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dbpedia:Arthur_Schopenhauer dbpprop:mainInterests .
dbpedia:Maurice_Merleau-Ponty dbpprop:schoolTradition .
dbpedia:Phenomenology dbpprop:disambiguates .
dbpprop:schoolTradition .
dbpedia:Jean-Luc_Marion dbpprop:schoolTradition .
dbpedia:Delfim_Santos dbpprop:schoolTradition .
dbpedia:John_Daniel_Wild dbpprop:schoolTradition .
dbpprop:mainInterests .
dbpedia:Jean-Paul_Sartre dbpprop:mainInterests .
dbpedia:Martin_Heidegger dbpprop:schoolTradition .
dbpprop:schoolTradition ;
dbpprop:mainInterests .
dbpedia:Peter_Sloterdijk dbpprop:schoolTradition .
dbpprop:mainInterests ;
dbpprop:schoolTradition .
dbpedia:Giovanni_Piana dbpprop:schoolTradition .
dbpprop:schoolTradition .
dbpedia:Edmund_Husserl dbpprop:notableIdeas ;
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dbpprop:shortDescription .
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dbpprop:reference ns4:phenomenology ,
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rdfs:label "Fenomenologi"@no ,
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"Ph\u00E9nom\u00E9nologie"@fr ,
"Fenomenol\u00F3gia"@hu ,
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"Fenomenologie"@cs ;
dbpprop:abstract "Fenomenologia \u2013 XX-wieczny kierunek filozoficzny, kt\u00F3rego g\u0142\u00F3wnym tw\u00F3rc\u0105 i reprezentantem jest Edmund Husserl, a tak\u017Ce wytworzona przez ten kierunek metoda bada\u0144 filozoficznych stosowana przez filozof\u00F3w egzystencji. Nazwy fenomenologia jako pierwszy u\u017Cy\u0142, jak si\u0119 wydaje J. H. Lambert w Neues Organum (1764). S\u0142owo to wyst\u0105pi\u0142o tak\u017Ce u Kanta (Metaphysische Anfangsgrunde der Naturwissenschaft, 1786, u Hegla Phenomenologie des Geistes, 1807, Renouviera, Fragments de la philosophie de Sir W. Hamilton, 1840, Amiela, E. von Hartmann, Phenomenologie des sittlichen Bewusstseins, 1879 i innych. Znaczenie terminu u ka\u017Cdego z wymienionych autor\u00F3w jest bardzo r\u00F3\u017Cne. \u017Baden nie u\u017Cywa\u0142 tego terminu do okre\u015Blenia dok\u0142adnie zdeterminowanej metody my\u015Blenia. Nazwa kierunku pochodzi od greckiego s\u0142owa phainomenon oznaczaj\u0105cego to, co si\u0119 jawi. Metoda fenomenologiczna polega na opisie i ogl\u0105dzie tego, co bezpo\u015Brednio jest dane. Jest to metoda filozofowania, kt\u00F3ra odbiega od codziennych sposob\u00F3w orientowania si\u0119 w rzeczywisto\u015Bci. Podej\u015Bcie fenomenologiczne r\u00F3\u017Cni si\u0119 od naturalnego nastawienia bezza\u0142o\u017Ceniowo\u015Bci\u0105. W nastawieniu naturalnym mamy na temat \u015Bwiata pewne za\u0142o\u017Cenia, domys\u0142y, teorie, spekulacje. Fenomenologia nawo\u0142uje do ich odrzucenia po to, by przyjrze\u0107 si\u0119 \u015Bwiatu tak, jak si\u0119 on jawi. Edmund Husserl postulowa\u0142 powr\u00F3t do rzeczy samych. Ma temu s\u0142u\u017Cy\u0107 redukcja fenomenologiczna, kt\u00F3ra oznacza wzi\u0119cie w nawias, zawieszenie przekonania o realnym istnieniu \u015Bwiata i poznaj\u0105cego podmiotu. Epoche mia\u0142a sprawi\u0107, \u017Ce \u015Bwiadomo\u015B\u0107 stanie si\u0119 czysta, b\u0119dzie traktowa\u0107 \u015Bwiat wy\u0142\u0105cznie jako fenomeny, zjawiska. Dla fenomenologii wa\u017Cne znaczenie ma poj\u0119cie intencjonalno\u015Bci, kt\u00F3re Husserl zapo\u017Cyczy\u0142 od swojego nauczyciela Franza Brentany. Wed\u0142ug Brentany intencja jest relacj\u0105 \u0142\u0105cz\u0105c\u0105 umys\u0142, \u015Bwiadomo\u015B\u0107 z tre\u015Bci\u0105 lub przedmiotem. Relacja intencjonalna sk\u0142ada si\u0119 z dw\u00F3ch cz\u0142on\u00F3w: noezy i noematu. Noeza to akt \u015Bwiadomo\u015Bciowy, a noemat \u2013 przedmiot dany w tym akcie. Brentano przypisywa\u0142 intencjonalno\u015B\u0107 wszystkim stanom umys\u0142owym. Husserl zauwa\u017Cy\u0142, \u017Ce tak nie jest, niekt\u00F3re stany nie s\u0105 intencjonalne: np. ani nastr\u00F3j, ani stan ducha nie s\u0105 nakierowane na co\u015B. Fenomenologowie przej\u0119li te\u017C od Brentany fascynacj\u0119 oczywisto\u015Bci\u0105. Fenomenologia zaczyna budowa\u0107 teori\u0119 od tego, co oczywiste. S\u0105dy powinny by\u0107 oczywiste, powinna je cechowa\u0107 \"\u015Bwietlista pewno\u015B\u0107\". Husserl przej\u0105\u0142 od swojego nauczyciela ewidencjonalistyczn\u0105 koncepcj\u0119 prawdy. Wed\u0142ug niego oczywisto\u015B\u0107 w\u0142a\u015Bciwie rozumiana jest prze\u017Cyciem prawdy. W\u015Br\u00F3d innych wa\u017Cnych poj\u0119\u0107 fenomenologii znajduje si\u0119 analiza eidetyczna, czyli d\u0105\u017Cenie do uchwycenia istoty tego, co dane, ideacja, docieranie do istoty zjawisk, widzenie istotno\u015Bciowe. W naoczno\u015Bci istotno\u015Bciowej dana jest czysta istota zjawiska. Uchwycenie tej istoty nie musi by\u0107 przeprowadzone na wielu przyk\u0142adach, wystarczy nawet jeden lub tylko naoczno\u015B\u0107 wyobra\u017Ceniowa . Podej\u015Bcie fenomenologiczne w pracach nad histori\u0105, etnografi\u0105 i antropologi\u0105 religii, zapocz\u0105tkowane przez Gerardusa van der Leeuw i \u2013 na szerok\u0105 skal\u0119 \u2013 Mirce\u0119 Eliadego pozwoli\u0142o przezwyci\u0119\u017Cy\u0107 analiz\u0119 religijn\u0105 jako osadzon\u0105 w realiach religijnych podmiotu analizuj\u0105cego i stanowi\u0142o pocz\u0105tek nowoczesnego religioznawstwa."@pl ,
"La fenomenologia \u00E8 una disciplina fondata da Edmund Husserl, un membro della Scuola di Brentano, specificamente un discepolo sia di Franz Brentano che di Carl Stumpf. La fenomenologia ha avuto una profonda influenza sull'Esistenzialismo in Germania e Francia, ma anche sulle scienze cognitive odierne e nella filosofia analitica."@it ,
"A Fenomenologia, nascida na segunda metade do s\u00E9culo XIX, a partir das an\u00E1lises de Franz Brentano sobre a intencionalidade da consci\u00EAncia humana, trata de descrever, compreender e interpretar os fen\u00F3menos que se apresentam \u00E0 percep\u00E7\u00E3o. Prop\u00F5e a extin\u00E7\u00E3o da separa\u00E7\u00E3o entre \"sujeito\" e \"objecto\" (opondo-se ao pensamento positivista do s\u00E9culo XIX) e examina a realidade a partir da perspectiva de primeira pessoa. Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre e Maurice Merleau-Ponty foram alguns dos principais fil\u00F3sofos fenomenologistas do s\u00E9culo XX. O m\u00E9todo fenomenol\u00F3gico se define como uma volta \u00E0s coisas mesmas, isto \u00E9, aos fen\u00F3menos, aquilo que aparece \u00E0 consci\u00EAncia, que se d\u00E1 como objecto intencional. Seu objectivo \u00E9 chegar \u00E0 intui\u00E7\u00E3o das ess\u00EAncias, isto \u00E9, ao conte\u00FAdo intelig\u00EDvel e ideal dos fen\u00F3menos, captado de forma imediata. Toda consci\u00EAncia \u00E9 consci\u00EAncia de alguma coisa. Assim sendo, a consci\u00EAncia n\u00E3o \u00E9 uma subst\u00E2ncia, mas uma actividade constitu\u00EDda por atos (percep\u00E7\u00E3o, imagina\u00E7\u00E3o, especula\u00E7\u00E3o, voli\u00E7\u00E3o, paix\u00E3o, etc), com os quais visa algo. As ess\u00EAncias ou significa\u00E7\u00F5es (noema) s\u00E3o objectos visados de certa maneira pelos atos intencionais da consci\u00EAncia (noesis). A fim de que a investiga\u00E7\u00E3o se ocupe apenas das opera\u00E7\u00F5es realizadas pela consci\u00EAncia, \u00E9 necess\u00E1rio que se fa\u00E7a uma redu\u00E7\u00E3o fenomenol\u00F3gica ou Epoch\u00E9, isto \u00E9, coloque-se entre par\u00EAnteses toda a exist\u00EAncia efectiva do mundo exterior. Na pr\u00E1tica da fenomenologia efectua-se o processo de redu\u00E7\u00E3o fenomenol\u00F3gica o qual permite atingir a ess\u00EAncia do fen\u00F3meno. As coisas, segundo Husserl, caracterizam-se pela sua n\u00E3o finaliza\u00E7\u00E3o devida, pela possibilidade de sempre serem visadas por noesis novas que as enriquecem e as modificam. J\u00E1 Immanuel Kant diz que fen\u00F3meno que \u00E9 de fato fen\u00F3meno, deve possuir duas propriedades elementares: Caracterizar-se no tempo e no espa\u00E7o. No tempo, atrav\u00E9s da aplica\u00E7\u00E3o das categorias do entendimento a priori (uma dedu\u00E7\u00E3o l\u00F3gica da coisa) e em seguida a posteriori (o que pode ser identificado \"positivamente\" quanto a este objecto). Com a coisa inserida em um contexto temporal e espacial, est\u00E1 apta a receber todos os componentes da ci\u00EAncia afim de estuda-la. E, para a aplica\u00E7\u00E3o dos diversos ju\u00EDzos da ci\u00EAncia (sint\u00E9tico/a priori; anal\u00EDtico/a posteriori), deve existir o ser que transcenda a ci\u00EAncia, o objecto e a terra. Fen\u00F4meno Heidegger Auguste Comte Maurice Merleau-Ponty Ludwig Binswanger Karl Jaspers Joel Martins Newsletter of Phenomenology. (online-newsletter) Research in Phenomenology. Duquesne Univ. Pr. , Pittsburgh Pa 1.1971ff. Studia Phaenomenologica. Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology Sociedade Brasileira de Psicologia Humanista Existencial"@pt ,
"\u73B0\u8C61\u5B66\u662F\u4E8C\u5341\u4E16\u7EAA\u6700\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u54F2\u5B66\u6D41\u6D3E\u4E4B\u4E00\uFF0C\u7531\u5FB7\u56FD\u54F2\u5B66\u5BB6\u80E1\u585E\u5C14\u5960\u57FA\u4E8E1900\u5E74\uFF0C\u80E1\u585E\u5C14\u6DF1\u53D7\u6CE2\u67E5\u8AFE\uFF08B. Bolzano, 1781-1848\uFF09\u4E4B\u300C\u771F\u7406\u81EA\u8EAB\u300D\u2014\u2014\u5373\u8D85\u8D8A\u6642\u7A7A\u8207\u500B\u4EBA\u4E4B\u7D55\u5C0D\u3001\u53C8\u666E\u904D\u7684\u5BA2\u89C0\u5B58\u5728\u8005\u2014\u2014\u7684\u7406\u5FF5\u7684\u5F71\u97FF\uFF0C\u800C\u63D0\u51FA\u5C0D\u610F\u8B58\u672C\u8CEA\u7684\u7814\u7A76\uFF0C\u6216\u63CF\u8FF0\u5148\u9A57\u7684\u3001\u7D55\u5C0D\u7684\u8A8D\u8B58\u4E4B\u6839\u672C\u8207\u6CD5\u5247\uFF1B\u4ED6\u7A31\u4E4B\u70BA\u300C\u73B0\u8C61\u5B66\u300D\u3002\u80E1\u585E\u723E\u601D\u60F3\u767C\u5C55\u7684\u7B2C\u4E00\u500B\u91CD\u8981\u8F49\u6298\u9EDE\u7684\u6A19\u8A8C\u662F\u300A\u908F\u8F2F\u7814\u7A76\u300B(Logical Investigations)\u3002\u8FD9\u672C\u4E66\u662F\u8FD1\u5F53\u4EE3\u54F2\u5B66\u6700\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u8457\u4F5C\u4E4B\u4E00\uFF0C\u4E3A\u54F2\u5B66\u7684\u53D1\u5C55\u5728\u672C\u4F53\u8BBA\u548C\u8BA4\u8BC6\u8BBA\u4E4B\u95F4\u5F00\u62D3\u4E86\u65B0\u7684\u9053\u8DEF\u3002\u5728\u5B83\u7684\u611F\u53EC\u4E0B\uFF0C\u5927\u6279\u601D\u60F3\u5BB6\u6C47\u96C6\u5230\u201C\u56DE\u5230\u4E8B\u7269\u672C\u8EAB\u201D\uFF08Zur\u00FCck zu den Sachen selbst\uFF09\u7684\u5927\u65D7\u4E0B\uFF0C\u5176\u4E2D\u5305\u62EC\u83AB\u91CC\u8328\u00B7\u76D6\u683C\uFF08Moritz Geiger\uFF09\u3001\u4E9A\u529B\u5C71\u5927\u00B7\u666E\u51E1\u5FB7\u5C14\uFF08Alexander Pfaender\uFF09\u3001\u9A6C\u514B\u65AF\u00B7\u820D\u52D2\uFF08Max Scheler\uFF09\u3001\u5965\u65AF\u5361\u00B7\u8D1D\u514B\uFF08Oscar Becker\uFF09\u3001\u7279\u5965\u591A\u5C14\u00B7\u5EB7\u62C9\u5FB7\uFF08Theodor Conrad\uFF09\u7B49\u4EBA\u3002\u6B64\u5916\u8FD8\u6709\u5927\u6279\u54F2\u5B66\u5BB6\uFF0C\u867D\u7136\u5E76\u975E\u4E25\u683C\u610F\u4E49\u4E0A\u7684\u73B0\u8C61\u5B66\u5BB6\uFF0C\u4ED6\u4EEC\u7684\u601D\u60F3\u4E5F\u53D7\u5230\u4E86\u73B0\u8C61\u5B66\u7684\u5F88\u5927\u5F71\u54CD\uFF0C\u5176\u4E2D\u5C31\u5305\u62EC\u8428\u7279\u3001\u6D77\u5FB7\u683C\u5C14\u3001\u6885\u6D1B-\u5E9E\u8482\u3001\u4F3D\u8FBE\u9ED8\u5C14\u7B49\u7B49\u5DE8\u5320\u3002\u5728\u4E00\u5B9A\u610F\u4E49\u4E0A\u53EF\u4EE5\u8BF4\uFF0C\u73B0\u8C61\u5B66\u901A\u8FC7\u4ED6\u4EEC\u7684\u6F14\u7ECE\u53D1\u5C55\uFF0C\u4ECD\u7136\u6D3B\u8DC3\u4E8E\u5F53\u4EE3\u7684\u601D\u60F3\u754C\uFF0C\u6210\u4E3A\u5F53\u4EE3\u54F2\u5B66\u7684\u4E00\u4E2A\u6709\u673A\u7684\u7EC4\u6210\u90E8\u5206\u3002 \u73B0\u8C61\u5B66\u5F3A\u8C03\u5BF9\u76F4\u63A5\u76F4\u89C2\u548C\u7ECF\u9A8C\u611F\u77E5\u7684\u533A\u5206\uFF0C\u8BA4\u4E3A\u54F2\u5B66\uFF08\u6216\u81F3\u5C11\u662F\u73B0\u8C61\u5B66\uFF09\u7684\u4E3B\u8981\u4EFB\u52A1\u662F\u5398\u6E05\u4E8C\u8005\u4E4B\u95F4\u7684\u5173\u8054\uFF0C\u5E76\u4E14\u5728\u76F4\u89C2\u4E2D\u83B7\u5F97\u5BF9\u672C\u8D28\u7684\u8BA4\u8BC6\u3002\u5982\u80E1\u585E\u5C14\u5728\u300A\u54F2\u5B66\u4E0E\u73B0\u8C61\u5B66\u7814\u7A76\u5E74\u9274\u300B\u521B\u520A\u53F7\u7684\u524D\u8A00\u4E2D\u6240\u79F0\uFF1A \u4ECE\u8FD9\u4E00\u610F\u4E49\u4E0A\u6765\u8BF4\uFF0C\u73B0\u8C61\u5B66\u9996\u5148\u662F\u4E00\u79CD\u65B9\u6CD5\uFF0C\u5373\u4ECE\u76F4\u63A5\u76F4\u89C2\u548C\u5148\u9A8C\u672C\u8D28\u4E2D\u63D0\u53D6\u77E5\u8BC6\u7684\u9014\u5F84\u3002\u6D77\u5FB7\u683C\u5C14\u57281925\u5E74\u7684\u201C\u73B0\u8C61\u5B66\u57FA\u672C\u95EE\u9898\u201D\u8BB2\u5EA7\u4E2D\u4FBF\u6307\u51FA\u4E86\u8FD9\u4E2A\u610F\u4E49\u4E0A\u7684\u201C\u73B0\u8C61\u5B66\u201D\u5E76\u786E\u4FE1\uFF0C\u201C\u73B0\u8C61\u5B66\u53D1\u73B0\u7684\u4F1F\u5927\u4E4B\u5904\u5E76\u4E0D\u5728\u4E8E\u90A3\u4E9B\u5B9E\u9645\u83B7\u5F97\u7684\u3001\u53EF\u4F30\u4EF7\u548C\u53EF\u6279\u5224\u7684\u7ED3\u679C\uFF0C\u800C\u662F\u5728\u4E8E\u5B83\u5C31\u662F\u5BF9\u54F2\u5B66\u4E2D\u7684\u7814\u7A76\u53EF\u80FD\u6027\u7684\u53D1\u73B0\u3002\u201D \u5E76\u4E14\u5728\u65B9\u6CD5\u4E4B\u5916\uFF0C\u73B0\u8C61\u5B66\u5728\u7814\u7A76\u5BF9\u8C61\u4E0A\u627E\u5230\u4E86\u8FDE\u63A5\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u548C\u903B\u8F91\u5B66\u7684\u4E2D\u95F4\u5730\u5E26\uFF0C\u4E3A\u201C\u7EAF\u7CB9\u903B\u8F91\u5B66\u201D\u627E\u5230\u4E86\u6839\u57FA\u3002\u53E6\u4E00\u65B9\u9762\uFF0C\u5728\u7814\u7A76\u9014\u5F84\u4E0A\uFF0C\u73B0\u8C61\u5B66\u627E\u5230\u4E86\u5B9E\u8BC1\u4E3B\u4E49\u548C\u5F62\u800C\u4E0A\u5B66\u4E4B\u95F4\u7684\u4E00\u6761\u9053\u8DEF\uFF0C\u88AB\u80E1\u585E\u5C14\u672C\u4EBA\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u5148\u9A8C\u7684\u7ECF\u9A8C\u4E3B\u4E49\u201D\u3002"@zh ,
"Error creating thumbnail: Invalid Parameter - white\r This article needs additional citations for verification. Phenomenology is a philosophical method developed in the early years of the twentieth century by Edmund Husserl and a circle of followers at the universities of G\u00F6ttingen and Munich in Germany. Subsequently, phenomenological themes were taken up by philosophers in France, the United States, and elsewhere, often in contexts far removed from Husserl's work. \"Phenomenology\" comes from the Greek words phain\u00F3menon, meaning \"that which appears\", and l\u00F3gos, meaning \"study\". In Husserl's conception, phenomenology is primarily concerned with making the structures of consciousness, and the phenomena which appear in acts of consciousness, objects of systematic reflection and analysis. Such reflection was to take place from a highly modified \"first person\" viewpoint, studying phenomena not as they appear to \"my\" consciousness, but to any consciousness whatsoever. Husserl believed that phenomenology could thus provide a firm basis for all human knowledge, including scientific knowledge, and could establish philosophy as a \"rigorous science\". Husserl's conception of phenomenology has been criticised and developed not only by himself, but also by his student Martin Heidegger, by existentialists, such as Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Paul Sartre, and by other philosophers, such as Paul Ricoeur, Emmanuel Levinas, and Alfred Sch\u00FCtz."@en ,
"Etimol\u00F2gicament fenomenologia vol dir ci\u00E8ncia dels fen\u00F2mens. El mot ja l'usen alguns autors dels segles XVIII i XIX (Hegel, Fenomenologia de l'Esperit). Pr\u00F2piament l'\u00E8xit en l'\u00FAs del mot es deu a l'escola fenomenol\u00F2gica, el fundador de la qual \u00E9s Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), i a la qual s'adscriuen pensadors com Max Scheler (1874-1928), Nicolai Hartmann (1882-1950), i sobretot Martin Heidegger (1889-1976), Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980), Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961), Jan Pato\u010Dka (1907-1977), etc. Si m\u00E9s no est\u00E0 tamb\u00E9 emparentada amb els pensadors hermen\u00E8utics, amb la resta dels existencialistes, i fins i tot amb autors com Emmanuel L\u00E9vinas (1906-1995), etc. Tots els fenomen\u00F2legs defensen que hi ha un \u00E0mbit propi de reflexi\u00F3 filos\u00F2fica irreductible al de les altres ci\u00E8ncies, suposen que la seva an\u00E0lisi esdev\u00E9 bastant complexa, i abandonen el dels fil\u00F2sofs tradicionals per considerar que no varen saber delimitar-lo."@ca ,
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"Die Ph\u00E4nomenologie (griechisch phain\u00F3menon \u201ESichtbares, Erscheinung\u201C; l\u00F3gos \u201ERede, Lehre\u201C) ist eine gegenw\u00E4rtige philosophische Str\u00F6mung, die auf Edmund Husserl zur\u00FCckgeht. Ph\u00E4nomenologen sehen den Ursprung der Erkenntnisgewinnung in den unmittelbar gegebenen Erscheinungen. Entsprechend untersuchen sie ausschlie\u00DFlich Zusammenh\u00E4nge zwischen diesen Erscheinungen. Diese formalen Beschreibungen geben grunds\u00E4tzlich den Anspruch aller ph\u00E4nomenologischen Ans\u00E4tze wieder, seien es philosophische oder naturwissenschaftliche, literarische oder psychiatrische. Sie unterscheiden sich nur in der Art, wie sie mit dem unmittelbar Gegebenen umgehen."@de ,
"Fenomenologia eli oppi ilmi\u00F6ist\u00E4 tutkii todellisuuden ilmenemist\u00E4 ihmiselle h\u00E4nen kokemusmaailmassaan. Se on filosofian tutkimussuuntaus ja oppi, joka pyrkii tutkimaan tietoisuuden rakenteita havaintokokemuksessa. Termill\u00E4 \u201Dfenomenologia\u201D on ollut filosofian historiassa kolme eri merkityst\u00E4, joista yksi on johdettu G. W. F. Hegelilt\u00E4 (1807), yksi Edmund Husserlilta (1920) ja yksi Martin Heideggerilta (1927): Hegelille hengenfenomenologia oli filosofinen l\u00E4hestymistapa, joka alkaa ilmi\u00F6iden eli tietoisessa kokemuksessa meille ilmenevien asioiden tutkimisella. Tavoitteena oli lopulta tavoittaa absoluuttinen, looginen, ontologinen ja metafyysinen Henki, joka oli ilmi\u00F6iden taustalla. T\u00E4t\u00E4 on kutsuttu dialektiseksi fenomenologiaksi. Husserlille fenomenologia oli filosofinen l\u00E4hestymistapa, joka ottaa l\u00E4ht\u00F6kohdakseen intuitiiviset ilmi\u00F6kokemukset eli fenomenologisessa reflektiossa meille ilmenev\u00E4t asiat, ja pyrkii uuttamaan niist\u00E4 kokemuksen olennaiset piirteet ja kokemiemme asioiden olemuksen. T\u00E4t\u00E4 on kutsuttu transsendentaaliseksi fenomenologiaksi. Husserlin n\u00E4kemys on yhteensopiva Brentanon koulukunnan n\u00E4kemysten kanssa, ja sit\u00E4 kehittiv\u00E4t edelleen sellaiset filosofit kuin Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Max Scheler, Hannah Arendt, Dietrich von Hildebrand ja Emmanuel Levinas. Heideggerille fenomenologinen n\u00E4kemys olioiden maailmasta tulee ohittaa ymm\u00E4rt\u00E4m\u00E4ll\u00E4 oleminen kaiken olemassa olevan taustalla, eli se toimii johdantona ontologiaan. T\u00E4t\u00E4 on kutsuttu eksistentialistiseksi fenomenologiaksi. Husserlin ja Heideggerin fenomenologinen kiista vaikutti eksistentialistisen fenomenologian ja eksistentialismin kehitykseen Ranskassa, mik\u00E4 ilmenee erityisesti Jean-Paul Sartre ja Simone de Beauvoirin teoksissa, M\u00FCnchenin fenomenologiassa, sek\u00E4 Paul Ricoeurill\u00E4. Husserl ja Heidegger ovat vaikuttaneet merkitt\u00E4v\u00E4sti my\u00F6s Jacques Derridan ja Bernard Stieglerin ajatteluun. Laajemmassa merkityksess\u00E4 termill\u00E4 fenomenologia viitataan koko mannermaiseen filosofiaan, jonka katsotaan olevan l\u00E4ht\u00F6kohdiltaan erilaista verrattuna analyyttiseen filosofiaan."@fi ,
"Fenomenoloji, yani g\u00F6r\u00FCng\u00FCbilim kurucusu Edmund Husserl olan felsefe g\u00F6r\u00FC\u015F\u00FCd\u00FCr. 20. y\u00FCzy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00E7eyre\u011Finde g\u00F6r\u00FClen bilimlerdeki ve d\u00FC\u015F\u00FCncedeki genel bunal\u0131m i\u00E7inde do\u011Fup geli\u015Fen bir felesefe ak\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Husserlci fenomenoloji, bu ba\u011Flamda, Metafizi\u011Fi sona erdirerek somut ya\u015Fant\u0131ya d\u00F6nmek ve b\u00F6ylece t\u0131kanm\u0131\u015F olan felsefeye yeni bir ba\u015Flang\u0131\u00E7 yapmak iddias\u0131yla ortaya \u00E7\u0131km\u0131\u015Ft\u0131r. Bir felsefe ak\u0131m\u0131 olmaktan \u00E7ok bir y\u00F6ntem olarak tarif edilmesi yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Fenomenoloji, her \u015Feyden \u00F6nce, fenomeni, yani dolays\u0131z olarak verilmi\u015F olan\u0131 betimlemeye dayanan bir y\u00F6ntemdir \u00E7\u00FCnk\u00FC. Bunu nas\u0131l yapt\u0131\u011F\u0131 ya da yap\u0131p yapamad\u0131\u011F\u0131, yani y\u00F6ntemin iddias\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00E7erli k\u0131lmak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan teorik d\u00FCzlemdeki stat\u00FCs\u00FC tart\u0131\u015F\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131r. \u00D6te yandan, fenomenoloji, bu y\u00F6ntem \u00FCzerinden kavramlar ve kategoriler geli\u015Ftirerek \u00F6zg\u00FCn bir felsefe ak\u0131m\u0131 da meydana getirir. 20. y\u00FCzy\u0131l felsefesinde ve kuramsal tart\u0131\u015Fmalar\u0131nda etkili ve belirleyici bir yere sahiptir Fenomenoloji. Heidegger'den Sartre'a, Frankfurt Okulu'ndan Foucault'a ve Postmodern d\u00FC\u015F\u00FCn\u00FCrlere kadar pek \u00E7ok d\u00FC\u015F\u00FCn\u00FCr ve felsefe e\u011Filimde etkisi g\u00F6r\u00FCl\u00FCr. Fenomenoloji, (T\u00FCrk\u00E7eye G\u00F6r\u00FCng\u00FCbilim olarak \u00E7evrilir) genel felsefe ak\u0131mlar\u0131nda oldu\u011Fu gibi \u00F6zne-nesne ili\u015Fkisini konu edinir. Nesneyi, en genel anlamda \u00F6znenin d\u0131\u015F d\u00FCnya ile kurdu\u011Fu ili\u015Fkilerinde alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011F\u0131, deneyimledi\u011Fi \u015Fey'ler olarak g\u00F6rmesiyle pozitivizm ve ampirizm'le ayn\u0131 noktada dursa da, temelde fenomonoloji bu iki felsefe ak\u0131m\u0131na kar\u015F\u0131 \u00E7\u0131kar. Bu kar\u015F\u0131 \u00E7\u0131k\u0131\u015F en ba\u015Fta, tek tek nesnelerin ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 konusunda ortaya \u00E7\u0131kar. Tek tek nesneler, Fenomenolojiye g\u00F6re, belirli genel yasalara ba\u011Fl\u0131 \u015Feyler de\u011Fil, varl\u0131klar\u0131 yaln\u0131z raslant\u0131 kavram\u0131yla a\u00E7\u0131klanabilir olan \u015Feylerdir. Ayr\u0131ca, dolays\u0131z olarak verilmi\u015F olan\u0131 betimlemeye dayal\u0131 bir y\u00F6ntem olmas\u0131yla ilkin do\u011Fabilimini d\u0131\u015Fta b\u0131rak\u0131r ve b\u00F6ylece her iki teorik e\u011Filimi yads\u0131r. Fenomenoloji, yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan deyi\u015Fle, \u00F6z'lerin ara\u015Ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 konusudur. C\u00FCnk\u00FC, b\u00FCt\u00FCn sorunlar sonunda \u00F6zlerin betimlenmesi sorununa geri g\u00F6t\u00FCr\u00FClebilir. Ancak, bu noktada ayr\u0131m\u0131 belirginle\u015Ftirmek gerekir; Fenomonoloji, \u00F6z\u2019lerin bilimi degil, \u00F6z\u2019\u00FC g\u00F6r\u00FCleyen Bilin\u00E7\u2019in bilimidir asl\u0131nda. Alg\u0131n\u0131n ya da bilincin \u00F6z\u00FC'n\u00FCn betimlenmesi sorunu, fenomenolojinin konusudur. Fenomenolojik bak\u0131\u015Fa g\u00F6re, ger\u00E7ekli\u011Fin kendili\u011Fi diye bir \u015Fey olamaz. \u00C7\u00FCnk\u00FC, ger\u00E7eklik, her zaman kendine y\u00F6nelmi\u015F bir Bilin\u00E7 taraf\u0131ndan bilinen bir ger\u00E7ekliktir. Yani kendisine y\u00F6nelen bilinc taraf\u0131ndan g\u00F6r\u00FClen, alg\u0131lanan ve bilincine var\u0131lan bir \u015Feydir. \u00D6yle ise, d\u00FCnya deneyimlerimizin tamam\u0131, bilin\u00E7 taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015Ftur, en somut alg\u0131lardan en soyut matematik form\u00FCllerine kadar. Bu nedenle fenomenoloji, Bilin\u00E7'in sistematik incelemesini hedefler. Hareket noktas\u0131 olarak belli bir epistemolojiye dayanma d\u00FC\u015F\u00FCncesinden uzak durur. B\u00F6ylece \"fenomenoljik y\u00F6ntem\" denilen nokta \u00F6ne \u00E7\u0131kar. Buna g\u00F6re, hem bildiklerimiz hem de ger\u00E7eklik d\u0131\u015Fta b\u0131rak\u0131larak, bilginin nas\u0131l ve hangi s\u00FCre\u00E7lerde olu\u015Fturuldugu/olu\u015Ftu\u011Fu anla\u015F\u0131lmaya \u00E7al\u0131\u015F\u0131l\u0131r. \u00D6zg\u00FCn y\u00F6ntemsel kategoriler geli\u015Ftirir Fenomonoloji bu noktada. \u0130ki temel kategorisi vard\u0131r bu y\u00F6ntemin; \u201Eask\u0131ya alma\u201C ve \u201Efenomenolojik indirgeme\u201C. Bunlar, k\u0131saca belirtilecek olursa, bir yandan verilmi\u015F \u00F6\u011Felerin, yani d\u0131\u015F g\u00F6r\u00FCn\u00FCmlerin raslant\u0131lsall\u0131\u011F\u0131n\u0131n paranteze al\u0131narak d\u0131\u015Fta b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00F6te yandan da, bilimsel ya da mant\u0131ksal olsun, \u00E7\u0131karsama yoluyla t\u00FCretilmi\u015F olan her t\u00FCr yarg\u0131lar\u0131n ve \u00E7\u0131karsamalar\u0131n d\u0131\u015Fta b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ifade ederler. B\u00F6ylece, ikili bir i\u015Flemle hem \u00F6zne hem de nesne ask\u0131ya al\u0131nm\u0131\u015F ve hem raslant\u0131sal olgular d\u00FCnyas\u0131ndan hem de bilinci y\u00F6nlendiren \u00F6znel yarg\u0131lardan kurtulunmu\u015F olunur, ki sonu\u00E7ta rastlant\u0131sal d\u0131\u015F g\u00F6r\u00FCn\u00FCmleri bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131larak d\u00FCnyanin \u00F6z'\u00FC ortaya konulabilsin. Salt \u00F6z \u2019e ancak bu \u015Fekilde var\u0131labilecektir."@tr ,
"\" Fenomenol\u00F3gi\u00E1nak nevezik a sz\u00E1zadfordul\u00F3 idej\u00E9n a filoz\u00F3fi\u00E1ban \u00E9rv\u00E9nyre jut\u00F3 \u00FAjfajta le\u00EDr\u00F3 m\u00F3dszert, valamint a bel\u0151le kifejl\u0151d\u0151 a priori tudom\u00E1nyt; az ut\u00F3bbinak az a rendeltet\u00E9se, hogy szigor\u00FAan tudom\u00E1nyos filoz\u00F3fia elvi organonja legyen, s k\u00F6vetkezetes alkalmaz\u00E1sa r\u00E9v\u00E9n valamennyi tudom\u00E1ny m\u00F3dszertani reformj\u00E1t lehet\u0151v\u00E9 tegye\" Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) A fent olvashat\u00F3 sz\u00F6veggel kezd\u0151dik a fenomenol\u00F3gia megalkot\u00F3j\u00E1nak, Edmund Husserl-nek az Enciclopedia Britannica sz\u00E1m\u00E1ra 1929-ben \u00EDrott cikke. A fenomenol\u00F3gia k\u00E9pezi az egzisztencializmus alapjait, Heidegger, Scheler filoz\u00F3fi\u00E1j\u00E1t is. De olyan filoz\u00F3fusoknak is alapul szolg\u00E1l, mint Edith Stein, vagy van Breda, akik a fenomenol\u00F3gi\u00E1t neotomizmussal \u00F6tv\u00F6zik egybe. A fenomenol\u00F3gia k\u00E9t f\u0151 k\u00E9pvisel\u0151je, Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1906-1961) \u00E9s Edmund Husserl mellett ismert fenomenol\u00F3gus Martin Heidegger, a francia fenomenol\u00F3gi\u00E1ban etikai vet\u00FClete Emmanuel L\u00E9vinas, ennek ismeretelm\u00E9leti tov\u00E1bbfejleszt\u00E9se Marc Richir, illetve \u00FAjabban a skandin\u00E1v \u00E9s angolsz\u00E1sz orsz\u00E1gokban az analitikus filoz\u00F3fia is fenomenol\u00F3giai eredet\u0171 k\u00E9rd\u00E9sekkel foglalkozik. M\u00EDg Husserl a fenomenol\u00F3gi\u00E1t rendszerk\u00E9nt (a priori tudom\u00E1nyk\u00E9nt) \u00E9s m\u00F3dszerk\u00E9nt \u00EDrta le, m\u00E1s gondolkod\u00F3k \u00FAgy v\u00E9lt\u00E9k, ink\u00E1bb csak m\u00F3dszerk\u00E9nt tekinthet\u0151. Az \u00E9rvek a k\u00F6vetkez\u0151k: A fenomenol\u00F3gia legjelent\u0151sebb gondolata az \"intencion\u00E1lis \u00E9lm\u00E9nyben adott fenom\u00E9n\". Ez a gondolat azonban nemcsak a filoz\u00F3fi\u00E1ban van jelen, hanem egyar\u00E1nt megtal\u00E1lhat\u00F3 az irodalomt\u00F6rt\u00E9netben, a m\u0171v\u00E9szett\u00F6rt\u00E9netben \u00E9s a t\u00E1rsadalomtudom\u00E1ny sok m\u00E1s ter\u00FClet\u00E9n is. Mikor Husserl \u00F6n\u00E1ll\u00F3 l\u00E9tet adott az univerz\u00E1lis mozzanatoknak, visszat\u00E9rt egy m\u00F3dos\u00EDtott kanti\u00E1nus \u00E1ll\u00E1spontra, melynek l\u00E9tjogosults\u00E1ga megk\u00E9rd\u0151jelezhet\u0151. Ez\u00E9rt helyesebb a fenom\u00E9nek univerz\u00E1lis mozzanat\u00E1t a nyelvhaszn\u00E1latban keresni. A term\u00E9szettudom\u00E1nyok ter\u00FClet\u00E9n a fenomenol\u00F3gia nem megalapozhat\u00F3."@hu ,
"La ph\u00E9nom\u00E9nologie est un terme philosophique, auquel on attribue quatre sens diff\u00E9rents : Tout d'abord pour Fichte, la ph\u00E9nom\u00E9nologie est la doctrine de l'apparition, dans le concept, ou la ph\u00E9nom\u00E9nalisation, du savoir absolu (qui n'est pas le savoir d'un objet, mais savoir du savoir). La ph\u00E9nom\u00E9nologie est une partie essentielle de la doctrine de la science (voire elle se confond avec celle-ci) parce que sans elle, le savoir absolu n'aurait pas d'\"existence\". Pour Hegel en 1807, c'est une approche de la philosophie qui commence par l'exploration des ph\u00E9nom\u00E8nes (c'est-\u00E0-dire ce qui se pr\u00E9sente consciemment \u00E0 nous) afin de saisir l'Esprit absolu, logique, ontologique, m\u00E9taphysique qui se manifeste dans les ph\u00E9nom\u00E8nes. Pour Hegel, contrairement \u00E0 Fichte, le ph\u00E9nom\u00E8ne d\u00E9signe un moment d'apparition d'une d\u00E9termination du savoir. Ensuite pour Edmund Husserl, la ph\u00E9nom\u00E9nologie prend pour point de d\u00E9part l'exp\u00E9rience en tant qu'intuition sensible des ph\u00E9nom\u00E8nes afin d'essayer d'en extraire les dispositions essentielles des exp\u00E9riences ainsi que l'essence de ce dont on fait l'exp\u00E9rience. La ph\u00E9nom\u00E9nologie est la science des ph\u00E9nom\u00E8nes, c'est-\u00E0-dire la science des v\u00E9cus par opposition aux objets du monde ext\u00E9rieur. La ph\u00E9nom\u00E9nologie husserlienne se veut \u00E9galement une science philosophique, c'est-\u00E0-dire universelle. En outre, elle est une science apriorique, ou eid\u00E9tique, \u00E0 savoir une science qui \u00E9nonce des lois dont les objets sont des \u00AB essences immanentes \u00BB. Ce caract\u00E8re apriorique oppose la ph\u00E9nom\u00E9nologie de Husserl \u00E0 la psychologie descriptive de son ma\u00EEtre Franz Brentano, qui en fut n\u00E9anmoins, \u00E0 d'autres \u00E9gards, un pr\u00E9curseur. Cela constitue la \u00AB ph\u00E9nom\u00E9nologie transcendantale \u00BB. Sa philosophie fut ensuite d\u00E9velopp\u00E9e par entre autres Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Max Scheler, Hannah Arendt, Suzanne Bachelard, Dietrich von Hildebrand, Jan Pato\u010Dka et Emmanuel Levinas. Pour Martin Heidegger la vision ph\u00E9nom\u00E9nologique d'un monde d'\u00EAtres doit \u00EAtre d\u00E9vi\u00E9e vers l'appr\u00E9hension de l'\u00CAtre en tant qu'\u00EAtre, comme une introduction \u00E0 l'ontologie mais qui reste une ontologie critique face \u00E0 la m\u00E9taphysique. C'est la \u00AB ph\u00E9nom\u00E9nologie existentielle \u00BB. Le conflit ph\u00E9nom\u00E9nologique entre Husserl et Heidegger a influenc\u00E9 le d\u00E9veloppement de la ph\u00E9nom\u00E9nologie existentielle et l'existentialisme en France comme on peut le constater avec le travail de Jean-Paul Sartre et de Simone de Beauvoir; la ph\u00E9nom\u00E9nologie de Munich et Alfred Sch\u00FCtz; et la ph\u00E9nom\u00E8nologie herm\u00E9neutique de Paul Ric\u0153ur."@fr ,
"La fenomenolog\u00EDa es una parte o ciencia de la filosof\u00EDa que analiza y estudia los fen\u00F3menos lanzados a la conciencia, es decir, las esencias de las cosas. Dicho de otro modo, la fenomenolog\u00EDa es la ciencia que estudia la relaci\u00F3n que hay entre los hechos (fen\u00F3menos) y el \u00E1mbito en que se hace presente esta realidad (psiquismo, la conciencia). Lo que vemos no es el objeto en s\u00ED mismo, sino c\u00F3mo y cu\u00E1ndo es dado en los actos intencionales. El conocimiento de las esencias s\u00F3lo es posible obviando todas las presunciones sobre la existencia de un mundo exterior y los aspectos sin esencia (subjetivos) de c\u00F3mo el objeto es dado a nosotros. Este proceso fue denominado epoch\u00E9 por Edmund Husserl, el padre de la fenomenolog\u00EDa y se le caracteriza por poner entre par\u00E9ntesis las cosas; es decir, ir a las cosas mismas. Husserl introduce m\u00E1s tarde el m\u00E9todo de reducci\u00F3n fenomenol\u00F3gica para eliminar la existencia de objetos externos. Quer\u00EDa concentrarse en lo ideal, en la estructura esencial de la conciencia. Lo que queda despu\u00E9s de esto es el ego transcendental que se opone al concreto ego emp\u00EDrico. Ahora con esta filosof\u00EDa se estudian las estructuras esenciales que hay en la pura conciencia, el noemata y las relaciones entre ellos. La fenomenolog\u00EDa tambi\u00E9n es un m\u00E9todo. A diferencia del m\u00E9todo cartesiano que tomaba por \"real\" todo aquello que fuera primero dudado y luego pensado de manera \"clara y distinta\", el m\u00E9todo fenomenol\u00F3gico toma por real todo aquello que es pensado de manera clara y distinta y puesto en perspectiva temporal. As\u00ED, hoy se habla de una psicolog\u00EDa, una politolog\u00EDa, una historiolog\u00EDa fundamentadas expl\u00EDcitamente por el m\u00E9todo fenomenol\u00F3gico y se trabaja en un desarrollo de las ciencias matem\u00E1ticas y f\u00EDsicas, por poner algunos ejemplos."@es ,
"Fenomenologi (av grekiska fainomenon, det som synes) \u00E4r en teori och metod inom filosofin, l\u00E4ran om fenomen och v\u00E4sen. Inom fenomenologin studeras s\u00E4rskilt f\u00F6rh\u00E5llandet mellan varseblivningen och objekten f\u00F6r varseblivningen, samt s\u00F6ker f\u00F6rklara eller beskriva id\u00E9er och v\u00E4sen f\u00F6r oss, s\u00E5 som de ter sig f\u00F6r oss. (Se Immanuel Kant \"Das Ding f\u00FCr Uns\" - \"tinget f\u00F6r oss\" respektive \"Das Ding an Sich\" - \"tinget i sig\". ) Fenomenologin studerar d\u00E4rf\u00F6r inte prim\u00E4rt kausala samband mellan objekt. Po\u00E4ngteras b\u00F6r att man inom fenomenologisk filosofi inte h\u00E4vdar att ren kunskap om \"tinget i sig\" kan n\u00E5s, eftersom all kunskap medlas via erfarenheten av den, dvs. \"tinget f\u00F6r oss. \" Brukligt \u00E4r att skilja mellan den moderna fenomenologin med b\u00F6rjan hos Edmund Husserl, och de tidiga fenomenologerna. Den mest namnkunniga av dessa var Friedrich Hegel (publicerade Andens fenomenologi 1807). Ordet fenomenologi g\u00E5r att f\u00F6lja till 1700-talsmatematikern Johann Heinrich Lambert som anv\u00E4nde det om en vetenskap om sken (science of apperances). Fenomenologin som den har utvecklats idag utg\u00E5r fr\u00E4mst fr\u00E5n Husserl. Ett flertal av hans id\u00E9er har plockats upp, och fenomenologin \u00E4r idag spretig; det finns realistiska, konstitutiva, existentialistiska och hermeneutiska fenomenologer. Gemensamt f\u00F6r dem \u00E4r (1) antireduktionismen, eller om man s\u00E5 vill antinaturalismen. De (2) mots\u00E4tter sig spekulativt t\u00E4nkande och upptagenhet vid spr\u00E5ket. Det \u00E4r allts\u00E5 till tingen sj\u00E4lva de vill g\u00E5. De \u00E4r ocks\u00E5 intresserade av (3) processen, riktadheten i medvetandet; vi \u00E4r medvetande om n\u00E5got. Och de \u00E4r (4) deskriptiva. Exempel p\u00E5 olika filosofer som har till\u00E4mpat och f\u00F6rdjupat den fenomenologiska metoden \u00E4r i den realistiska kategorin och deras bidrag \u00E4r bland annat: Adolf Reinach (r\u00E4ttsfilosofi) Max Scheler (etik, antropologi) bland de konstitutiva: Aron Gurwitsch (medvetandestudier) bland de existentialistiska: Hannah Arendt (politisk teori) Simone de Beauvoir (k\u00F6n) Martin Heidegger (varat och det varande) Emmanuel Levinas (etiken efter den andre) Maurice Merleau-Ponty (den levda kroppen) Jean-Paul Sartre (frihet och val) och slutligen bland de hermeneutiska: Hans-Georg Gadamer (subjektivitet i tolkning) Paul Ric\u0153ur (bl.a. hermeneutik och strukturalism)"@sv ,
"Fenomenologie (z \u0159eck\u00E9ho fainomai, ukazuji se), znamen\u00E1 obecn\u011B p\u0159esn\u00E9 zkoum\u00E1n\u00ED jev\u016F. M\u00EDsto zkoum\u00E1n\u00ED podstat a skute\u010Dnost\u00ED sam\u00FDch se tedy zab\u00FDv\u00E1 zku\u0161enost\u00ED, t\u00EDm, jak se v\u011Bci \u201Esamy\u201C \u010Dlov\u011Bku ukazuj\u00ED."@cs ,
"Fenomenologi er studiet av fenomener og hvordan de fremtrer for oss fra et f\u00F8rstepersonsperspektiv. I moderne tid referer begrepet oftest til Edmund Husserls filosofi og metode, hvor det prim\u00E6re studieobjektet er bevisstheten og strukturer i denne. Som s\u00E5dan anses fenomenologien ofte for \u00E5 v\u00E6re en ekte \"f\u00F8rste filosofi,\" (ogs\u00E5 av Husserl selv) siden selv metafysiske teorier har grunnlag i erfaringer som n\u00F8dvendigvis m\u00E5 ha v\u00E6rt erfaringer for bevisstheten. P\u00E5 grunn av dette, fors\u00F8kte ogs\u00E5 Husserl \u00E5 utvikle fenomenologien som en \"filosofi som streng vitenskap. \" Husserls fenomenologi var i utgangspunktet en videreutvikling av det arbeidet som psykologene og filosofene Franz Brentano og Carl Stumpf hadde gjort, men det var alts\u00E5 f\u00F8rst med Husserl at den ble til et skikkelig filosofisk system. Dette systemet har ogs\u00E5 blitt kritisert og videreutviklet kanskje f\u00F8rst og fremst av Husserls assistent Martin Heidegger, men ogs\u00E5 av mange av de senere eksistensialistiske filosofene som Jean-Paul Sartre, Maurice Merleau-Ponty og Simone de Beauvoir."@no ,
"\u73FE\u8C61\u5B66\uFF08\u3052\u3093\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304C\u304F\u3001\u72EC\uFF1APh\u00E4nomenologie\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u54F2\u5B66\u7684\u5B66\u554F\u53CA\u3073\u305D\u308C\u306B\u4ED8\u968F\u3059\u308B\u65B9\u6CD5\u8AD6\u3092\u610F\u5473\u3059\u308B\u3002\u54F2\u5B66\u53F2\u4E0A\u3001\u54F2\u5B66\u8005\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u300C\u73FE\u8C61\u5B66\u300D\u304C\u6307\u3057\u793A\u3059\u6982\u5FF5\u306F\u5927\u304D\u304F\u7570\u306A\u308A\u30011\u4EBA\u306E\u54F2\u5B66\u8005\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3082\u6D3B\u52D5\u6642\u671F\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6982\u5FF5\u306F\u5909\u9077\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\uFF08\u30D5\u30C3\u30B5\u30FC\u30EB\uFF09\u3002\u4E0B\u8A18\u306B\u4EE3\u8868\u7684\u306A3\u3064\u306E\u300C\u73FE\u8C61\u5B66\u300D\u306E\u6982\u8981\u3092\u8A18\u3059\u3002 G.W.F. \u30D8\u30FC\u30B2\u30EB(1770\uFF5E1831\uFF09\u304C1807\u5E74\u306B\u51FA\u7248\u3057\u305F\u8457\u4F5C\u300E\u7CBE\u795E\u73FE\u8C61\u5B66\u300F\uFF08Ph\u00E4nomenologie des 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\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u043C\u044B \u043E\u0442\u043A\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043C\u0441\u044F \u043E\u0442 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043C\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u0432\u044B\u043D\u043E\u0441\u044F \u0435\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043A\u043E\u0431\u043A\u0438."@ru ,
"De fenomenologie is een stroming in de filosofie die uitgaat van de directe en intu\u00EFtieve ervaring van fenomenen (ofwel verschijnselen), en hieruit de essenti\u00EBle eigenschappen van ervaringen en de essentie van wat men ervaart probeert af te leiden. De fenomenologie stamt uit de School van Brentano en is voornamelijk gebaseerd op het werk van Edmund Husserl. De fenomenologie wordt wel gezien als een kritiek op de vervreemding van de mens. Alle rationalisering en onttovering van de wereld zouden de mens een voor de hand liggende bron van informatie hebben ontnomen: de wereld zoals deze voor ons ligt, de directe ervaring ervan. De fenomenologie wordt binnen de wetenschapsfilosofie geclassificeerd als het domein van de beleving."@nl ,
"Fenomenologia este un curent filosofic din secolul al XX-lea, care \u00EEncearc\u0103 s\u0103 descrie structura experien\u0163ei, a\u015Fa cum este reprezentat\u0103 \u00EEn con\u015Ftiin\u0163\u0103, nu ca fapte ci ca esen\u0163\u0103 a lucrurilor (eidos), f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 apeleze la teorii sau la metodele altor discipline, cum ar fi \u015Ftiin\u0163ele naturii. Conceptul de fenomenologie apare mai \u00EEnt\u00E2i la Hegel, care \u00EEn 1807 a publicat lucrarea \"Ph\u00E4nomenologie des Geistes\". Fenomenologia modern\u0103 \u00EE\u015Fi are r\u0103d\u0103cinile \u00EEn psihologia descriptiv\u0103 a lui Franz Brentano \u015Fi se bazeaz\u0103 \u00EEn mare m\u0103sur\u0103 pe concep\u0163iile lui Husserl, expuse mai ales \u00EEn opera sa capital\u0103, \"Ideen zu einer reinen Ph\u00E4nomenologie und ph\u00E4nomenologischen Philosophie\" (\"Idei pentru o fenomenologie pur\u0103 \u015Fi pentru o filosofie fenomenologic\u0103\", 1913). Fenomenologia a fost mai departe dezvoltat\u0103 de Martin Heidegger \u00EEn Germania \u015Fi de Maurice Merleau-Ponty \u015Fi Jean-Paul Sartre \u00EEn Fran\u0163a, ceea ce a dus la apari\u0163ia existen\u0163ialismului."@ro ;
rdfs:comment "Fenomenologi er studiet av fenomener og hvordan de fremtrer for oss fra et f\u00F8rstepersonsperspektiv. I moderne tid referer begrepet oftest til Edmund Husserls filosofi og metode, hvor det prim\u00E6re studieobjektet er bevisstheten og strukturer i denne. Som s\u00E5dan anses fenomenologien ofte for \u00E5 v\u00E6re en ekte \"f\u00F8rste filosofi,\" (ogs\u00E5 av Husserl selv) siden selv metafysiske teorier har grunnlag i erfaringer som n\u00F8dvendigvis m\u00E5 ha v\u00E6rt erfaringer for bevisstheten."@no ,
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"Fenomenoloji, yani g\u00F6r\u00FCng\u00FCbilim kurucusu Edmund Husserl olan felsefe g\u00F6r\u00FC\u015F\u00FCd\u00FCr. 20. y\u00FCzy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00E7eyre\u011Finde g\u00F6r\u00FClen bilimlerdeki ve d\u00FC\u015F\u00FCncedeki genel bunal\u0131m i\u00E7inde do\u011Fup geli\u015Fen bir felesefe ak\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Husserlci fenomenoloji, bu ba\u011Flamda, Metafizi\u011Fi sona erdirerek somut ya\u015Fant\u0131ya d\u00F6nmek ve b\u00F6ylece t\u0131kanm\u0131\u015F olan felsefeye yeni bir ba\u015Flang\u0131\u00E7 yapmak iddias\u0131yla ortaya \u00E7\u0131km\u0131\u015Ft\u0131r."@tr ,
"Etimol\u00F2gicament fenomenologia vol dir ci\u00E8ncia dels fen\u00F2mens. El mot ja l'usen alguns autors dels segles XVIII i XIX (Hegel, Fenomenologia de l'Esperit)."@ca ,
"Fenomenologi (av grekiska fainomenon, det som synes) \u00E4r en teori och metod inom filosofin, l\u00E4ran om fenomen och v\u00E4sen. Inom fenomenologin studeras s\u00E4rskilt f\u00F6rh\u00E5llandet mellan varseblivningen och objekten f\u00F6r varseblivningen, samt s\u00F6ker f\u00F6rklara eller beskriva id\u00E9er och v\u00E4sen f\u00F6r oss, s\u00E5 som de ter sig f\u00F6r oss. (Se Immanuel Kant \"Das Ding f\u00FCr Uns\" - \"tinget f\u00F6r oss\" respektive \"Das Ding an Sich\" - \"tinget i sig\"."@sv ,
"A Fenomenologia, nascida na segunda metade do s\u00E9culo XIX, a partir das an\u00E1lises de Franz Brentano sobre a intencionalidade da consci\u00EAncia humana, trata de descrever, compreender e interpretar os fen\u00F3menos que se apresentam \u00E0 percep\u00E7\u00E3o. Prop\u00F5e a extin\u00E7\u00E3o da separa\u00E7\u00E3o entre \"sujeito\" e \"objecto\" (opondo-se ao pensamento positivista do s\u00E9culo XIX) e examina a realidade a partir da perspectiva de primeira pessoa."@pt ,
""@hu ,
"\u0424\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0301\u0433\u0438\u044F\u00A0\u2014 \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0438\u0438 XX \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430, \u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044F\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u044E \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043F\u043E\u0441\u044B\u043B\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043E\u043F\u044B\u0442\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0438 \u0432\u044B\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043D\u0435\u043C \u0441\u0443\u0449\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442."@ru ,
"Fenomenologie (z \u0159eck\u00E9ho fainomai, ukazuji se), znamen\u00E1 obecn\u011B p\u0159esn\u00E9 zkoum\u00E1n\u00ED jev\u016F. M\u00EDsto zkoum\u00E1n\u00ED podstat a skute\u010Dnost\u00ED sam\u00FDch se tedy zab\u00FDv\u00E1 zku\u0161enost\u00ED, t\u00EDm, jak se v\u011Bci \u201Esamy\u201C \u010Dlov\u011Bku ukazuj\u00ED."@cs ,
"De fenomenologie is een stroming in de filosofie die uitgaat van de directe en intu\u00EFtieve ervaring van fenomenen (ofwel verschijnselen), en hieruit de essenti\u00EBle eigenschappen van ervaringen en de essentie van wat men ervaart probeert af te leiden. De fenomenologie stamt uit de School van Brentano en is voornamelijk gebaseerd op het werk van Edmund Husserl. De fenomenologie wordt wel gezien als een kritiek op de vervreemding van de mens."@nl ,
"La ph\u00E9nom\u00E9nologie est un terme philosophique, auquel on attribue quatre sens diff\u00E9rents : Tout d'abord pour Fichte, la ph\u00E9nom\u00E9nologie est la doctrine de l'apparition, dans le concept, ou la ph\u00E9nom\u00E9nalisation, du savoir absolu (qui n'est pas le savoir d'un objet, mais savoir du savoir). La ph\u00E9nom\u00E9nologie est une partie essentielle de la doctrine de la science (voire elle se confond avec celle-ci) parce que sans elle, le savoir absolu n'aurait pas d'\"existence\"."@fr ,
"Fenomenologia \u2013 XX-wieczny kierunek filozoficzny, kt\u00F3rego g\u0142\u00F3wnym tw\u00F3rc\u0105 i reprezentantem jest Edmund Husserl, a tak\u017Ce wytworzona przez ten kierunek metoda bada\u0144 filozoficznych stosowana przez filozof\u00F3w egzystencji. Nazwy fenomenologia jako pierwszy u\u017Cy\u0142, jak si\u0119 wydaje J. H. Lambert w Neues Organum (1764)."@pl ,
"La fenomenologia \u00E8 una disciplina fondata da Edmund Husserl, un membro della Scuola di Brentano, specificamente un discepolo sia di Franz Brentano che di Carl Stumpf. La fenomenologia ha avuto una profonda influenza sull'Esistenzialismo in Germania e Francia, ma anche sulle scienze cognitive odierne e nella filosofia analitica."@it ,
"\u0424\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u044F - \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u044F\u043C \u0444\u0456\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043D\u044C \u043F\u043E\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043A\u0443 XX-\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0442\u044F. \u041D\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u043D\u0456\u0448\u0438\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0444\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0457 \u0431\u0443\u0432 \u0415\u0434\u043C\u0443\u043D\u0434 \u0413\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043B\u044C. \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0456\u043D \u00AB\u0444\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u044F\u00BB \u043F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043B\u0456\u0432 phain\u00F3menon, \u044F\u043A\u0435 \u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0454 \"\u0442\u0435, \u0449\u043E \u0437'\u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F\" \u0456 l\u00F3gos - \u0432\u0438\u0432\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F."@uk ,
"Fenomenologia eli oppi ilmi\u00F6ist\u00E4 tutkii todellisuuden ilmenemist\u00E4 ihmiselle h\u00E4nen kokemusmaailmassaan. Se on filosofian tutkimussuuntaus ja oppi, joka pyrkii tutkimaan tietoisuuden rakenteita havaintokokemuksessa. Termill\u00E4 \u201Dfenomenologia\u201D on ollut filosofian historiassa kolme eri merkityst\u00E4, joista yksi on johdettu G. W. F."@fi ,
"\u73B0\u8C61\u5B66\u662F\u4E8C\u5341\u4E16\u7EAA\u6700\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u54F2\u5B66\u6D41\u6D3E\u4E4B\u4E00\uFF0C\u7531\u5FB7\u56FD\u54F2\u5B66\u5BB6\u80E1\u585E\u5C14\u5960\u57FA\u4E8E1900\u5E74\uFF0C\u80E1\u585E\u5C14\u6DF1\u53D7\u6CE2\u67E5\u8AFE\uFF08B."@zh ,
"Die Ph\u00E4nomenologie (griechisch phain\u00F3menon \u201ESichtbares, Erscheinung\u201C; l\u00F3gos \u201ERede, Lehre\u201C) ist eine gegenw\u00E4rtige philosophische Str\u00F6mung, die auf Edmund Husserl zur\u00FCckgeht. Ph\u00E4nomenologen sehen den Ursprung der Erkenntnisgewinnung in den unmittelbar gegebenen Erscheinungen. Entsprechend untersuchen sie ausschlie\u00DFlich Zusammenh\u00E4nge zwischen diesen Erscheinungen."@de ,
"La fenomenolog\u00EDa es una parte o ciencia de la filosof\u00EDa que analiza y estudia los fen\u00F3menos lanzados a la conciencia, es decir, las esencias de las cosas. Dicho de otro modo, la fenomenolog\u00EDa es la ciencia que estudia la relaci\u00F3n que hay entre los hechos (fen\u00F3menos) y el \u00E1mbito en que se hace presente esta realidad (psiquismo, la conciencia). Lo que vemos no es el objeto en s\u00ED mismo, sino c\u00F3mo y cu\u00E1ndo es dado en los actos intencionales."@es ,
"Error creating thumbnail: Invalid Parameter - white\r This article needs additional citations for verification. Phenomenology is a philosophical method developed in the early years of the twentieth century by Edmund Husserl and a circle of followers at the universities of G\u00F6ttingen and Munich in Germany. Subsequently, phenomenological themes were taken up by philosophers in France, the United States, and elsewhere, often in contexts far removed from Husserl's work."@en ,
"Fenomenologia este un curent filosofic din secolul al XX-lea, care \u00EEncearc\u0103 s\u0103 descrie structura experien\u0163ei, a\u015Fa cum este reprezentat\u0103 \u00EEn con\u015Ftiin\u0163\u0103, nu ca fapte ci ca esen\u0163\u0103 a lucrurilor (eidos), f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 apeleze la teorii sau la metodele altor discipline, cum ar fi \u015Ftiin\u0163ele naturii. Conceptul de fenomenologie apare mai \u00EEnt\u00E2i la Hegel, care \u00EEn 1807 a publicat lucrarea \"Ph\u00E4nomenologie des Geistes\"."@ro .
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