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On y associe traditionnellement Knut Hamsun, dont le roman La Faim serait le premier roman moderne, ainsi que Virginia Woolf, T. S. Eliot, Gertrude Stein, H.D. , Paul Laurence Dunbar, Ezra Pound, Mina Loy, James Joyce, William Faulkner, Jean Toomer, Ernest Hemingway, Rainer Maria Rilke, Franz Kafka, Robert Musil, Joseph Conrad, Andre\u00EF Bi\u00E9ly, W. B. Yeats, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Luigi Pirandello, D. H." , "lang" : "fr" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : "Modernismen inom litteraturen k\u00E4nnetecknades av formexperiment, fri vers och avancerad ber\u00E4ttarstruktur. De extrema formexperimenten p\u00E5 bekostnad av verklighetstrogenhet kan beskrivas som anti-naturalistiska. F\u00F6rfattaridealet blev allt mer profetiskt d\u00E5 f\u00F6rfattarna skulle f\u00F6rst\u00E5 och skildra det som de trodde skulle bli tongivande i framtiden. De olika modernistiska r\u00F6relserna hade program f\u00F6r hur litteratur skulle skrivas; inte s\u00E4llan uppstod strider om hur en r\u00F6relses principer skulle tolkas." , "lang" : "sv" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : "Modernizm - kierunek literacki, wyst\u0119puj\u0105cy w pierwszej fazie epoki M\u0142odej Polski, w latach 1880-1910, w nast\u0119pstwie zmian, jak te, dotycz\u0105ce przep\u0142ywu informacji. Pr\u00F3cz poprawy pracy maszyn drukarskich, kt\u00F3re wp\u0142yn\u0119\u0142y na rozw\u00F3j czasopi\u015Bmiennictwa, w dziennikarstwie zacz\u0119to stosowa\u0107 telefon i telegraf." , "lang" : "pl" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : "Modernist literature is sub-genre of Modernism, a predominantly European movement beginning in the early 20th century that was characterized by a self-conscious break with traditional aesthetic forms. Representing the radical shift in cultural sensibilities surrounding World War I, modernist literature struggled with the new realm of subject matter brought about by an increasingly industrialized and globalized world." , "lang" : "en" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : "Litter\u00E6r modernisme er navnet p\u00E5 en litter\u00E6r sjanger som bryter med det etablerte. Sjangeren preget norsk litteratur i etterkrigstiden, men hadde preget litteraturen og kunsten i Europa fra begynnelsen av 1900-tallet." , "lang" : "no" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : "Per modernismo si intende in letteratura un movimento tipico dei paesi di lingua inglese, situato approssimativamente tra il 1900 e il 1945. Questo movimento ha affinit\u00E0 con l'opera di scrittori non anglosassoni quali, in Italia, Luigi Pirandello e Carlo Emilio Gadda, o in Francia, Louis-Ferdinand C\u00E9line, o in Cecoslovacchia, Franz Kafka. Rappresentanti del modernismo sono innanzitutto T. 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El modernismo se desarroll\u00F3 principalmente en Europa, por lo que muchos escritores estadounidenses se trasladaron a Londres o Par\u00EDs que eran en ese momento los centros neur\u00E1lgicos de la cultura art\u00EDstica." , "lang" : "es" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : 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, "lang" : "ja" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : "Modernismen inom litteraturen k\u00E4nnetecknades av formexperiment, fri vers och avancerad ber\u00E4ttarstruktur. De extrema formexperimenten p\u00E5 bekostnad av verklighetstrogenhet kan beskrivas som anti-naturalistiska. F\u00F6rfattaridealet blev allt mer profetiskt d\u00E5 f\u00F6rfattarna skulle f\u00F6rst\u00E5 och skildra det som de trodde skulle bli tongivande i framtiden. De olika modernistiska r\u00F6relserna hade program f\u00F6r hur litteratur skulle skrivas; inte s\u00E4llan uppstod strider om hur en r\u00F6relses principer skulle tolkas. N\u00E5gra exempel p\u00E5 litter\u00E4ra ismer \u00E4r futurism, expressionism, imagism, vorticism, dadaism, surrealism, lettrism, konkretism och absurdism. De modernistiska romanerna upplevdes ofta som chockerande. Till exempel f\u00F6rbj\u00F6ds James Joyces Ulysses i b\u00E5de England och USA f\u00F6r att den betraktades som osedlig." , "lang" : "sv" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : "Modernist literature is sub-genre of Modernism, a predominantly European movement beginning in the early 20th century that was characterized by a self-conscious break with traditional aesthetic forms. Representing the radical shift in cultural sensibilities surrounding World War I, modernist literature struggled with the new realm of subject matter brought about by an increasingly industrialized and globalized world. In its earliest incarnations, modernism fostered a utopian spirit, stimulated by innovations happening in the fields of anthropology, psychology, philosophy, political theory, and psychoanalysis. Writers such as Ezra Pound and other poets of the Imagist movement characterized this exuberant spirit, rejecting the sentiment and discursiveness typical of Romanticism and Victorian literature for poetry that instead favored precision of imagery and clear, sharp language. This new idealism ended, however, with the outbreak of war, when writers began to generate more cynical postwar works that reflected a prevailing sense of disillusionment and fragmented thought. Many modernist writers shared a mistrust of institutions of power such as government and religion, and rejected the notion of absolute truths. Like T.S. Eliot's masterpiece, The Waste Land, later modernist works were increasingly self-aware, introspective, and often embraced the unconscious fears of a darker humanity." , "lang" : "en" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : "Por modernismo anglosaj\u00F3n se conoce en l\u00EDneas generales la literatura vanguardista en lengua inglesa que conoci\u00F3 su apogeo entre los a\u00F1os 1900 y 1940. El modernismo se desarroll\u00F3 principalmente en Europa, por lo que muchos escritores estadounidenses se trasladaron a Londres o Par\u00EDs que eran en ese momento los centros neur\u00E1lgicos de la cultura art\u00EDstica. Cabe destacar que en la literatura en ingl\u00E9s el t\u00E9rmino modernismo se emplea m\u00E1s bien para designar una \u00E9poca que un movimiento literario uniforme, \u00E9ste en concreto influido por las distintas vanguardias art\u00EDsticas continentales, as\u00ED como por el deseo de ruptura con la herencia victoriana. En t\u00E9rminos generales, se engloba por tanto bajo el t\u00E9rmino modernista a toda la producci\u00F3n literaria de escritores estadounidenses y del Reino Unido de la primera mitad del siglo XX. Pese a tratarse de un grupo heterog\u00E9neo, puede decirse que los escritores modernistas tienen en com\u00FAn, por un lado, el rechazo de su herencia inmediata y, por otro, de la representaci\u00F3n realista. Se caracterizan por la voluntad de jugar con las expectativas del lector, la tendencia a \"psicoanalizar\" a sus personajes mediante el empleo de t\u00E9cnicas como el mon\u00F3logo interior, o la afici\u00F3n a mezclar el argot callejero con un lenguaje m\u00E1s elaborado, salpicado de cultismos y latinismos. En poes\u00EDa, los modernistas experimentan casi siempre con el verso libre y agregan al lirismo alusiones culturales heterog\u00E9neas, a veces oscuras y equ\u00EDvocas, e im\u00E1genes inconexas; se aprecia una tendencia acusada a vincular la poes\u00EDa con la imagen y las artes pl\u00E1sticas. Por la dificultad que este tipo de literatura entra\u00F1a, especialmente en poes\u00EDa, pues para muchos lectores no era posible el leer y comprender textos modernistas, se suele decir que la poes\u00EDa de comienzos del siglo XX tiene un car\u00E1cter elitista." , "lang" : "es" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : "Per modernismo si intende in letteratura un movimento tipico dei paesi di lingua inglese, situato approssimativamente tra il 1900 e il 1945. Questo movimento ha affinit\u00E0 con l'opera di scrittori non anglosassoni quali, in Italia, Luigi Pirandello e Carlo Emilio Gadda, o in Francia, Louis-Ferdinand C\u00E9line, o in Cecoslovacchia, Franz Kafka. Rappresentanti del modernismo sono innanzitutto T. S. Eliot, poeta e critico statunitense che ha vissuto per la maggior parte della sua vita in Gran Bretagna, che \u00E8 il teorico del movimento; e in prosa, James Joyce. Altre figure di spicco sono Ezra Pound, Virginia Woolf, Ford Madox Ford, Francis Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Henry Roth, Wyndham Lewis (che \u00E8 anche un importante pittore), Laura Riding, Hilda Doolittle e Gertrude Stein. A tutti gli effetti il modernismo \u00E8 coetaneo delle varie avanguardie artistiche europee di primo '900. Sue caratteristiche sono: Ricerca di nuove tecniche narrative/poetiche che rinnovino il romanzo/la poesia ottocentesca di derivazione romantica Attenzione al mondo del mito, dell'antropologia, della storia delle religioni; Distacco dell'artista dall'opera, che non deve essere espressione dell'interiorit\u00E0 dell'artista, bens\u00EC creazione perfettamente oggettivata e autosufficiente; Rifiuto del linguaggio vago e suggestivo dei romantici, esigenza di un linguaggio preciso e oggettivo che attinga anche alla lingua parlata; (In poesia) ripudio del modello costituito dall'opera di John Milton, recupero della poesia barocca; creazione di componimenti in pi\u00F9 lingue; Uso esteso di simboli, anche di derivazione psicoanalitica; Trattazione di temi precedentemente tab\u00F9 (p. es. sessualit\u00E0); (In narrativa) uso esteso di tecniche come flashback, flash-forward, trame non lineari, omissioni deliberate di informazioni per il lettore, ecc." , "lang" : "it" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : "Litter\u00E6r modernisme er navnet p\u00E5 en litter\u00E6r sjanger som bryter med det etablerte. Sjangeren preget norsk litteratur i etterkrigstiden, men hadde preget litteraturen og kunsten i Europa fra begynnelsen av 1900-tallet." , "lang" : "no" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : "\u73B0\u4EE3\u4E3B\u4E49\u6587\u5B66\uFF0C\u53C8\u79F0\u73B0\u4EE3\u6D3E\u6587\u5B66\u6216\u73B0\u4EE3\u6587\u5B66\uFF0C\u662F1890\u5E74\uFF0D1950\u5E74\u95F4\u6D41\u884C\u4E8E\u6B27\u7F8E\u5404\u56FD\u7684\u4E00\u4E2A\u56FD\u9645\u6587\u5B66\u601D\u6F6E\u3002\u5728\u7EB5\u5411\u4E0A\uFF0C\u524D\u627F\u53E4\u5178\u4E3B\u4E49\u6587\u5B66\u3001\u6D6A\u6F2B\u4E3B\u4E49\u6587\u5B66\u548C\u73B0\u5B9E\u4E3B\u4E49\u6587\u5B66\uFF0C\u540E\u63A5\u540E\u73B0\u4EE3\u4E3B\u4E49\u6587\u5B66\u3002\u5728\u6A2A\u5411\u4E0A\uFF0C\u5305\u62EC\u8C61\u5F81\u4E3B\u4E49\u6587\u5B66\u3001\u8868\u73B0\u4E3B\u4E49\u6587\u5B66\u3001\u672A\u6765\u4E3B\u4E49\u6587\u5B66\u3001\u610F\u8BC6\u6D41\u6587\u5B66\u3001\u610F\u8C61\u4E3B\u4E49\u6587\u5B66\u548C\u8D85\u73B0\u5B9E\u4E3B\u4E49\u6587\u5B66\u516D\u4E2A\u5206\u652F\u6D41\u6D3E\u3002" , "lang" : "zh" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : "La litt\u00E9rature moderniste est l'application litt\u00E9raire du modernisme. On y associe traditionnellement Knut Hamsun, dont le roman La Faim serait le premier roman moderne, ainsi que Virginia Woolf, T. S. Eliot, Gertrude Stein, H.D. , Paul Laurence Dunbar, Ezra Pound, Mina Loy, James Joyce, William Faulkner, Jean Toomer, Ernest Hemingway, Rainer Maria Rilke, Franz Kafka, Robert Musil, Joseph Conrad, Andre\u00EF Bi\u00E9ly, W. B. Yeats, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Luigi Pirandello, D. H. Lawrence, Katherine Mansfield, Jaroslav Ha\u0161ek, Samuel Beckett, Menno ter Braak, Mikhail Boulgakov, Robert Frost et Boris Pasternak. En France, Marcel Proust en est le principal repr\u00E9sentant." , "lang" : "fr" } , { "type" : "literal", "value" : "Modernizm - kierunek literacki, wyst\u0119puj\u0105cy w pierwszej fazie epoki M\u0142odej Polski, w latach 1880-1910, w nast\u0119pstwie zmian, jak te, dotycz\u0105ce przep\u0142ywu informacji. Pr\u00F3cz poprawy pracy maszyn drukarskich, kt\u00F3re wp\u0142yn\u0119\u0142y na rozw\u00F3j czasopi\u015Bmiennictwa, w dziennikarstwie zacz\u0119to stosowa\u0107 telefon i telegraf. Radio, nowy wynalazek prze\u0142omu wieku XIX i XX, jeszcze bardziej pog\u0142\u0119bi\u0142o poczucie zagro\u017Cenia, zagubienia i bezradno\u015Bci n\u0119kaj\u0105ce cz\u0142owieka zdominowanego przez \u015Brodki przekazu i osaczonego przez rozw\u00F3j cywilizacyjny. Poszukiwano nowych \u015Brodk\u00F3w wyrazu, gdy\u017C w latach dziewi\u0119\u0107dziesi\u0105tych XIX w. idee pozytywizmu przesta\u0142y by\u0107 aktualne. Okre\u015Blenia \"modernizm\" u\u017Cywa\u0107 zacz\u0119li krytycy, jak Ignacy Matuszewski i Kazimierz Wyka, kt\u00F3rzy zmiany zasz\u0142e na prze\u0142omie wiek\u00F3w okre\u015Blili tym mianem. S\u0142owo wywodzi si\u0119 od francuskiego moderne, co oznacza wsp\u00F3\u0142czesny, nowoczesny. U\u017Cycie w\u0142a\u015Bnie takiego okre\u015Blenia mia\u0142o na celu podkre\u015Blenie nowoczesno\u015Bci pokolenia, dla kt\u00F3rego systemy racjonalistyczne i pozytywistyczne straci\u0142y na atrakcyjno\u015Bci. Modernist\u00F3w charakteryzowa\u0142y pogl\u0105dy hedonistyczne, poszukiwanie antidotum na \"b\u00F3l istnienia\". 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