@prefix owl: . @prefix dbpedia: . dbpedia:Organicism owl:sameAs . @prefix foaf: . @prefix ns3: . dbpedia:Organicism foaf:page ns3:Organicism . @prefix dbpprop: . dbpedia:Organicism dbpprop:reference . @prefix ns5: . dbpedia:Organicism dbpprop:reference ns5:organicism . @prefix rdfs: . dbpedia:Organicism rdfs:label "Organicyzm"@pl , "Organicismo"@it , "Organicisme"@fr , "Organicism"@en , "Organizismus"@de . @prefix dbpedia-owl: . dbpedia:Organicism dbpedia-owl:thumbnail ; dbpprop:abstract "L'organicisme est une orientation philosophique qui affirme que la r\u00E9alit\u00E9 est mieux comprise comme un tout organique. Par d\u00E9finition, il est proche de holisme, et le terme d'organicisme est pr\u00E9f\u00E9r\u00E9 en ce qui concerne la biologie. Platon, Thomas Hobbes ou Constantin Brunner sont des exemples de cette pens\u00E9e philosophique. L'organicisme est \u00E9galement une doctrine biologique qui met l'accent sur l'organisation, plut\u00F4t que de la composition, des organismes. William Emerson Ritter a invent\u00E9 le terme en 1919. Il est devenu bien accept\u00E9 au XX si\u00E8cle. L'organicisme a \u00E9galement \u00E9t\u00E9 utilis\u00E9 pour caract\u00E9riser les notions pr\u00E9sent\u00E9es par en sciences sociales consid\u00E9rant la soci\u00E9t\u00E9 humaine \u00E0 \u00EAtre analogue \u00E0 un organisme, et les humains \u00E0 \u00EAtre analogue aux cellules d'un organisme. Ce type organiciste de la sociologie a \u00E9t\u00E9 articul\u00E9 par Alfred Espinas, Paul von Lilienfeld, Jacques Novicow, Albert Sch\u00E4ffle, Herbert Spencer, et Ren\u00E9 Worms, entre autres"@fr , "Si definisce organicismo ogni dottrina filosofica, politica o sociologica che interpreti il mondo, la natura o la societ\u00E0 in analogia ad un organismo vivente. Nell'ambito della filosofia politica e della sociologia l'organicismo teorizza che la societ\u00E0 sia basata, oppure suggerisce debba basarsi, sul modello di un organismo vivente, ove i singoli rappresentano le cellule e gli ordini gerarchici di societ\u00E0, aziende, imprese e governi, siano tessuti, organi e apparati in relazione di interdipendenza fra di loro e quindi senza singole autonomie. La visione organicistica si contrappone alla visione individualistica che considera la societa come il risultato combinato, ma non coordinato e diretto, delle azioni dell'insieme di indiviui indipendenti. L'organicismo ispira alcuni modelli di governo autocratici, in cui una \"testa\" comanda, esercitando un potere assoluto,le membra dell'organismo rappresentate dalle varie classi sociali. L'organicismo \u00E8 normalmente una visione metaforica della sociologia e della filosofia politica, tuttavia alcuni autori si sono spinti fino a considerare la forma organica della societ\u00E0 come una realt\u00E0 materiale e non meramente speculativa."@it , "Organicism is a philosophical orientation that asserts that reality is best understood as an organic whole. By definition it is close to holism. Plato, Hobbes or Constantin Brunner are examples of such philosophical thought. Organicism is also a biological doctrine that stresses the organization, rather than the composition, of organisms. William Emerson Ritter coined the term in 1919. Organicism became well-accepted in the 20th century. Examples of 20th century biologists who were organicists are Ross Harrison, Paul Weiss, and Joseph Needham. Donna Haraway discusses them in her first book. John Scott Haldane, R. S. Lillie, W. E. Agar, and Ludwig von Bertalanffy are other early twentieth century organicists. Organicism as a doctrine rejects mechanism and reductionism (doctrines that claim that the smallest parts by themselves explain the behavior of larger organized systems of which they are a part). However, organicism also rejects vitalism, the doctrine that there is a vital force different from physical forces that accounts for living things. A number of biologists in the early to mid-twentieth century embraced organicism. They wished to reject earlier vitalisms but to stress that whole organism biology was not fully explainable by atomic mechanism. The larger organization of an organic system has features that must be taken into account to explain its behavior. Gilbert and Sarkar distinguish organicism from holism to avoid what they see as the vitalistic of spritualistic connotations of holism. Dusek notes that holism contains a continuum of degrees of the top-down control of organization, ranging from monism (the doctrine that the only complete object is the whole universe, or that there is only one entity, the universe, to organicism, which allows relatively more independence of the parts from the whole, despite the whole being more than the sum of the parts, and/or the whole exerting some control on the behavior of the parts. Still more independence is present in relational holism. This doctrine does not assert top-down control of the whole over its parts, but does claim that the relations of the parts are essential to explanation of behavior of the system. Aristotle and early modern philosophers and scientists tended to describe reality as made of substances and their qualities, and to neglect relations. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz showed the bizarre conclusions to which a doctrine of the non-existence of relations led. Twentieth century philosophy has been characterized by the introduction of and emphasis on the importance of relations,whether in symbolic logic, in phenomenology, or in metaphysics. William Wimsatt has suggested that the number of terms in the relations considered distinguishes reductionism from holism. Reductionistic explanations claim that two or at most three term relations are sufficient to account for the system's behavior. At the other extreme the system could be considered as a single ten to the twenty-sixth term relation, for instance. Organicism has some intellectually and politically controversial or suspect associations. \"Holism,\" the doctrine that the whole is more than the sum of its parts, often used synonymously with organicism, or as a broader category under which organicism falls, has been coopted in recent decades by \"holistic medicine\" and by New Age Thought. German Nazism appealed to organicist and holistic doctrines, discrediting for many in retrospect, the original organicist doctrines. . Soviet Dialectical Materialism also made appeals to an holistic and organicist approach stemming from Hegel via Karl Marx's co-worker Friedrich Engels, again giving a controversial political association to organicism. Organicism' has also been used to characterize notions put forth by various late 19th-century social scientists who considered human society to be analogous to an organism, and individual humans to be analogous to the cells of an organism. This sort of organicist sociology was articulated by Alfred Espinas, Paul von Lilienfeld, Jacques Novicow, Albert Sch\u00E4ffle, Herbert Spencer, and Ren\u00E9 Worms, among others ."@en , "Als Organizismus oder biologischen Holismus bezeichnet man die These, dass sich viele biologische Fragen nur beantworten lassen, wenn man den gesamten Organismus untersucht. Der Organizismus steht somit einem biologischen Reduktionismus gegen\u00FCber, der biologische Makroph\u00E4nomene generell auf biologische Mikroph\u00E4nomene zur\u00FCckf\u00FChren will. Ernst Mayr beschreibt den Organizismus wie folgt: \u201EZusammenfassend kann man den Organizismus am besten als eine doppelte \u00DCberzeugung beschreiben: Zum einen ist es wichtig, den Organismus als Ganzes zu betrachten. Zum anderen ist Ganzheit nicht mysteri\u00F6s der Analyse verschlossen, sollte jedoch auf der richtigen Analyseebene studiert werden. \u201C"@de , "Organicyzm - pogl\u0105d filozoficzny zak\u0142adaj\u0105cy, i\u017C spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwo funkcjonuje i rozwija si\u0119 jak \u017Cywy organizm, a instytucje spo\u0142eczne s\u0105 ze sob\u0105 powi\u0105zane tak, jak cz\u0119\u015Bci organizmu (od ich wzajemnej wsp\u00F3\u0142pracy zale\u017Cy sprawne funkcjonowanie spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa). By\u0142 to jeden z pierwszych nurt\u00F3w w socjologii, g\u0142oszony m. in. przez Herberta Spencera. Jednego z pierwszych zastosowa\u0144 metafory spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa jako organizmu dokona\u0142 Platon, a tak\u017Ce Arystoteles. Odwo\u0142ywa\u0142y si\u0119 do niej tak\u017Ce idee wczesnochrze\u015Bcija\u0144skie, np. \u015Bwi\u0119ty Pawe\u0142: \"Podobnie jak jedno jest cia\u0142o, cho\u0107 sk\u0142ada si\u0119 z wielu cz\u0142onk\u00F3w, a wszystkie cz\u0142onki cia\u0142a, mimo i\u017C s\u0105 liczne, stanowi\u0105 jedno cia\u0142o, tak te\u017C jest i z Chrystusem. Wszyscy\u015Bmy bowiem w jednym Duchu zostali ochrzczeni, [aby stanowi\u0107] jedno Cia\u0142o (... )\"). Organicyzm wywar\u0142 znaczny wp\u0142yw na j\u0119zyk socjologii i w og\u00F3lno\u015Bci nauk spo\u0142ecznych. W szczeg\u00F3lno\u015Bci widoczny by\u0142 w socjologii miasta, gdzie u\u017Cywano takich poj\u0119\u0107 jak serce miasta, tkanka miejska, ale tak\u017Ce w socjologii og\u00F3lnej - kom\u00F3rka spo\u0142eczna, solidarno\u015B\u0107 organiczna."@pl ; rdfs:comment "Als Organizismus oder biologischen Holismus bezeichnet man die These, dass sich viele biologische Fragen nur beantworten lassen, wenn man den gesamten Organismus untersucht. Der Organizismus steht somit einem biologischen Reduktionismus gegen\u00FCber, der biologische Makroph\u00E4nomene generell auf biologische Mikroph\u00E4nomene zur\u00FCckf\u00FChren will."@de , "Si definisce organicismo ogni dottrina filosofica, politica o sociologica che interpreti il mondo, la natura o la societ\u00E0 in analogia ad un organismo vivente."@it , "Organicism is a philosophical orientation that asserts that reality is best understood as an organic whole. By definition it is close to holism. Plato, Hobbes or Constantin Brunner are examples of such philosophical thought. Organicism is also a biological doctrine that stresses the organization, rather than the composition, of organisms. William Emerson Ritter coined the term in 1919. Organicism became well-accepted in the 20th century."@en , "Organicyzm - pogl\u0105d filozoficzny zak\u0142adaj\u0105cy, i\u017C spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwo funkcjonuje i rozwija si\u0119 jak \u017Cywy organizm, a instytucje spo\u0142eczne s\u0105 ze sob\u0105 powi\u0105zane tak, jak cz\u0119\u015Bci organizmu (od ich wzajemnej wsp\u00F3\u0142pracy zale\u017Cy sprawne funkcjonowanie spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa). By\u0142 to jeden z pierwszych nurt\u00F3w w socjologii, g\u0142oszony m. in. przez Herberta Spencera. Jednego z pierwszych zastosowa\u0144 metafory spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa jako organizmu dokona\u0142 Platon, a tak\u017Ce Arystoteles."@pl , "L'organicisme est une orientation philosophique qui affirme que la r\u00E9alit\u00E9 est mieux comprise comme un tout organique. Par d\u00E9finition, il est proche de holisme, et le terme d'organicisme est pr\u00E9f\u00E9r\u00E9 en ce qui concerne la biologie. Platon, Thomas Hobbes ou Constantin Brunner sont des exemples de cette pens\u00E9e philosophique. L'organicisme est \u00E9galement une doctrine biologique qui met l'accent sur l'organisation, plut\u00F4t que de la composition, des organismes."@fr ; foaf:depiction . @prefix skos: . @prefix ns9: . dbpedia:Organicism skos:subject ns9:Holism , ns9:Philosophy_of_science , ns9:Philosophical_concepts , ns9:Political_philosophy . @prefix ns10: . dbpedia:Organicism dbpprop:wikiPageUsesTemplate ns10:essay-like ; dbpprop:date "December 2007"@en . @prefix ns11: . dbpedia:Organicism dbpprop:hasPhotoCollection ns11:Organicism . dbpedia:Organic dbpprop:disambiguates dbpedia:Organicism . dbpedia:Organicist dbpprop:redirect dbpedia:Organicism .