4\u660E\u3001\u79D1\u5B66\u68C0\u9A8C\u3001\u79D1\u5B66\u89C2\u5BDF\u4E0E\u7406\u8BBA\u7684\u5173\u7CFB\u3001\u79D1\u5B66\u7406\u8BBA\u7684\u9009\u62E9\u7B49\u3002\u4EE3\u8868\u4EBA\u7269\u4E3B\u8981\u6709\u77F3\u91CC\u514B\u3001\u9C81\u9053\u592B\u00B7\u5361\u5C14\u7EB3\u666E\u3001\u6CE2\u666E\u5C14\u3001\u4EA8\u666E\u5C14\u3001\u53E4\u5FB7\u66FC\u3001\u5E93\u6069\u3001\u8303\u5F17\u62C9\u68EE\u3001\u84AF\u56E0\u3001\u57FA\u5207\u5C14\u7B49\u3002"@zh ,
"Filosofia da Ci\u00EAncia \u00E9 o campo da pesquisa filos\u00F3fica que estuda os fundamentos, pressupostos e implica\u00E7\u00F5es filos\u00F3ficas da ci\u00EAncia, incluindo as ci\u00EAncias naturais como f\u00EDsica e biologia, e as ci\u00EAncias sociais, como psicologia e economia. Neste sentido, a filosofia da ci\u00EAncia est\u00E1 intimamente relacionada \u00E0 epistemologia e \u00E0 ontologia. Busca explicar coisas como: a natureza das afirma\u00E7\u00F5es e conceitos cient\u00EDficos, a forma como s\u00E3o produzidos, como a ci\u00EAncia explica, prediz e, atrav\u00E9s da tecnologia, domina a natureza, os meios para determinar a validade da informa\u00E7\u00E3o, a formula\u00E7\u00E3o e uso do m\u00E9todo cient\u00EDfico, os tipos de argumentos usados para chegar a conclus\u00F5es, as implica\u00E7\u00F5es dos m\u00E9todos e modelos cient\u00EDficos para a sociedade e para as pr\u00F3prias ci\u00EAncias. Uma vis\u00E3o \u00E9 que todas as ci\u00EAncias possuem uma filosofia subjacente independente do que se afirme ao contr\u00E1rio: N\u00E3o h\u00E1 tal coisa como ci\u00EAncia livre de filosofia; h\u00E1 apenas ci\u00EAncia cuja bagagem filos\u00F3fica \u00E9 tomada a bordos sem examina\u00E7\u00E3o \u2014Daniel Dennett, Darwin's Dangerous Idea, 1995."@pt ,
"Filozofia \u015Ftiin\u0163ei este ramura filozofiei care studiaz\u0103 fundamentele filozofice, ipotezele \u015Fi implica\u0163iile \u015Ftiin\u0163ei, incluz\u00E2nd \u015Ftiin\u0163ele naturii, precum fizica, matematica \u015Fi biologia, \u015Fi \u015Ftiin\u0163ele sociale, precum psihologia, sociologia, \u015Ftiin\u0163ele politice, \u015Fi economia. \u00CEn acest sens, filozofia \u015Ftiin\u0163ei este str\u00E2ns legat\u0103 de epistemologie \u015Fi ontologie. Urm\u0103re\u015Fte s\u0103 explice probleme precum: natura ipotezelor \u015Fi conceptelor \u015Ftiin\u0163ifice; modul \u00EEn care acestea sunt produse; procesul prin care \u015Ftiin\u0163a explic\u0103, prognozeaz\u0103, \u015Fi, prin tehnologie, valorific\u0103 for\u0163ele \u015Fi resursele naturii; mijloacele de determinare a validit\u0103\u0163ii afirma\u0163iilor; formularea \u015Fi utilizarea metodei \u015Ftiin\u0163ifice; tipurile de ra\u0163ionament prin intermediul c\u0103rora se ajunge la concluzii; implica\u0163iile metodei \u015Ftiin\u0163ifice \u015Fi a modelelor pentru societate \u00EEn general \u015Fi pentru \u015Ftiin\u0163e \u00EEnsele."@ro ,
"Filozofia nauki \u2013 dzia\u0142 filozofii zajmuj\u0105cy si\u0119 badaniem filozoficznych podstaw nauki oraz jej metod, staraj\u0105cy si\u0119 odpowiedzie\u0107 na pytanie, jakie pogl\u0105dy mo\u017Cna uzna\u0107 za naukowe, a jakie nie, i dlaczego."@pl ,
"Vetenskapsteorin \u00E4r den gren av filosofin som st\u00E4ller fr\u00E5gor dels om s\u00E5dana begrepp som \u00E4r gemensamma f\u00F6r olika vetenskaper, dels om olika specialvetenskaper. N\u00E4r det g\u00E4ller begrepp som \u00E4r gemensamma f\u00F6r de olika vetenskaperna gr\u00E4nsar vetenskapsteorin till mer generella filosofiska omr\u00E5den, framf\u00F6r allt epistemologi och metafysik. Vetenskapsteorin st\u00E4ller till exempel epistemologiska fr\u00E5gor om den vetenskapliga kunskapens natur, som huruvida vetenskap \u00E4r en rationell verksamhet, som ger oss tillf\u00F6rlitlig kunskap om v\u00E4rlden och i vilken grad vetenskapen \u00E4r p\u00E5verkad av olika ideologier eller kulturer. Man st\u00E4ller \u00E4ven mer metafysiska fr\u00E5gor, som exempelvis vad naturlagar \u00E4r och huruvida v\u00E4rlden \u00E4r deterministisk. Ett annat centralt vetenskapsteoretiskt omr\u00E5de handlar om vetenskaplig f\u00F6rklaring: vad inneb\u00E4r det att vetenskapen f\u00F6rklarar n\u00E5got, och vad k\u00E4nnetecknar en vetenskaplig f\u00F6rklaring? Vetenskapsteoretiker diskuterar \u00E4ven det s\u00E5 kallade demarkationsproblemet, som behandlar vad som skiljer vetenskap fr\u00E5n icke-vetenskap, pseudovetenskap och religion. Till vetenskapsteorin brukar man \u00E4ven r\u00E4kna de filosofiska problem hos de olika specialvetenskaperna. Det finns till exempel biologins filosofi och fysikens filosofi. Ett stort omr\u00E5de inom vetenskapsteorin ber\u00F6r samh\u00E4llsvetenskapens och humaniorans vetenskapsteori. B\u00F6r dessa vetenskaper efterlikna naturvetenskapen, eller finns det en speciell metod f\u00F6r dessa? Skiljer sig kunskap om m\u00E4nniskors verksamhet fr\u00E5n kunskaper om naturfenomen? Ett annat omdiskuterat omr\u00E5de behandlar de sociala institutionernas natur och kretsar kring begreppen sociala fakta och sociala konstruktioner. Oftast anv\u00E4nds termen vetenskapsfilosofi synonymt med vetenskapsteori, men vissa mots\u00E4tter sig detta . Vid sveriges tv\u00E5 institutioner i vetenskapsteori bedrivs f\u00F6rutom vetenskapsfilosofi \u00E4ven rent empirisk verksamhet som vetenskapshistoria och vetenskapssociologi. N\u00E5gra av de senaste decenniernas mest inflytelserika vetenskapsteoretiker \u00E4r Karl Popper, Paul Feyerabend, Thomas Samuel Kuhn och Imre Lakatos."@sv ,
"Tieteenfilosofia on filosofian osa-alue, joka tutkii tieteellisen tiedon luonnetta, yleisi\u00E4 perusteita ja tieteellist\u00E4 toimintaa. Se tarkastelee tieteen k\u00E4sitteit\u00E4, teorioita, menetelmi\u00E4 ja ongelmia sek\u00E4 tieteellist\u00E4 p\u00E4\u00E4ttely\u00E4 ja selitt\u00E4mist\u00E4. Tieteenfilosofia tutkii paitsi tieteit\u00E4 yleisesti my\u00F6s yksitt\u00E4isi\u00E4 tieteenaloja. Esimerkiksi matematiikan filosofia selvitt\u00E4\u00E4 matemaattisten v\u00E4itteiden luonnetta ja matemaattisten olioiden, kuten lukujen, olemassaoloa, ja yhteiskuntatieteiden filosofia tutkii yhteiskuntatieteisiin liittyvi\u00E4 kysymyksi\u00E4. Tieteenfilosofia voidaan jakaa kahteen osaan: (1) tiedett\u00E4 yleisesti tutkivaan yleiseen tieteenfilosofiaan, joka jakautuu puolestaan tieteen tietoteoriaan ja tieteen ontologiaan sek\u00E4 (2) yksitt\u00E4isten tieteenalojen ja tieteellisten teorioiden perusteiden tutkimukseen. Filosofian aloista tieteenfilosofia tukeutuu etenkin tietoteoriaan ja logiikkaan. Tieteenfilosofia luetaan usein my\u00F6s tietoteorian osa-alueeksi. Tieteenfilosofia liittyy l\u00E4heisesti tieteentutkimukseen ja sit\u00E4 kautta tieteen etiikkaan ja tiedonsosiologiaan, sek\u00E4 aatehistoriaan."@fi ,
"Vitenskapsteori eller vitenskapsfilosofi er den grenen av filosofien som unders\u00F8ker vitenskap(ene) og dens/deres struktur. Sentrale vitenskapsteoretiske sp\u00F8rsm\u00E5l er s\u00E5ledes: Hva er vitenskap, hva kjennetegner og hvordan oppn\u00E5s vitenskapelig fremskritt? Men kan dele inn vitenskapsteorien i deskriptiv og normativ vitenskapsteori. Alternativt kan man foreta en inndeling i forhold til fagene som unders\u00F8kes, dvs. i naturvitenskapenes filosofi, samfunnsvitenskapenes filosofi osv. , eller – enda mer \u00ABfinkornet\u00BB – i biologiens filosofi, fysikkens filosofi, matematikkens filosofi, psykologiens filosofi, sosiologiens filosofi osv. Vitenskapsteori har mange ber\u00F8ringspunkter med forskningsetikk, metodologi, erkjennelsesteori, vitenskapshistorie og -sosiologi."@no ,
"La filosofia de la ciencia investiga la naturaleza del conocimiento cient\u00EDfico y la pr\u00E1ctica cient\u00EDfica. Se ocupa de saber, entre otras cosas, c\u00F3mo se desarrollan, eval\u00FAan y cambian las teor\u00EDas cient\u00EDficas, y de saber si la ciencia es capaz de revelar la verdad de las \"entidades ocultas\" (o sea, no observables) y los procesos de la naturaleza. Son filos\u00F3ficas las diversas proposiciones b\u00E1sicas que permiten construir la ciencia. Por ejemplo: La realidad existe de manera independiente de la mente humana (tesis ontol\u00F3gica de realismo). La naturaleza es regular, al menos en alguna medida (tesis ontol\u00F3gica de legalidad). El ser humano es capaz de comprender la naturaleza (tesis gnoseol\u00F3gica de inteligibilidad). Si bien estos supuestos metaf\u00EDsicos no son cuestionados por el realismo cient\u00EDfico y muchos investigadores los dan por sentados, hay cient\u00EDficos de diversas disciplinas que han planteado serias sospechas respecto del segundo de ellos y numerosos fil\u00F3sofos que han puesto en tela de juicio alguno de ellos o los tres. De hecho, las principales con respecto a la validez de estos supuestos metaf\u00EDsicos son parte de la base para distinguir las diferentes corrientes epistemol\u00F3gicas hist\u00F3ricas y actuales. De tal modo, aunque en t\u00E9rminos generales el empirismo l\u00F3gico defiende el segundo principio, opone reparos al tercero y asume una posici\u00F3n fenomenista, es decir, admite que el hombre puede comprender la naturaleza siempre que por naturaleza se entienda \"los fen\u00F3menos\" (el producto de la experiencia humana) y no la propia realidad. En pocas palabras, lo que intenta la filosof\u00EDa de la ciencia es explicar problemas tales como: la naturaleza y la obtenci\u00F3n de las ideas cient\u00EDficas (conceptos, hip\u00F3tesis, modelos, teor\u00EDas, etc. ); la relaci\u00F3n de cada una de ellas con la realidad; c\u00F3mo la ciencia describe, explica, predice y contribuye al control de la naturaleza (esto \u00FAltimo en conjunto con la filosof\u00EDa de la tecnolog\u00EDa); la formulaci\u00F3n y uso del m\u00E9todo cient\u00EDfico; los tipos de razonamiento utilizados para llegar a conclusiones; las implicaciones de los diferentes m\u00E9todos y modelos de ciencia. La filosof\u00EDa de la ciencia comparte algunos problemas con la gnoseolog\u00EDa, la teor\u00EDa del conocimiento, pero a diferencia de esta restringe su campo de investigaci\u00F3n a los problemas que plantea el conocimiento cient\u00EDfico (que, tradicionalmente, se distingue de otros tipos de conocimiento, como el \u00E9tico o est\u00E9tico). Por su parte, la teor\u00EDa del conocimiento se ocupa de los l\u00EDmites y condiciones de posibilidad de todo conocimiento. Algunos cient\u00EDficos han mostrado un vivo inter\u00E9s por la filosof\u00EDa de la ciencia y unos pocos, como Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton y Albert Einstein, han hecho importantes contribuciones. Numerosos cient\u00EDficos, sin embargo, se han dado por satisfechos dejando la filosof\u00EDa de la ciencia a los fil\u00F3sofos y han preferido seguir haciendo ciencia en vez de dedicar m\u00E1s tiempo a considerar c\u00F3mo se hace la ciencia. Dentro de la tradici\u00F3n occidental, entre las figuras m\u00E1s importantes anteriores al siglo XX destacan Plat\u00F3n, Arist\u00F3teles, Ren\u00E9 Descartes, John Locke, David Hume, Emmanuel Kant y John Stuart Mill. La filosof\u00EDa de la ciencia no se denomin\u00F3 as\u00ED hasta la formaci\u00F3n del C\u00EDrculo de Viena, a principios del siglo XX. En la misma \u00E9poca, la ciencia vivi\u00F3 una gran transformaci\u00F3n a ra\u00EDz de la teor\u00EDa de la relatividad y de la mec\u00E1nica cu\u00E1ntica. Entre los fil\u00F3sofos de la ciencia m\u00E1s conocidos del siglo XX figuran Karl R. Popper y Thomas Kuhn."@es ,
"La filosofia della scienza \u00E8 la branca della filosofia e dell'epistemologia che studia i fondamenti, gli assunti e le implicazioni della scienza, sia riguardo alle scienze naturali, come la fisica o la biologia, sia riguardo alle scienze sociali, come la psicologia o l'economia. Essa cerca di spiegare la natura dei concetti e delle asserzioni scientifiche, i modi in cui essi vengono prodotti; come la scienza spiega la natura, come la predice e come la utilizza per i suoi fini; i mezzi per determinare la validit\u00E0 delle informazioni; la formulazione e l'uso del metodo scientifico; i tipi di ragionamento che si usano per arrivare a delle conclusioni; le implicazioni dei metodi scientifici, con modelli dell'ambiente scientifico e della societ\u00E0 umana circostante. Nella pi\u00F9 diffusa accezione, la filosofia della scienza \u00E8 l'indagine su come avviene la conoscenza scientifica. Essa ha ampie sovrapposizioni con l'epistemologia e diversi temi in comune con il problema della demarcazione, a cui si rimanda per gli approfondimenti. La filosofia della scienza \u00E8 legata in generale alla filosofia della conoscenza. Quando si deve identificare cosa esiste, quale che sia l'oggetto di cui si parla, saranno coinvolte anche l'ontologia e la gnoseologia. Nella filosofia della scienza ha una certa importanza anche la logica sia per i suoi rapporti con i metodi deduttivi, che per i suoi stretti legami con la filosofia della matematica. La filosofia della scienza pu\u00F2 anche essere declinata al plurale, come riflessione interna ad una comunit\u00E0 scientifica sugli aspetti filosofici interni ad una comune disciplina di competenza, si ottengono cos\u00EC la filosofia della fisica, la filosofia della matematica ed altre filosofie settoriali."@it ,
"\u79D1\u5B66\u54F2\u5B66\uFF08\u304B\u304C\u304F\u3066\u3064\u304C\u304F\u3001\u82F1: philosophy of science\uFF09\u306F\u79D1\u5B66\u3092\u8003\u5BDF\u306E\u5BFE\u8C61\u3068\u3059\u308B\u54F2\u5B66\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja ,
"Bilim felsefesi, epistemoloji, ontoloji, etik ve estetik gibi felsefenin temel alt b\u00F6l\u00FCmlerinden birisidir."@tr ,
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"Wetenschapsfilosofie is het onderdeel van de filosofie dat de filosofische basis, vooronderstellingen en consequenties van de wetenschap bestudeert. De wetenschapsfilosofie houdt zich bezig met zowel de natuurwetenschappen, zoals natuurkunde en biologie, als de sociale wetenschappen, zoals psychologie en economie."@nl ,
"A tudom\u00E1nyfiloz\u00F3fia egyfel\u0151l a filoz\u00F3fia azon \u00E1ga, mely a tudom\u00E1ny filoz\u00F3fiai k\u00E9rd\u00E9seit vizsg\u00E1lja, \u00FAgy mint a tudom\u00E1nyos megismer\u00E9s lehet\u0151s\u00E9geit, m\u00F3dszereit, a tudom\u00E1nyos igazs\u00E1gok \u00E9s k\u00F6vetkeztet\u00E9sek \u00E9rv\u00E9nyess\u00E9g\u00E9nek okait. Ebb\u0151l a szempontb\u00F3l a tudom\u00E1nyfiloz\u00F3fia a tudom\u00E1nnyal foglalkoz\u00F3 vizsg\u00E1l\u00F3d\u00E1sok olyan sor\u00E1ba tartozik, mint a tudom\u00E1nyt\u00F6rt\u00E9net, a tudom\u00E1nyszociol\u00F3gia, a tudom\u00E1ny etik\u00E1ja azzal a megk\u00F6l\u00F6nb\u00F6ztet\u00E9ssel, hogy a t\u00E9m\u00E1i episztemol\u00F3giai, ontol\u00F3giai, metodol\u00F3giai (teh\u00E1t filoz\u00F3fiai) term\u00E9szet\u0171ek. M\u00E1sr\u00E9szt a tudom\u00E1nyfiloz\u00F3fi\u00E1n olyan filoz\u00F3fiai vizsg\u00E1l\u00F3d\u00E1sokat is \u00E9rtenek, melyek a tudom\u00E1ny m\u00F3dszer\u00E9vel k\u00F6zel\u00EDtenek a filoz\u00F3fiai k\u00E9rd\u00E9sekhez, ez\u00E1ltal az analitikus filoz\u00F3fi\u00E1val rokoni kapcsolatot mutatnak. A tudom\u00E1nyfiloz\u00F3fia n\u00E9h\u00E1ny jellemz\u0151 k\u00E9rd\u00E9sk\u00F6re: Milyen m\u00F3dszerek alkalmasak a tudom\u00E1ny \u00E1ll\u00EDt\u00E1sainak igazol\u00E1s\u00E1ra? Mi tesz egy vizsg\u00E1l\u00F3d\u00E1st tudom\u00E1nyoss\u00E1? Mi a tudom\u00E1nyos m\u00F3dszer? Mi egy tudom\u00E1nyos elm\u00E9let? Melyek a tudom\u00E1nyos fogalmak karakterisztikus tuljadons\u00E1gai? Hogyan v\u00E1ltoztak a tudom\u00E1ny t\u00F6rt\u00E9nete sor\u00E1n a tudom\u00E1nyos meggy\u0151z\u0151d\u00E9sek, elm\u00E9letek \u00E9s kutat\u00E1si programok? A tudom\u00E1ny eredm\u00E9nyei milyen hat\u00E1ssal voltak \u00E9s vannak a vil\u00E1gr\u00F3l, term\u00E9szetr\u0151l, \u00E9letr\u0151l alkotott k\u00E9p\u00FCnkre? Az egyedi tudom\u00E1nyok (fizika, biol\u00F3gia, k\u00E9mia) milyen saj\u00E1tos filoz\u00F3fiai k\u00E9rd\u00E9seket vetnek fel? (Mi a t\u00E9r \u00E9s az id\u0151? Mi az \u00E9let?) A tudom\u00E1nyfiloz\u00F3fia hat\u00E1ros sz\u00E1mos m\u00E1s, a tudom\u00E1nnyal folgalkoz\u00F3 tudom\u00E1nnyal. \u00CDgy p\u00E9ld\u00E1ul a tudom\u00E1ny- \u00E9s tud\u00E1sszociol\u00F3gi\u00E1val (a tudom\u00E1ny int\u00E9zm\u00E9nyeinek t\u00E1rsadalmi k\u00E9rd\u00E9sei, a t\u00E1rsadalomban elfoglalt hely\u00FCk, a tud\u00E1s mint t\u00E1rsadalmi term\u00E9k vizsg\u00E1lata), vagy a kognit\u00EDv tudom\u00E1nnyal (a megismer\u00E9s \u00E9s a tud\u00E1s pszichol\u00F3giai vonatkoz\u00E1saival)."@hu ,
"Die Wissenschaftstheorie ist ein Teilgebiet der Philosophie, das sich mit den Voraussetzungen, Methoden und Zielen von Wissenschaft und ihrer Form der Erkenntnisgewinnung besch\u00E4ftigt. Kernfragen der Wissenschaftstheorie lauten: Welche Charakteristika weist wissenschaftliche Erkenntnis auf? (z. B. Erkl\u00E4rung, Vorhersage von experimentellen Ergebnissen) Was zeichnet wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisgewinn aus? Gibt es wissenschaftlichen Fortschritt? Welchen erkenntnistheoretischen Status haben wissenschaftliche Theorien und die von ihnen postulierten Entit\u00E4ten? Ist Wissenschaft eine Form von Wahrheitsfindung oder muss wissenschaftliche Erkenntnis pragmatischer konzipiert werden? Welchen Einfluss haben \u00E4sthetische Faktoren auf wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse und auf die Entwicklung der Wissenschaften? Die Besch\u00E4ftigung mit wissenschaftstheoretischen Problemen, vor allem solchen, die die Struktur und Entwicklung wissenschaftlicher Kenntnisse und Methoden betreffen, reicht in ihren Anf\u00E4ngen bis in die Antike zur\u00FCck. Weiterf\u00FChrende Untersuchungen zu Teilproblemen der Wissenschaftstheorie finden sich bei Philosophen wie Francis Bacon, Descartes, Leibniz, D'Alembert, Diderot, Kant, Fichte, Hegel, sp\u00E4ter Bolzano. Wissenschaft wird in diesen Untersuchungen vorwiegend als System wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse verstanden, und Wissenschaftstheorie ist in diesem Sinne eng mit Erkenntnistheorie und Methodologie verbunden. Sie st\u00FCtzt sich auf die Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen zur Wissenschaft, die aus der Sicht der einzelnen Disziplinen gewonnen werden, z. B. \u00D6konomie, Soziologie, Psychologie u. a. , erarbeitet \u2013 davon ausgehend \u2013 ihr eigenst\u00E4ndiges Begriffssystem, verallgemeinert auf dieser Grundlage die disziplin\u00E4ren Erkenntnisse und versucht so ihrerseits zum einheitlichen theoretischen Fundament aller disziplin\u00E4ren Wissenschaftsforschungen zu werden."@de ,
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\u043E\u0441\u043C\u044B\u0441\u043B\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0441\u043E\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043D\u043A\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0438 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u044F\u0445 \u041D\u0422\u0420. \u042D\u0442\u043E \u043C\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0434\u0430\u044F \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043F\u043B\u0438\u043D\u0430, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430\u044F \u0437\u0430\u044F\u0432\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u043E \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043B\u0438\u0448\u044C \u0432\u043E \u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0435 XX\u00A0\u0432. \u0412 \u0442\u043E \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F \u043A\u0430\u043A \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435, \u0438\u043C\u0435\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u00AB\u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0438\u044F \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0438\u00BB, \u0432\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043B\u043E \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0440\u0430\u043D\u044C\u0448\u0435."@ru ,
"La filosofia de la ci\u00E8ncia \u00E9s una branca de l'epistemologia que intenta estudiar la validesa dels enunciats cient\u00EDfics i provar si aquesta s'adequa a la realitat. En general, una teoria cient\u00EDfica \u00E9s un conjunt d'enunciats que pret\u00E8n descriure la realitat (o una part d'aquesta), a partir d'un nombre parsimoni\u00F3s (tan redu\u00EFt com sigui possible) d'hip\u00F2tesis. Amb l'ajut d'eines matem\u00E0tiques, dels enunciats de la teoria se'n dedueixen conseq\u00FC\u00E8ncies que justifiquen les observacions o els resultats experimentals. Generalment, tamb\u00E9 se'n dedueixen altres conseq\u00FC\u00E8ncies que encara no han estat observades; aquestes han de ser verificables o contrastables amb la realitat. Si una sola d'aquestes conseq\u00FC\u00E8ncies es comprova falsa, la teoria (o algun dels enunciats que la composen) queda invalidada. En aquest cas haurem falsat la teoria. La majoria dels cient\u00EDfics consideren imprescindible per a que una teoria cient\u00EDfica tingui algun valor que hom pugui falsar les seves prediccions, \u00E9s a dir, contrastar-les amb la realitat, sia per experiment o per observaci\u00F3. Alguns fil\u00F2sofs que han contribu\u00EFt especialment en aquest camp s\u00F3n: Thomas Kuhn, Karl Popper, Paul Feyerabend, Imre Lakatos, Ernest Nagel."@ca ,
"Filosofie v\u011Bdy je oblast filosofie, kter\u00E1 zkoum\u00E1 v\u011Bdu jako specifickou sf\u00E9ru lidsk\u00E9 \u010Dinnosti i jako vyv\u00EDjej\u00EDc\u00ED se syst\u00E9m poznatk\u016F. Zkoum\u00E1n\u00ED v\u011Bdy m\u016F\u017Eeme pozorovat ji\u017E v antick\u00E9 filosofii, samotn\u00FD pojem filosofie v\u011Bdy se nicm\u00E9n\u011B roz\u0161\u00ED\u0159il po\u010D\u00E1tkem 20. stol. v d\u00EDlech p\u0159edstavitel\u016F logick\u00E9ho pozitivismu. P\u016Fvodn\u00ED snahou bylo omezovat filosofick\u00FD v\u00FDzkum v\u011Bdy jazykov\u00FDmi prost\u0159edky form\u00E1ln\u00ED logiky s c\u00EDlem redukovat v\u011Bdeck\u00E9 teoretick\u00E9 pojmy a v\u00FDroky na empirick\u00E9, kter\u00E9 umo\u017E\u0148uj\u00ED prov\u011B\u0159en\u00ED pozorov\u00E1n\u00EDm \u010Di experimentem. Karl Raimund Popper nam\u00EDsto krit\u00E9ria verifikovatelnosti zav\u00E1d\u00ED krit\u00E9rium falsifikovatelnosti; v\u011Bdeck\u00E1 hypot\u00E9za je pravdiv\u00E1, pokud jsou pravdiv\u00E9 v\u00FDroky, kter\u00E9 z n\u00ED m\u016F\u017Eeme dedukovat. Pokud hypot\u00E9za takov\u00E9 falsifikaci odol\u00E1, nen\u00ED ji\u017E v\u011Bdeck\u00E1. V\u011Bda je tak evolu\u010Dn\u00EDm procesem spo\u010D\u00EDvaj\u00EDc\u00EDm v neust\u00E1l\u00E9m p\u0159ekon\u00E1v\u00E1n\u00ED omyl\u016F. Na Poppera nav\u00E1zal Thomas Samuel Kuhn se sv\u00FDm pojet\u00EDm paradigmatu a v\u011Bdeck\u00FDch revoluc\u00ED. V sou\u010Dasnosti se filosofie v\u011Bdy zab\u00FDv\u00E1 nejen strukturou v\u011Bdeck\u00E9ho pozn\u00E1n\u00ED, ale i jeho d\u011Bjinami. Krom\u011B studia ji\u017E z\u00EDskan\u00FDch pozn\u00E1n\u00ED se v\u011Bnuje i probl\u00E9m\u016Fm z\u00EDsk\u00E1v\u00E1n\u00ED nov\u00FDch pozn\u00E1n\u00ED, a od trendu redukovat v\u011Bdeck\u00FD v\u00FDzkum pouze na empirickou \u00FArove\u0148 se postupn\u011B upou\u0161t\u00ED. Filosofie v\u011Bdy je jedn\u00EDm z hlavn\u00EDch okruh\u016F z\u00E1jm\u016F analytick\u00E9 filosofie, trvale se j\u00ED v\u0161ak zab\u00FDvaj\u00ED i neanalyti\u010Dt\u00ED filosofov\u00E9, nap\u0159. Gaston Bachelard, Alexandre Koyr\u00E9, Paul Feyerabend, v \u010Cesku pak mj. Zden\u011Bk Neubauer."@cs ,
"The philosophy of science is concerned with the assumptions, foundations, and implications of science. The field is defined by an interest in one of a set of \"traditional\" problems or an interest in central or foundational concerns in science. In addition to these central problems for science as a whole, many philosophers of science consider these problems as they apply to particular sciences. Some philosophers of science also use contemporary results in science to draw philosophical morals. Although most practitioners are philosophers, several prominent scientists have contributed to the field and still do. Other prominent scientists have felt that the practical effect on their work is limited: \u201CPhilosophy of science is about as useful to scientists as ornithology is to birds,\u201D according to physicist Richard Feynman. Philosophy of science focuses on metaphysical, epistemic and semantic aspects of science. Ethical issues such as bioethics and scientific misconduct are usually considered ethics or science studies rather than philosophy of science."@en ,
"La philosophie des sciences est la branche de la philosophie qui \u00E9tudie les fondements philosophiques, les syst\u00E8mes et les implications de la science, qu'il s'agisse de sciences naturelles ou de sciences sociales. La philosophie des sciences est \u00E0 rapprocher de l'\u00E9pist\u00E9mologie et de l'ontologie, deux domaines auxquels elle emprunte beaucoup et pose de nouveaux questionnements. Sont abord\u00E9es en philosophie des sciences, entre autres probl\u00E9matiques : la nature de la pens\u00E9e scientifique, de son discours et de ses concepts; les processus par lesquels la science devient une activit\u00E9; le rapport entre science et nature; les mani\u00E8res de jauger la validit\u00E9 des th\u00E9ories en sciences; la m\u00E9thode scientifique; les raisonnements scientifiques et leurs port\u00E9es philosophiques; les implications r\u00E9ciproques entre m\u00E9thode scientifique et soci\u00E9t\u00E9..."@fr ;
rdfs:comment "Filozofia nauki \u2013 dzia\u0142 filozofii zajmuj\u0105cy si\u0119 badaniem filozoficznych podstaw nauki oraz jej metod, staraj\u0105cy si\u0119 odpowiedzie\u0107 na pytanie, jakie pogl\u0105dy mo\u017Cna uzna\u0107 za naukowe, a jakie nie, i dlaczego."@pl ,
"A tudom\u00E1nyfiloz\u00F3fia egyfel\u0151l a filoz\u00F3fia azon \u00E1ga, mely a tudom\u00E1ny filoz\u00F3fiai k\u00E9rd\u00E9seit vizsg\u00E1lja, \u00FAgy mint a tudom\u00E1nyos megismer\u00E9s lehet\u0151s\u00E9geit, m\u00F3dszereit, a tudom\u00E1nyos igazs\u00E1gok \u00E9s k\u00F6vetkeztet\u00E9sek \u00E9rv\u00E9nyess\u00E9g\u00E9nek okait."@hu ,
"Tieteenfilosofia on filosofian osa-alue, joka tutkii tieteellisen tiedon luonnetta, yleisi\u00E4 perusteita ja tieteellist\u00E4 toimintaa. Se tarkastelee tieteen k\u00E4sitteit\u00E4, teorioita, menetelmi\u00E4 ja ongelmia sek\u00E4 tieteellist\u00E4 p\u00E4\u00E4ttely\u00E4 ja selitt\u00E4mist\u00E4. Tieteenfilosofia tutkii paitsi tieteit\u00E4 yleisesti my\u00F6s yksitt\u00E4isi\u00E4 tieteenaloja."@fi ,
"La filosofia de la ci\u00E8ncia \u00E9s una branca de l'epistemologia que intenta estudiar la validesa dels enunciats cient\u00EDfics i provar si aquesta s'adequa a la realitat. En general, una teoria cient\u00EDfica \u00E9s un conjunt d'enunciats que pret\u00E8n descriure la realitat (o una part d'aquesta), a partir d'un nombre parsimoni\u00F3s (tan redu\u00EFt com sigui possible) d'hip\u00F2tesis."@ca ,
"Wetenschapsfilosofie is het onderdeel van de filosofie dat de filosofische basis, vooronderstellingen en consequenties van de wetenschap bestudeert. De wetenschapsfilosofie houdt zich bezig met zowel de natuurwetenschappen, zoals natuurkunde en biologie, als de sociale wetenschappen, zoals psychologie en economie."@nl ,
"Vetenskapsteorin \u00E4r den gren av filosofin som st\u00E4ller fr\u00E5gor dels om s\u00E5dana begrepp som \u00E4r gemensamma f\u00F6r olika vetenskaper, dels om olika specialvetenskaper. N\u00E4r det g\u00E4ller begrepp som \u00E4r gemensamma f\u00F6r de olika vetenskaperna gr\u00E4nsar vetenskapsteorin till mer generella filosofiska omr\u00E5den, framf\u00F6r allt epistemologi och metafysik."@sv ,
"\u79D1\u5B66\u54F2\u5B66\uFF08\u304B\u304C\u304F\u3066\u3064\u304C\u304F\u3001\u82F1: philosophy of science\uFF09\u306F\u79D1\u5B66\u3092\u8003\u5BDF\u306E\u5BFE\u8C61\u3068\u3059\u308B\u54F2\u5B66\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja ,
"Vitenskapsteori eller vitenskapsfilosofi er den grenen av filosofien som unders\u00F8ker vitenskap(ene) og dens/deres struktur. Sentrale vitenskapsteoretiske sp\u00F8rsm\u00E5l er s\u00E5ledes: Hva er vitenskap, hva kjennetegner og hvordan oppn\u00E5s vitenskapelig fremskritt? Men kan dele inn vitenskapsteorien i deskriptiv og normativ vitenskapsteori. Alternativt kan man foreta en inndeling i forhold til fagene som unders\u00F8kes, dvs. i naturvitenskapenes filosofi, samfunnsvitenskapenes filosofi osv."@no ,
"\u0424\u0456\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0456\u044F \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0438 \u2014 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043B \u0444\u0456\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0456\u0457, \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0432\u0447\u0430\u0454 \u043F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0442\u044F, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0456 \u0456 \u043C\u0435\u0442\u043E\u0434\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u044E \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0438. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043E\u043C \u0437 \u0442\u0438\u043C, \u0456\u0441\u043D\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448 \u0441\u043F\u0435\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043B\u0438 \u0444\u0456\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0456\u0457, \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434: \u0444\u0456\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0456\u044F \u043C\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0438, \u0444\u0456\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0456\u044F \u0431\u0456\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0457, \u0444\u0456\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0456\u044F \u0444\u0456\u0437\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u0442\u043E\u0449\u043E."@uk ,
"Filosofie v\u011Bdy je oblast filosofie, kter\u00E1 zkoum\u00E1 v\u011Bdu jako specifickou sf\u00E9ru lidsk\u00E9 \u010Dinnosti i jako vyv\u00EDjej\u00EDc\u00ED se syst\u00E9m poznatk\u016F. Zkoum\u00E1n\u00ED v\u011Bdy m\u016F\u017Eeme pozorovat ji\u017E v antick\u00E9 filosofii, samotn\u00FD pojem filosofie v\u011Bdy se nicm\u00E9n\u011B roz\u0161\u00ED\u0159il po\u010D\u00E1tkem 20. stol. v d\u00EDlech p\u0159edstavitel\u016F logick\u00E9ho pozitivismu."@cs ,
"La filosofia della scienza \u00E8 la branca della filosofia e dell'epistemologia che studia i fondamenti, gli assunti e le implicazioni della scienza, sia riguardo alle scienze naturali, come la fisica o la biologia, sia riguardo alle scienze sociali, come la psicologia o l'economia."@it ,
"Die Wissenschaftstheorie ist ein Teilgebiet der Philosophie, das sich mit den Voraussetzungen, Methoden und Zielen von Wissenschaft und ihrer Form der Erkenntnisgewinnung besch\u00E4ftigt. Kernfragen der Wissenschaftstheorie lauten: Welche Charakteristika weist wissenschaftliche Erkenntnis auf? (z. B."@de ,
"Filosofia da Ci\u00EAncia \u00E9 o campo da pesquisa filos\u00F3fica que estuda os fundamentos, pressupostos e implica\u00E7\u00F5es filos\u00F3ficas da ci\u00EAncia, incluindo as ci\u00EAncias naturais como f\u00EDsica e biologia, e as ci\u00EAncias sociais, como psicologia e economia. Neste sentido, a filosofia da ci\u00EAncia est\u00E1 intimamente relacionada \u00E0 epistemologia e \u00E0 ontologia."@pt ,
"\u79D1\u5B66\u54F2\u5B66\u662F20\u4E16\u7EAA\u5174\u8D77\u7684\u4E00\u4E2A\u54F2\u5B66\u5206\u652F\u3002\u65E9\u5148\u4E3B\u8981\u6307\u903B\u8F91\u7ECF\u9A8C\u4E3B\u4E49\uFF08\u6216\u79F0\u903B\u8F91\u5B9E\u8BC1\u4E3B\u4E49\uFF09\u3002\u4E3B\u8981\u7814\u7A76\u79D1\u5B66\u7684\u672C\u6027\uFF0C\u79D1\u5B66\u7406\u8BBA\u7684\u7ED3\u6784\u3001\u79D1\u5B66\u8BF4\u660E\u3001\u79D1\u5B66\u68C0\u9A8C\u3001\u79D1\u5B66\u89C2\u5BDF\u4E0E\u7406\u8BBA\u7684\u5173\u7CFB\u3001\u79D1\u5B66\u7406\u8BBA\u7684\u9009\u62E9\u7B49\u3002\u4EE3\u8868\u4EBA\u7269\u4E3B\u8981\u6709\u77F3\u91CC\u514B\u3001\u9C81\u9053\u592B\u00B7\u5361\u5C14\u7EB3\u666E\u3001\u6CE2\u666E\u5C14\u3001\u4EA8\u666E\u5C14\u3001\u53E4\u5FB7\u66FC\u3001\u5E93\u6069\u3001\u8303\u5F17\u62C9\u68EE\u3001\u84AF\u56E0\u3001\u57FA\u5207\u5C14\u7B49\u3002"@zh ,
"Filozofia \u015Ftiin\u0163ei este ramura filozofiei care studiaz\u0103 fundamentele filozofice, ipotezele \u015Fi implica\u0163iile \u015Ftiin\u0163ei, incluz\u00E2nd \u015Ftiin\u0163ele naturii, precum fizica, matematica \u015Fi biologia, \u015Fi \u015Ftiin\u0163ele sociale, precum psihologia, sociologia, \u015Ftiin\u0163ele politice, \u015Fi economia. \u00CEn acest sens, filozofia \u015Ftiin\u0163ei este str\u00E2ns legat\u0103 de epistemologie \u015Fi ontologie."@ro ,
"The philosophy of science is concerned with the assumptions, foundations, and implications of science. The field is defined by an interest in one of a set of \"traditional\" problems or an interest in central or foundational concerns in science. In addition to these central problems for science as a whole, many philosophers of science consider these problems as they apply to particular sciences. Some philosophers of science also use contemporary results in science to draw philosophical morals."@en ,
"\u0424\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0438\u044F \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0438\u00A0\u2014 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043B \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0438\u0435, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0446\u044B \u0438 \u043C\u0435\u0442\u043E\u0434\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u044E \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044E\u0442 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043F\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044B \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0438, \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0438\u044F \u043C\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0438, \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0438\u044F \u0431\u0438\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0438\u044F \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043A\u0438."@ru ,
"Bilim felsefesi, epistemoloji, ontoloji, etik ve estetik gibi felsefenin temel alt b\u00F6l\u00FCmlerinden birisidir."@tr ,
"La philosophie des sciences est la branche de la philosophie qui \u00E9tudie les fondements philosophiques, les syst\u00E8mes et les implications de la science, qu'il s'agisse de sciences naturelles ou de sciences sociales. La philosophie des sciences est \u00E0 rapprocher de l'\u00E9pist\u00E9mologie et de l'ontologie, deux domaines auxquels elle emprunte beaucoup et pose de nouveaux questionnements."@fr ,
"La filosofia de la ciencia investiga la naturaleza del conocimiento cient\u00EDfico y la pr\u00E1ctica cient\u00EDfica. Se ocupa de saber, entre otras cosas, c\u00F3mo se desarrollan, eval\u00FAan y cambian las teor\u00EDas cient\u00EDficas, y de saber si la ciencia es capaz de revelar la verdad de las \"entidades ocultas\" (o sea, no observables) y los procesos de la naturaleza. Son filos\u00F3ficas las diversas proposiciones b\u00E1sicas que permiten construir la ciencia."@es .
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