@prefix dbpedia-owl: .
@prefix dbpedia: .
dbpedia:Richard_Dawkins dbpedia-owl:knownFor dbpedia:Meme .
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dbpedia:Richard_Dawkins ns2:knownFor dbpedia:Meme .
@prefix dbpprop: .
dbpedia:Richard_Dawkins dbpprop:knownFor dbpedia:Meme .
dbpedia:Idea_virus dbpprop:redirect dbpedia:Meme .
@prefix rdf: .
@prefix opencyc: .
dbpedia:Meme rdf:type opencyc:Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw .
@prefix owl: .
@prefix ns7: .
dbpedia:Meme owl:sameAs ns7:Mx4rviIj0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA ,
opencyc:Mx4rviIj0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA ,
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@prefix foaf: .
@prefix ns9: .
dbpedia:Meme foaf:page ns9:Meme ;
dbpprop:reference ,
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@prefix rdfs: .
dbpedia:Meme rdfs:label "Mem"@no ,
"Meme"@es ,
"\u041C\u0435\u043C"@uk ,
"Mem"@ca ,
"Mem"@de ,
"\u30DF\u30FC\u30E0"@ja ,
"M\u00E9m"@hu ,
"Meemi"@fi ,
"M\u00E8me"@fr ,
"Meme"@en ,
"Mem"@tr ,
"Mem"@sv ,
"Meme"@ro ,
"\u041C\u0435\u043C"@ru ,
"Meme"@pt ,
"Meme"@it ,
"\u8FF7\u56E0"@zh ,
"Mem"@pl ,
"Meme"@nl ,
"Mem"@cs ;
dbpprop:abstract "Un mem (de l'angl\u00E8s meme i aquest de memory) \u00E9s, segons les modernes teories sobre la transmissi\u00F3 de la cultura a les noves generacions, la unitat m\u00EDnima de transmissi\u00F3 de l'her\u00E8ncia cultural. El neologisme va ser encunyat per Richard Dawkins, a causa de la seva semblan\u00E7a fon\u00E8tica amb el terme gen."@ca ,
"Meemi on informaatiota, joka meemiteorian mukaan levi\u00E4\u00E4 viestinn\u00E4n kulttuurievoluutiossa aivan kuten geenit levi\u00E4v\u00E4t biologisessa evoluutiossa. Meemit ovat siis tiedon kokonaisuuksia, jotka ovat olemassa vain aivoissa tai aivojen avulla tuotetuissa esineiss\u00E4, kuten tietokoneissa tai kirjoissa. Meemiteoria tutkii meemien levi\u00E4mist\u00E4 ja yleistymist\u00E4. Termi\u00E4 meemi k\u00E4ytti ensimm\u00E4isen\u00E4 Richard Dawkins vuonna 1976 kirjassaan Geenin itsekkyys. Meemit voivat ideoiden ja kielellisten ilmausten, kuten vuorosanojen tai kirjallisten lainausten, lis\u00E4ksi olla lyhyit\u00E4 s\u00E4velmi\u00E4, kuten mieleen soimaan j\u00E4\u00E4vi\u00E4 melodioita, suunnitelmia, kykyj\u00E4, moraalia ja esteettisi\u00E4 arvoja ja l\u00E4hes mit\u00E4 tahansa, mik\u00E4 voidaan oppia muilta yksitt\u00E4isin\u00E4 yksikk\u00F6in\u00E4. Meemiteorian ja meemik\u00E4sitteen tieteellinen arvo on ollut kulttuuria ja yhteiskuntaa tutkivien tieteiden piiriss\u00E4 vilkkaan v\u00E4ittelyn kohde."@fi ,
"A m\u00E9m sz\u00F3 a mim\u00E9m\u00E1b\u00F3l (ut\u00E1nz\u00E1s) sz\u00E1rmazik. Ez olyan n\u00E9v, mondja Dawkins, ami \u201Ea kultur\u00E1lis \u00E1tad\u00E1s egys\u00E9g\u00E9nek vagy az ut\u00E1nz\u00E1s, az imit\u00E1ci\u00F3 egys\u00E9g\u00E9nek gondolat\u00E1t hordozza\u201D. Az elnevez\u00E9s a \u201Eg\u00E9n\u201D anal\u00F3gi\u00E1j\u00E1ra k\u00E9sz\u00FClt, a m\u00E9m-elm\u00E9let alapgondolata az evol\u00FAci\u00F3 kiterjeszt\u00E9se kultur\u00E1lis alapegys\u00E9gekre. A memetika a m\u00E9m el\u0151fordul\u00E1s\u00E1val, tulajdons\u00E1gaival, elszaporod\u00E1s\u00E1val foglalkoz\u00F3 tudom\u00E1ny\u00E1g. Magyar nyelven Seb\u0151k Zolt\u00E1n \u00EDrt publik\u00E1ci\u00F3kat, k\u00F6nyveket a m\u00E9mekr\u0151l."@hu ,
"\u8FF7\u56E0\uFF08Meme\uFF09\u4E5F\u7A31\u70BA\u7C73\u59C6\uFF0C\u7030\u3001\u8FF7\u7C73\u3001\u5F25\u6BCD\u3001\u6A21\u56E0\u3001\u4EE5\u53CA\u8C1C\u7C73\u7B49\u7B49\uFF0C\u662F\u6587\u5316\u8CC7\u8A0A\u50B3\u627F\u6642\u7684\u55AE\u4F4D\u3002\u9019\u500B\u8A5E\u662F\u57281976\u5E74\uFF0C\u7531\u7406\u67E5\u00B7\u9053\u91D1\u65AF\u5728\u300A\u81EA\u79C1\u7684\u57FA\u56E0\u300B\u4E00\u66F8\u4E2D\u6240\u521B\u9020\uFF0C\u5C07\u6587\u5316\u50B3\u627F\u7684\u904E\u7A0B\uFF0C\u4EE5\u751F\u7269\u5B78\u4E2D\u7684\u6F14\u5316\u898F\u5247\u4F86\u4F5C\u985E\u6BD4\u3002 \u8FF7\u56E0\u985E\u4F3C\u4F5C\u70BA\u907A\u50B3\u56E0\u5B50\u7684\u57FA\u56E0\uFF0C\u70BA\u6587\u5316\u7684\u907A\u50B3\u56E0\u5B50\uFF0C\u4E5F\u7D93\u7531\u8907\u88FD\uFF08\u6A21\u4EFF\uFF09\u3001\u8B8A\u7570\u8207\u9078\u64C7\u7684\u904E\u7A0B\u800C\u6F14\u5316\u3002\u8209\u4F8B\u800C\u8A00\uFF0C\u67D0\u500B\u4EBA\u985E\u5927\u8166\u4E2D\u7684\u89C0\u5FF5\uFF08\u8FF7\u56E0\uFF09\uFF0C\u7D93\u7531\u6A21\u4EFF\u6216\u662F\u5B78\u7FD2\u8907\u88FD\u5230\u4E0D\u540C\u4EBA\u7684\u5927\u8166\u4E2D\u3002\u800C\u7D93\u904E\u8907\u88FD\u7684\u89C0\u5FF5\u4E26\u4E0D\u6703\u8207\u539F\u4F86\u89C0\u5FF5\u5B8C\u5168\u76F8\u540C\uFF0C\u56E0\u6B64\u7522\u751F\u8B8A\u7570\u3002\u9019\u4E9B\u76F8\u4F3C\u4F46\u662F\u6709\u6240\u4E0D\u540C\u7684\u89C0\u5FF5\uFF0C\u5247\u5728\u6563\u4F48\u6642\u4E92\u76F8\u7AF6\u722D\uFF0C\u56E0\u6B64\u51FA\u73FE\u985E\u4F3C\u5929\u64C7\u7684\u73FE\u8C61\u3002 \u9053\u91D1\u65AF\u6700\u521D\u5275\u9020\u8FF7\u56E0\u4E00\u8A5E\uFF0C\u662F\u70BA\u4E86\u5728\u57FA\u56E0\u4E4B\u5916\uFF0C\u5EF6\u4F38\u6F14\u5316\u7684\u6982\u5FF5\u3002\u9019\u500B\u6982\u5FF5\u5F8C\u4F86\u88AB\u5FC3\u7406\u5B78\u8207\u793E\u6703\u5B78\u7B49\u5B78\u9580\u61C9\u7528\uFF0C\u88AB\u4E00\u4E9B\u5B78\u8005\u7528\u4F86\u63CF\u8FF0\u6587\u5316\u50B3\u905E\u7684\u6A5F\u5236\u3002\u76EE\u524D\u8FF7\u56E0\u7684\u6982\u5FF5\u4E26\u6C92\u6709\u5EE3\u70BA\u63A5\u53D7\u7684\u5B9A\u8AD6\uFF0C\u5C0D\u65BC\u8FF7\u56E0\u7684\u5B9A\u7FA9\u6216\u9069\u7528\u7684\u7269\u7A2E\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u662F\u5426\u8DB3\u4EE5\u89E3\u91CB\u6587\u5316\u8B8A\u9077\u904E\u7A0B\uFF0C\u90FD\u6709\u6240\u722D\u8AD6\u3002"@zh ,
"Mit Mem wird in der Theorie der Memetik eine Idee oder ein Gedanke als konzeptuelle Informationseinheit bezeichnet. Solch ein Mem entwickelt sich zuerst im F\u00FChl- und Denkverm\u00F6gen eines Individuums und wird durch Kommunikation weiterverbreitet. Durch individuelles Nachdenken und durch Kontakt mit anderen Memen entwickeln sich diese weiter. Beispiel: Ein Ger\u00FCcht, das von einer Person erdacht und mitgeteilt wird, verbreitet sich je nach Brisanzgrad weiter. Es tauchen weitere Varianten des Ger\u00FCchtes auf."@de ,
"Un m\u00E8me (de l'anglais meme ainsi que du fran\u00E7ais m\u00EAme) est un \u00E9l\u00E9ment culturel reconnaissable, r\u00E9pliqu\u00E9 et transmis par l'imitation du comportement d'un individu par d'autres individus. L'Oxford English Dictionary d\u00E9finit le m\u00E8me comme \u00AB un \u00E9l\u00E9ment d'une culture pouvant \u00EAtre consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme transmis par des moyens non g\u00E9n\u00E9tiques, en particulier par l'imitation \u00BB. Le terme de m\u00E8me a \u00E9t\u00E9 propos\u00E9 pour la premi\u00E8re fois par Richard Dawkins dans Le G\u00E8ne \u00E9go\u00EFste et provient d'une association entre g\u00E8ne et mimesis (du grec \u00AB imitation \u00BB), en m\u00EAme temps qu'un jeu de mot sur le mot fran\u00E7ais \u00AB m\u00EAme \u00BB. Les m\u00E8mes ont \u00E9t\u00E9 pr\u00E9sent\u00E9s par Dawkins comme des r\u00E9plicateurs, comparables \u00E0 ce titre aux g\u00E8nes, mais responsables de l'\u00E9volution de certains comportements animaux et des cultures. L'\u00E9tude des m\u00E8mes a donn\u00E9 naissance \u00E0 une nouvelle science : la m\u00E9m\u00E9tique. Celle-ci a donn\u00E9 lieu a de nombreuses publications et livres de vulgarisation, en particulier aux \u00C9tats-Unis."@fr ,
"Een meme is een begrip uit de memetica en betekent een idee dat zich onder informatiedragers verspreidt (tot nu toe voornamelijk menselijke hersenen), en wordt ook wel omschreven als een besmettelijk informatiepatroon. In meer specifieke termen: een meme is een zichzelf vermeerderende eenheid van de culturele evolutie, zoals een gen de eenheid is van de biologische evolutie. In Van Dale, Groot woordenboek der Nederlandse taal, 13e uitgave 1999, is het begrip meme opgenomen, met de volgende uitleg: meme (de; -n) ."@nl ,
"\u041C\u0435\u043C (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. meme; \u0443 \u0456\u043D\u0448\u0456\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0440\u0438\u043F\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u2014 \u00AB\u043C\u0456\u043C\u00BB) \u2014 \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0446\u044F \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u043F\u043E\u0448\u0438\u0440\u044E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0456\u0454\u0457 \u043B\u044E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u0434\u043E \u0456\u043D\u0448\u043E\u0457 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0433\u043E\u044E \u0456\u043C\u0456\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u043D\u0430\u0432\u0447\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0456 \u0442\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0431\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E."@uk ,
"Un meme es, en las teor\u00EDas sobre la difusi\u00F3n cultural, la unidad te\u00F3rica de informaci\u00F3n cultural transmisible de un individuo a otro o de una mente a otra (o de una generaci\u00F3n a la siguiente). Es un neologismo acu\u00F1ado por Richard Dawkins en El gen ego\u00EDsta, por la semejanza fon\u00E9tica con gen y para se\u00F1alar la similitud radical con la memoria y la m\u00EDmesis."@es ,
"A meme (rhyming with \"cream\""@en ,
"Memer er all informasjon som kan spres og lagres av organismer. Man kan ogs\u00E5 si at et mem i videste forstand er en id\u00E9. Eksempler p\u00E5 memer er moter, melodier, spr\u00E5k, teorier, religioner, teknologier og s\u00E5 videre. Begrepet (og memet) \u00ABmem\u00BB ble innf\u00F8rt av Richard Dawkins i boken The Selfish Gene. Ideen har inspirert et forskningsprogram som kalles memetikk, som enn\u00E5 er p\u00E5 et lite utviklet stadium. Memet var ment som en kulturell analogi til genet. Det fins derfor en rekke klare paralleller mellom gener og memer. Begge kan spres til nye \u00ABgenerasjoner\u00BB av \u00ABb\u00E6rere\u00BB. Denne spredningen kalles for replikasjon. Replikator brukes derfor som overbegrep over enheter som gener og memer, som har mulighet til selvkopiering. Videre kan b\u00E5de gener og memer \u00ABd\u00F8 ut\u00BB hvis de ikke f\u00E5r replisert seg, og de kan mutere, dvs. endre seg over tid. Dermed er begge enhetene evolverbare, dvs. kan gjennomg\u00E5 evolusjon. Det fins imidlertid ogs\u00E5 mange punkter der sammenligningen mellom gener og memer bryter sammen. Det grunnleggende skillet mellom genotype og fenotype er det for eksempel vanskelig \u00E5 finne en memetisk parallell til. Spredningen av memer skjer gjennom l\u00E6ring, etterligning, indoktrinering eller lignende. Lagringen av memer kan skje i mange medier, f. eks. i hukommelsen, p\u00E5 papir, p\u00E5 harddisker, p\u00E5 grammofonplater osv. Det er derimot en betingelse for at en id\u00E9 kan kalles mem, at den ikke kan lagres genetisk, dvs. i form av DNA. Dawkins innf\u00F8rte memet for \u00E5 fremheve at ikke alle biologiske fenomener kan forklares med gener. Teorien har imidlertid delvis blitt misforst\u00E5tt til \u00E5 v\u00E6re et biologisk fors\u00F8k p\u00E5 en totalforklaring p\u00E5 menneskelig atferd. Det har derimot klare heuristiske og metodiske fordeler \u00E5 betrakte tanker, moter osv. som \u00ABvirus i hjernen\u00BB. Dette kommer av at spredningen av sykdommer kan simuleres noks\u00E5 godt med epidemiologiske metoder. Det har vist seg fruktbart \u00E5 ogs\u00E5 bruke epidemiologiske metoder i samfunnsfag. Grunnen kan nettopp v\u00E6re at ideer ligner (i visse og veldig begrensede trekk) p\u00E5 virus og andre genetisk baserte sykdommer, og derfor med fordel kan betraktes som memer. Det fins memer hos b\u00E5de mennesker og (andre) dyr. Dyriske eksempler er fuglesang og bruk av verkt\u00F8y i enkelte virveldyrarter. Mennesker er imidlertid sannsynligvis den eneste arten der memene kan overstyre genetiske atferdsm\u00F8nstre. Bruk av prevensjon er et eksempel p\u00E5 et noks\u00E5 suksessrikt mem. Men mens prevensjon genetisk sett er en \u00ABulempe\u00BB for sin b\u00E6rer, kan memet b\u00E5de v\u00E6re en stor sosial fordel for b\u00E6reren og en etisk gevinst for hele samfunnet eller arten. Navnet mem ble valgt fordi det lignet p\u00E5 gen (i uttalen), og inneholder roten til ordet memory (hukommelse). En av b\u00F8kene som bygger videre p\u00E5 Dawkins\u2019 tanker er Susan Blackmores Memesket ."@no ,
"Um meme, termo cunhado em 1976 por Richard Dawkins no seu bestseller O Gene Ego\u00EDsta, \u00E9 para a mem\u00F3ria o an\u00E1logo do gene na gen\u00E9tica, a sua unidade m\u00EDnima. \u00C9 considerado como uma unidade de informa\u00E7\u00E3o que se multiplica de c\u00E9rebro em c\u00E9rebro, ou entre locais onde a informa\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9 armazenada e outros locais de armazenamento ou c\u00E9rebros. No que diz respeito \u00E0 sua funcionalidade, o meme \u00E9 considerado uma unidade de evolu\u00E7\u00E3o cultural que pode de alguma forma autopropagar-se. Os memes podem ser id\u00E9ias ou partes de id\u00E9ias, l\u00EDnguas, sons, desenhos, capacidades, valores est\u00E9ticos e morais, ou qualquer outra coisa que possa ser aprendida facilmente e transmitida enquanto unidade aut\u00F3noma. O estudo dos modelos evolutivos da transfer\u00EAncia de informa\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9 conhecido como mem\u00E9tica. Quando usado num contexto coloquial e n\u00E3o especializado, o termo meme pode significar apenas a transmiss\u00E3o de informa\u00E7\u00E3o de uma mente para outra. Este uso aproxima o termo da analogia da \"linguagem como v\u00EDrus\", afastando-o do prop\u00F3sito original de Dawkins, que procurava definir os memes como replicadores de comportamentos. Ainda que tal possa surpreender alguns defensores da mem\u00E9tica, conceitos similares ao de meme antecedem em muito a proposta de Dawkins, ocorrendo por exemplo no ensino Sufi, segundo o qual os Muwakkals s\u00E3o considerados como entes aut\u00F3nomos e elementares que constroem o pensamento humano. Veja Memetic lexicon para uma revis\u00E3o de palavras usadas em mem\u00E9tica."@pt ,
"Mem (n\u011Bkdy se m\u016F\u017Eeme setkat i s verz\u00ED m\u00E9m) je term\u00EDn pro kulturn\u00ED obdobu genu \u2013 replikuj\u00EDc\u00ED se jednotku kulturn\u00ED informace. Tento term\u00EDn poprv\u00E9 pou\u017Eil v roce 1976 ve sv\u00E9 knize Sobeck\u00FD gen Richard Dawkins. Slovo mem je odvozeno z \u0159eck\u00E9ho mimema \u2013 napodobovat. Dawkins tvrd\u00ED, \u017Ee evoluce nemus\u00ED b\u00FDt nutn\u011B postavena jen na replikaci DNA, ale jej\u00EDm principem je \u0161\u00ED\u0159en\u00ED jak\u00E9koli informace, kter\u00E1 podl\u00E9h\u00E1 zm\u011Bn\u00E1m a selek\u010Dn\u00EDmu tlaku. Memy se roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00ED jak z generace na generaci, tak i komunikac\u00ED s nep\u0159\u00EDbuzn\u00FDm okol\u00EDm (tato teorie p\u0159ed\u00E1v\u00E1n\u00ED mem\u016F v podstat\u011B souhlas\u00ED s pojet\u00EDm evoluce dle Jean-Baptiste Lamarcka). Susan Blackmoreov\u00E1 ve sv\u00E9 knize The meme machine (v \u010De\u0161tin\u011B vy\u0161la pod n\u00E1zvem \u201ETeorie mem\u016F\u201C) memy popisuje jako neovladateln\u00E9 a neuml\u010Diteln\u00E9. P\u0159ed memetickou evoluc\u00ED nen\u00ED mo\u017En\u00E9 uniknout. Dokonce i n\u00E1\u0161 vnit\u0159n\u00ED obraz sebe sama je dle n\u00ED pouhou v\u00EDt\u011Bznou skupinou mem\u016F, kter\u00E9 n\u00E1s moment\u00E1ln\u011B ovl\u00E1daj\u00ED. Jin\u00FD v\u00FDraz pro mem je kulturgen, jen\u017E se ale p\u0159\u00EDli\u0161 neujal."@cs ,
"Mem (eng. meme, fr\u00E5n grekiskans ord f\u00F6r minne) \u00E4r en term myntad och begrepp skapat av Richard Dawkins 1976 i boken The Selfish Gene (Den sj\u00E4lviska genen, speciellt kapitlet 11), samt vidareutvecklad i The Extended Phenotype. The Gene as the Unit of Selection (speciellt kapitlet 6). Memen definieras i den senare (s. 290) som :\"A unit of cultural inheritence, hypothesized as analogous to the particulate gene, and as naturally selected by virtue of its 'phenotypic' consequencies on its own survival and replication in the cultural environment\". Som exempel p\u00E5 memer gav Dawkins melodier, slagord (catch-phrases), trosf\u00F6rest\u00E4llningar, kl\u00E4dmoden, s\u00E4tt att tillverka krukor (ways of making pots), och teknologin bakom byggandet av valv. Efterf\u00F6ljande mem-forskare har ofta anv\u00E4nt andra definitioner - s\u00E5som kognition, eller id\u00E9, och bristen p\u00E5 en klar definition av vad ett mem \u00E4r har m\u00F6jligen orsakat viss os\u00E4kerhet \u00E4ven om begreppets vetenskapliga v\u00E4rde. De flesta definitioner har dock det gemensamt att memen anses som den minsta sj\u00E4lvreplikerande kulturenheten. D\u00E4rmed g\u00F6r den m\u00F6jlig den kulturella \"evolution\" som \u00E4r ett faktum bland m\u00E4nniskor och \u00E4ven flera andra djurarter. Memerna anses allts\u00E5 analoga med generna i att de \u00E4r de minsta byggstenarna i var sin typ av evolution: den kulturella respektive den biologiska eller genetiska. Med \"kulturell\" menas i detta sammanhang typ av beteenden, som allts\u00E5 liksom genernas uttryck i organismer uts\u00E4tts f\u00F6r omv\u00E4rldens selektionstryck och d\u00E4rmed ned\u00E4rvs differentierat i relation till omv\u00E4rlden. Genen ned\u00E4rvs genom sexuell reproduktion eller klonisk spridning. Memen ned\u00E4rvs i efterf\u00F6ljande kultur fr\u00E4mst genom klonisk spridning, dvs. vad vi kallar h\u00E4rmning, imitation och i ned\u00E4rvd form tradition, vana, sedv\u00E4nja, institution, rutin, osv. (Sandberg 2000, Distin 2005)."@sv ,
"\u30DF\u30FC\u30E0\uFF08meme\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u4EBA\u985E\u306E\u6587\u5316\u9032\u5316\u306E\u6587\u8108\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308C\u308B\u6982\u5FF5\u3067\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3092\u4EBA\u306E\u8133\u304B\u3089\u8133\u3078\u3068\u4F1D\u9054\u3055\u308C\u308B\u81EA\u5DF1\u8907\u88FD\u5B50\uFF08\u60C5\u5831\uFF09\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3068\u898B\u306A\u3057\u305F\u3068\u304D\u306B\u3001\u4F1D\u9054\u3055\u308C\u308B\u60C5\u5831\u306E\u6700\u5C0F\u5358\u4F4D\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3002\u52D5\u7269\u884C\u52D5\u5B66\u8005\u3001\u9032\u5316\u751F\u7269\u5B66\u8005\u30EA\u30C1\u30E3\u30FC\u30C9\u30FB\u30C9\u30FC\u30AD\u30F3\u30B9\u304C\u81EA\u7136\u9078\u629E\u306E\u50CD\u304D\u3092\u8AAC\u660E\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u3001\u907A\u4F1D\u5B50\u4EE5\u5916\u306B\u3082\u5B58\u5728\u3057\u3046\u308B\u7406\u8AD6\u4E0A\u306E\u81EA\u5DF1\u8907\u88FD\u5B50\u306E\u4F8B\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63D0\u6848\u3057\u305F\u3002 \u30C9\u30FC\u30AD\u30F3\u30B9\u306E\u8996\u70B9\u306B\u3088\u308C\u3070\u3001\u81EA\u7136\u9078\u629E\u306B\u57FA\u3065\u304F\u9032\u5316\u304C\u8D77\u304D\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u306F\u3001\u8907\u88FD\u3055\u308C\u3001\u4F1D\u9054\uFF08\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u907A\u4F1D\uFF09\u3055\u308C\u308B\u60C5\u5831\u304C\u5FC5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u307E\u305F\u305D\u306E\u60C5\u5831\u306F\u307E\u308C\u306B\u5909\u7570\u3092\u8D77\u3053\u3055\u306A\u3051\u308C\u3070\u306A\u3089\u306A\u3044\u3002\u3053\u308C\u306F\u751F\u7269\u5B66\u7684\u9032\u5316\u3067\u306F\u907A\u4F1D\u5B50\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u3053\u306E\u8907\u88FD\u3001\u4F1D\u9054\u3001\u5909\u7570\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4E09\u3064\u306E\u6761\u4EF6\u3092\u6E80\u305F\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308C\u3070\u907A\u4F1D\u5B50\u4EE5\u5916\u306E\u4F55\u304B\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u540C\u69D8\u306B\u300C\u9032\u5316\u300D\u3059\u308B\u306F\u305A\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u8A33\u8A9E\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306F\u6478\u5023\u5B50\u3001\u6478\u4F1D\u5B50\u3001\u610F\u4F1D\u5B50\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002\u6587\u5316\u3092\u8133\u304B\u3089\u8133\u3078\u4F1D\u9054\u3055\u308C\u308B\u60C5\u5831\u3068\u898B\u306A\u3059\u8996\u70B9\u306F\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3092\u500B\u4EBA\u306E\u632F\u308B\u821E\u3044\u3092\u898F\u5B9A\u3059\u308B\u8D85\u500B\u4F53\u7684\u306A\u5B9F\u4F53\uFF08\u793E\u4F1A\u7684\u4E8B\u5B9F\uFF09\u3068\u898B\u306A\u3059\u4F1D\u7D71\u7684\u306A\u793E\u4F1A\u5B66\u306E\u8996\u70B9\u3068\u5BFE\u7167\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u707D\u5BB3\u6642\u306B\u98DB\u3073\u4EA4\u3046\u30C7\u30DE\u3001\u6D41\u884C\u8A9E\u3001\u30D5\u30A1\u30C3\u30B7\u30E7\u30F3\u3001\u8A00\u8A9E\u306A\u3069\u306E\u6587\u5316\u60C5\u5831\u306E\u4F1D\u627F\u4F1D\u64AD\u306E\u4ED5\u7D44\u307F\u3092\u3001\u8AD6\u8005\u306E\u5B9A\u7FA9\u306B\u57FA\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3059\u3079\u3066\u30DF\u30FC\u30E0\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4EEE\u60F3\u306E\u4E3B\u4F53\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u8AAC\u660E\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u4F8B\u3048\u3070\u300C\u30B8\u30FC\u30D1\u30F3\u3092\u5C65\u304F\u300D\u3068\u3044\u3046\u98A8\u7FD2\u304C\u5E83\u304C\u3063\u305F\u904E\u7A0B\u3092\u3042\u308B\u8AD6\u8005\u306E\u30DF\u30FC\u30E0\u306E\u907A\u4F1D\u5B50\u3068\u306E\u985E\u63A8\u304B\u3089\u6349\u3048\u76F4\u305B\u3070\u3001\u6B21\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u306A\u308B\u3002 \u300E1840\u5E74\u4EE3\u5F8C\u534A\u306E\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u3067\u300C\u30B8\u30FC\u30D1\u30F3\u3092\u5C65\u304F\u300D\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30DF\u30FC\u30E0\u304C\u7A81\u7136\u5909\u7570\u306B\u3088\u308A\u767A\u751F\u3057\u3001\u4EE5\u5F8C\u3053\u306E\u30DF\u30FC\u30E0\u306F\u53E3\u30B3\u30DF\u3001\u5546\u5E97\u3067\u306E\u30C7\u30A3\u30B9\u30D7\u30EC\u30A4\u3001\u30E1\u30C7\u30A3\u30A2\u306A\u3069\u3092\u901A\u3057\u3066\u4E16\u754C\u4E2D\u306E\u4EBA\u3005\u306E\u8133\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u5FC3\u306B\u6570\u591A\u304F\u306E\u81EA\u5DF1\u300C\u60C5\u5831\u300D\u306E\u8907\u88FD\u3092\u9001\u308A\u8FBC\u3080\u3053\u3068\u306B\u6210\u529F\u3057\u305F\u3002\u300F"@ja ,
"Mem ya da 'Meme' \u00FCnl\u00FC \u0130ngiliz biyolog Richard Dawkins taraf\u0131ndan ortaya koyulan bir kavramd\u0131r. Memler, her t\u00FCrl\u00FC gelenek, d\u00FC\u015F\u00FCnce tarz\u0131, ya\u015Fam bi\u00E7imi vs. gibi insan\u0131n sosyal ve k\u00FClt\u00FCrel hayat\u0131n\u0131n yeniden \u00FCretilmesi i\u00E7in gerekli in\u015Fa plan\u0131n\u0131 (re\u00E7etesini) i\u00E7eren bilgi kodlar\u0131d\u0131r. Dawkins'e g\u00F6re nesiller de\u011Fi\u015Ftik\u00E7e, k\u00FClt\u00FCrel ve sosyal i\u00E7erik bir sonraki nesle memler taraf\u0131ndan aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu t\u0131pk\u0131 biyolojik i\u00E7eri\u011Fin DNA taraf\u0131ndan aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 gibidir. Fakat memler, DNA gibi mikroskop alt\u0131nda g\u00F6r\u00FClebilen somut bilgi kodlar\u0131 de\u011Fil daha \u00E7ok soyuttur. \u00D6rnek vermek gerekirse, \u00E7\u00F6mlek yap\u0131m\u0131, yeme\u011Fi \u00E7atal ile yemek, krall\u0131kla y\u00F6netilmek, fl\u00F6rt veya g\u00F6r\u00FCc\u00FC usul\u00FC ile k\u0131z alma ve tahta ka\u015F\u0131kla yemek yemek gibi say\u0131s\u0131z ve \u00E7e\u015Fitli mem vard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131, t\u0131pk\u0131 baz\u0131 DNA\u2019lar gibi t\u00FCkenmi\u015Ftir. Basite indirgenirse, memler bir DNA benze\u015Fimidir. Taklit \u00E7ocu\u011Fun, ba\u015Fka di\u011Fer dilleri de\u011Fil de kendi ana dilini \u00F6\u011Frenme y\u00F6ntemidir. Ki\u015Finin ba\u015Fka insanlar\u0131n ebeveynleri gibi de\u011Fil de kendi ebeveynleri gibi konu\u015Fmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebidir. B\u00F6lgesel \u015Fivelerin ve uzun zaman dilimlerinde ayr\u0131 dillerin ortaya \u00E7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n nedenidir. Dinlerin her nesilde yeni ba\u015Ftan se\u00E7ilmek yerine aile soylar\u0131 boyunca s\u00FCrd\u00FCr\u00FClmesinin sebebidir. Burada, genlerin nesiller i\u00E7inde boylamas\u0131na aktar\u0131lmas\u0131na ve vir\u00FCslerdeki genlerin yatay aktar\u0131lmas\u0131na en az\u0131ndan y\u00FCzeysel bir benzerlik vard\u0131r. Bu benzetmenin yararl\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011F\u0131n\u0131 yarg\u0131lamaya ge\u00E7meden \u00F6nce, kelimelerin, fikirlerin, inan\u00E7lar\u0131n, \u00FCsluplar\u0131n ve modan\u0131n iletilmesinde bir gen rol\u00FC oynuyor olabilecek bu varl\u0131k \u00FCzerine konu\u015Fabilmek i\u00E7in ona bir isim vermemiz yerinde olacakt\u0131r. Kelime ilk ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131\u011F\u0131 1976\u2019dan bu yana artan say\u0131larda insanlar \u2018mem\u2019 ismini gen benzeri bu varl\u0131k i\u00E7in benimsemi\u015Ftir. Richard Dawkins - Bir \u015Eeytan'\u0131n Papaz\u0131 \u015Eimdi memler d\u00FCnya etraf\u0131nda \u0131\u015F\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131nda yay\u0131l\u0131yorlar ve o kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 kendilerini ikile\u015Ftiriyorlar ki meyve sinekleri ve maya h\u00FCcreleri kar\u015F\u0131la\u015Ft\u0131rmada buzul \u00E7a\u011Fdan kalm\u0131\u015F gibi kal\u0131yor. Ara\u00E7tan araca, ortamdan ortama kontrols\u00FCzce atl\u0131yorlar ve karantinaya al\u0131nmalar\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse imk\u00E2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011F\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tl\u0131yorlar. Daniel Dennett"@tr ,
"\u041C\u0435\u043C\u00A0\u2014 \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0435, \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u044F\u0435\u043C\u0430\u044F \u043E\u0442 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0447\u0435\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430 \u043A \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u043C \u0438\u043C\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043D\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0438 \u0434\u0440."@ru ,
"Mem (od gr. mimesis \u2013 na\u015Bladownictwo). W memetyce to nazwa jednostki ewolucji kulturowej, analogicznej do genu b\u0119d\u0105cego jednostk\u0105 ewolucji biologicznej. Termin zosta\u0142 wprowadzony przez biologa Richarda Dawkinsa w ksi\u0105\u017Cce Samolubny gen. Memy powielaj\u0105 si\u0119 poprzez na\u015Bladownictwo, w procesie ich replikacji dzia\u0142a dob\u00F3r naturalny. Podlegaj\u0105 r\u00F3wnie\u017C mutacji. Aktualnie w memetyce istniej\u0105 r\u00F3wnolegle alternatywne definicje poj\u0119cia memu: Mem jest jednostk\u0105 informacji kulturowej zapisanej w m\u00F3zgu. Jego oddzia\u0142ywanie jest widoczne dzi\u0119ki obserwacji efekt\u00F3w socjotypowych. Mem jest jednostk\u0105 informacji zapisanej w m\u00F3zgu lub na innym no\u015Bniku \u2013 w ksi\u0105\u017Cce, na p\u0142ycie CD, na ulotce reklamowej itd. W tym przypadku poj\u0119cie memu i socjotypu si\u0119 zlewaj\u0105. Mem jest autonomiczn\u0105 struktur\u0105 neuronaln\u0105 w m\u00F3zgu, b\u0119d\u0105c\u0105 no\u015Bnikiem informacji kulturowej. Do\u015B\u0107 jasne wyt\u0142umaczenie istoty memu zosta\u0142o przytoczone przez Susan Blackmore w ksi\u0105\u017Cce Maszyna memowa: \"Je\u015Bli wasze irytuj\u0105ce nucenie przy pracy zara\u017Ca reszt\u0119 biura obiema zwrotkami Jeruzalem Blake\u2019a, memem jest ca\u0142a ta natchniona pie\u015B\u0144. Je\u015Bli zara\u017Cacie ich samym tylko \u201EDa da da dum\u201D, memem s\u0105 te w\u0142a\u015Bnie stare dobre nuty\"."@pl ,
"MEME Meme este un concept evolu\u0163ionist interesant introdus \u00EEn 1976 de biologul Richard Dawkins \u00EEn cartea sa \"Gena prin ea \u00EEns\u0103\u015Fi\", ea define\u015Fte ipotetica unitate de informa\u0163ie cultural\u0103 mo\u015Ftenit\u0103, utilizat\u0103 \u015Fi transmis\u0103 de individ. A\u015Fa cum gena este o unitate informa\u0163ional\u0103 macromolecular\u0103, purt\u0103toare de caracteristici biologice, structurale \u015Fi interactive ale individului, meme este simbolic vorbind o gen\u0103 informa\u0163ional\u0103 mental\u0103, o purt\u0103toare specific\u0103 de informa\u0163ie cultural\u0103. \u00CEn evolu\u0163ia sa \u00EEn mintea uman\u0103 se creeaz\u0103 anumite modele ale ambientului \u015Fi ale rela\u0163iilor dinamice \u015Fi valorice ale individului cu ambientul. Aceste rela\u0163ii individ-realitate, individ-individ, sau individ-colectivitate, selectate prin criteriile eficien\u0163ei, devin stabile, \u015Fi se manifest\u0103 prin comportamente sistematic repetate, exersate \u015Fi perfec\u0163ionate, gener\u00E2nd strategii operante sau evaluante, prin care individul \u00EE\u015Fi rezolv\u0103 din ce \u00EEn ce mai bine nevoile de supravie\u0163uire. Memele pot prelua \u015Fi transmite \u00EEntre genera\u0163ii anumite caracteristici observa\u0163ionale, gestual interactive, intelective, emotive, sau mixte, ele reflect\u00E2nd modul \u00EEn care subiectul \u00EEn evolu\u0163ie a creat \u015Fi dezvoltat anumite raporturi cu realitatea, cu sine \u015Fi cu semenii. Memele evolueaz\u0103 \u00EEn timp, sunt perfec\u0163ionate sistematic prin efortul dinamic \u015Fi cognitiv individual \u015Fi colectiv, ele oferind individului \u015Fi societ\u0103\u0163ii metode din ce \u00EEn ce mai performante de a \u00EEn\u0163elege realitatea ca macro mecanism fenomenal-cauzal \u015Fi a o utiliza pentru optimizarea calit\u0103\u0163ii vie\u0163ii. Memele se transmit \u00EEntre genera\u0163iile succesive de indivizi, ele pot particulariza informa\u0163ional \u015Fi afectiv personalit\u0103\u0163ile, le pot d\u0103rui diferite tendin\u0163e implicante \u015Fi diferite posibilit\u0103\u0163i de a pune \u015Fi rezolva probleme fundamentale. Spre exemplu religiozitatea se poate trata ca tendin\u0163\u0103 sufleteasc\u0103 \u015Fi intelectiv\u0103 creat\u0103 de meme specifice, religia cuprinz\u00E2nd un ansamblu complex de raport\u0103ri ale individului la o realitate personalizat\u0103, tratat\u0103 fie ca o supra-individualitate atotputernic\u0103, sau ca o crea\u0163ie a unei supracon\u015Ftien\u0163e divine, atotcunosc\u0103toare. Limbajul este \u015Fi el privit ca efect al unor meme specifice, mo\u015Ftenite sistematic, prin intermediul c\u0103rora individul dob\u00E2nde\u015Fte capacitatea de a organiza \u015Fi abstractiza obiectual \u015Fi procesual universul, amplific\u00E2nd posibilit\u0103\u0163ile de supravie\u0163uire \u00EEn condi\u0163ii dificile. Se face ipoteza c\u0103 memele interac\u0163ioneaz\u0103 \u00EEntre ele gener\u00E2nd complexe de meme noi cu poten\u0163iale interactive, conceptuale \u015Fi evaluante superioare, dar ele se pot \u015Fi inhiba unele pe altele, construind personaliz\u0103ri cu diferite deficien\u0163e comportamentale. Teoria existen\u0163ei \u015Fi ac\u0163iunii memelor, ca surse ale personalit\u0103\u0163ii, este \u00EEnc\u0103 \u00EEn discu\u0163ie, unii cercet\u0103tori \u00EEnclin\u00E2nd s\u0103 o accepte ca util\u0103, iar al\u0163ii o resping, ca \u00EEnc\u0103 nedovedit\u0103 \u015Ftin\u0163ific."@ro ,
"Un meme \u00E8 una riconoscibile entit\u00E0 di informazione relativa alla cultura umana che \u00E8 replicabile da una mente o un supporto simbolico di memoria - per esempio un libro - ad un'altra mente o supporto. In termini pi\u00F9 specifici, un meme \u00E8 \"un'unit\u00E0 auto-propagantesi\" di evoluzione culturale, analoga a ci\u00F2 che il gene \u00E8 per la genetica. La parola \u00E8 stata coniata da Richard Dawkins nel suo controverso libro Il gene egoista (The Selfish Gene, 1976). Un meme pu\u00F2 essere parte di un'idea, una lingua, una melodia, una forma, un'abilit\u00E0, un valore morale o estetico; pu\u00F2 essere in genere qualsiasi cosa pu\u00F2 essere comunemente imparata e trasmessa ad altri come un'unit\u00E0. Lo studio dei modelli evoluzionistici del trasferimento dell'informazione prende il nome di memetica. Come l'evoluzione genetica, anche l'evoluzione memetica non pu\u00F2 avvenire senza mutazioni. La mutazione produce varianti di cui solo le pi\u00F9 adatte si replicano; ossia: diventano pi\u00F9 comuni ed aumentano la loro probabilit\u00E0 di replicarsi ulteriormente. \u00C8 probabile che sia stata la mutazione a far evolvere culturalmente un primitivo gruppo di sillabe nell'ampia gamma di lingue e dialetti attualmente esistenti, e similmente anche per l'ampia gamma di significati simbolici all'interno di ogni lingua. Ulteriori mutazioni del linguaggio sono la scrittura, l'alfabeto Braille, la lingua dei segni, eccetera. Persino i cosiddetti \"tormentoni\" generati dai mass-media o estrapolati da film, videogiochi, discorsi pubblici sono memi capaci di diffondersi e mutare - si pensi ad esempio alla recente diffusione dell'espressione \u00ABmi consenta... \u00BB impostasi nel linguaggio prima politico e poi mass-mediatico. Un motore di ricerca pu\u00F2 essere uno strumento utile, ancorch\u00E9 imperfetto, per misurare la diffusione memetica di una frase. In fondo, il termine meme \u00E8 usato per indicare un qualsiasi pezzo di informazione che viene trasmesso da una mente ad un'altra. Questa interpretazione \u00E8 pi\u00F9 simile all'idea del \"linguaggio come virus\" piuttosto che all'analogia di Dawkins dei memi come comportamenti replicantisi."@it ;
rdfs:comment "Mit Mem wird in der Theorie der Memetik eine Idee oder ein Gedanke als konzeptuelle Informationseinheit bezeichnet. Solch ein Mem entwickelt sich zuerst im F\u00FChl- und Denkverm\u00F6gen eines Individuums und wird durch Kommunikation weiterverbreitet. Durch individuelles Nachdenken und durch Kontakt mit anderen Memen entwickeln sich diese weiter. Beispiel: Ein Ger\u00FCcht, das von einer Person erdacht und mitgeteilt wird, verbreitet sich je nach Brisanzgrad weiter."@de ,
"Un m\u00E8me (de l'anglais meme ainsi que du fran\u00E7ais m\u00EAme) est un \u00E9l\u00E9ment culturel reconnaissable, r\u00E9pliqu\u00E9 et transmis par l'imitation du comportement d'un individu par d'autres individus. L'Oxford English Dictionary d\u00E9finit le m\u00E8me comme \u00AB un \u00E9l\u00E9ment d'une culture pouvant \u00EAtre consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme transmis par des moyens non g\u00E9n\u00E9tiques, en particulier par l'imitation \u00BB."@fr ,
"Um meme, termo cunhado em 1976 por Richard Dawkins no seu bestseller O Gene Ego\u00EDsta, \u00E9 para a mem\u00F3ria o an\u00E1logo do gene na gen\u00E9tica, a sua unidade m\u00EDnima. \u00C9 considerado como uma unidade de informa\u00E7\u00E3o que se multiplica de c\u00E9rebro em c\u00E9rebro, ou entre locais onde a informa\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9 armazenada e outros locais de armazenamento ou c\u00E9rebros. No que diz respeito \u00E0 sua funcionalidade, o meme \u00E9 considerado uma unidade de evolu\u00E7\u00E3o cultural que pode de alguma forma autopropagar-se."@pt ,
"\u041C\u0435\u043C (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. meme; \u0443 \u0456\u043D\u0448\u0456\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0440\u0438\u043F\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u2014 \u00AB\u043C\u0456\u043C\u00BB) \u2014 \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0446\u044F \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u043F\u043E\u0448\u0438\u0440\u044E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0456\u0454\u0457 \u043B\u044E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u0434\u043E \u0456\u043D\u0448\u043E\u0457 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0433\u043E\u044E \u0456\u043C\u0456\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u043D\u0430\u0432\u0447\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0456 \u0442\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0431\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E."@uk ,
"Mem (eng. meme, fr\u00E5n grekiskans ord f\u00F6r minne) \u00E4r en term myntad och begrepp skapat av Richard Dawkins 1976 i boken The Selfish Gene (Den sj\u00E4lviska genen, speciellt kapitlet 11), samt vidareutvecklad i The Extended Phenotype. The Gene as the Unit of Selection (speciellt kapitlet 6). Memen definieras i den senare (s."@sv ,
"Mem (od gr. mimesis \u2013 na\u015Bladownictwo). W memetyce to nazwa jednostki ewolucji kulturowej, analogicznej do genu b\u0119d\u0105cego jednostk\u0105 ewolucji biologicznej. Termin zosta\u0142 wprowadzony przez biologa Richarda Dawkinsa w ksi\u0105\u017Cce Samolubny gen. Memy powielaj\u0105 si\u0119 poprzez na\u015Bladownictwo, w procesie ich replikacji dzia\u0142a dob\u00F3r naturalny. Podlegaj\u0105 r\u00F3wnie\u017C mutacji."@pl ,
""@ja ,
"Mem (n\u011Bkdy se m\u016F\u017Eeme setkat i s verz\u00ED m\u00E9m) je term\u00EDn pro kulturn\u00ED obdobu genu \u2013 replikuj\u00EDc\u00ED se jednotku kulturn\u00ED informace. Tento term\u00EDn poprv\u00E9 pou\u017Eil v roce 1976 ve sv\u00E9 knize Sobeck\u00FD gen Richard Dawkins. Slovo mem je odvozeno z \u0159eck\u00E9ho mimema \u2013 napodobovat. Dawkins tvrd\u00ED, \u017Ee evoluce nemus\u00ED b\u00FDt nutn\u011B postavena jen na replikaci DNA, ale jej\u00EDm principem je \u0161\u00ED\u0159en\u00ED jak\u00E9koli informace, kter\u00E1 podl\u00E9h\u00E1 zm\u011Bn\u00E1m a selek\u010Dn\u00EDmu tlaku."@cs ,
"A meme (rhyming with \"cream\""@en ,
"A m\u00E9m sz\u00F3 a mim\u00E9m\u00E1b\u00F3l (ut\u00E1nz\u00E1s) sz\u00E1rmazik. Ez olyan n\u00E9v, mondja Dawkins, ami \u201Ea kultur\u00E1lis \u00E1tad\u00E1s egys\u00E9g\u00E9nek vagy az ut\u00E1nz\u00E1s, az imit\u00E1ci\u00F3 egys\u00E9g\u00E9nek gondolat\u00E1t hordozza\u201D. Az elnevez\u00E9s a \u201Eg\u00E9n\u201D anal\u00F3gi\u00E1j\u00E1ra k\u00E9sz\u00FClt, a m\u00E9m-elm\u00E9let alapgondolata az evol\u00FAci\u00F3 kiterjeszt\u00E9se kultur\u00E1lis alapegys\u00E9gekre. A memetika a m\u00E9m el\u0151fordul\u00E1s\u00E1val, tulajdons\u00E1gaival, elszaporod\u00E1s\u00E1val foglalkoz\u00F3 tudom\u00E1ny\u00E1g."@hu ,
"Memer er all informasjon som kan spres og lagres av organismer. Man kan ogs\u00E5 si at et mem i videste forstand er en id\u00E9. Eksempler p\u00E5 memer er moter, melodier, spr\u00E5k, teorier, religioner, teknologier og s\u00E5 videre. Begrepet (og memet) \u00ABmem\u00BB ble innf\u00F8rt av Richard Dawkins i boken The Selfish Gene. Ideen har inspirert et forskningsprogram som kalles memetikk, som enn\u00E5 er p\u00E5 et lite utviklet stadium. Memet var ment som en kulturell analogi til genet."@no ,
"\u041C\u0435\u043C\u00A0\u2014 \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0435, \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u044F\u0435\u043C\u0430\u044F \u043E\u0442 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0447\u0435\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430 \u043A \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u043C \u0438\u043C\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043D\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0438 \u0434\u0440."@ru ,
"Mem ya da 'Meme' \u00FCnl\u00FC \u0130ngiliz biyolog Richard Dawkins taraf\u0131ndan ortaya koyulan bir kavramd\u0131r. Memler, her t\u00FCrl\u00FC gelenek, d\u00FC\u015F\u00FCnce tarz\u0131, ya\u015Fam bi\u00E7imi vs. gibi insan\u0131n sosyal ve k\u00FClt\u00FCrel hayat\u0131n\u0131n yeniden \u00FCretilmesi i\u00E7in gerekli in\u015Fa plan\u0131n\u0131 (re\u00E7etesini) i\u00E7eren bilgi kodlar\u0131d\u0131r. Dawkins'e g\u00F6re nesiller de\u011Fi\u015Ftik\u00E7e, k\u00FClt\u00FCrel ve sosyal i\u00E7erik bir sonraki nesle memler taraf\u0131ndan aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r."@tr ,
"Un meme \u00E8 una riconoscibile entit\u00E0 di informazione relativa alla cultura umana che \u00E8 replicabile da una mente o un supporto simbolico di memoria - per esempio un libro - ad un'altra mente o supporto. In termini pi\u00F9 specifici, un meme \u00E8 \"un'unit\u00E0 auto-propagantesi\" di evoluzione culturale, analoga a ci\u00F2 che il gene \u00E8 per la genetica. La parola \u00E8 stata coniata da Richard Dawkins nel suo controverso libro Il gene egoista (The Selfish Gene, 1976)."@it ,
"Een meme is een begrip uit de memetica en betekent een idee dat zich onder informatiedragers verspreidt (tot nu toe voornamelijk menselijke hersenen), en wordt ook wel omschreven als een besmettelijk informatiepatroon. In meer specifieke termen: een meme is een zichzelf vermeerderende eenheid van de culturele evolutie, zoals een gen de eenheid is van de biologische evolutie."@nl ,
"Un mem (de l'angl\u00E8s meme i aquest de memory) \u00E9s, segons les modernes teories sobre la transmissi\u00F3 de la cultura a les noves generacions, la unitat m\u00EDnima de transmissi\u00F3 de l'her\u00E8ncia cultural. El neologisme va ser encunyat per Richard Dawkins, a causa de la seva semblan\u00E7a fon\u00E8tica amb el terme gen."@ca ,
""@zh ,
"MEME Meme este un concept evolu\u0163ionist interesant introdus \u00EEn 1976 de biologul Richard Dawkins \u00EEn cartea sa \"Gena prin ea \u00EEns\u0103\u015Fi\", ea define\u015Fte ipotetica unitate de informa\u0163ie cultural\u0103 mo\u015Ftenit\u0103, utilizat\u0103 \u015Fi transmis\u0103 de individ."@ro ,
"Meemi on informaatiota, joka meemiteorian mukaan levi\u00E4\u00E4 viestinn\u00E4n kulttuurievoluutiossa aivan kuten geenit levi\u00E4v\u00E4t biologisessa evoluutiossa. Meemit ovat siis tiedon kokonaisuuksia, jotka ovat olemassa vain aivoissa tai aivojen avulla tuotetuissa esineiss\u00E4, kuten tietokoneissa tai kirjoissa. Meemiteoria tutkii meemien levi\u00E4mist\u00E4 ja yleistymist\u00E4. Termi\u00E4 meemi k\u00E4ytti ensimm\u00E4isen\u00E4 Richard Dawkins vuonna 1976 kirjassaan Geenin itsekkyys."@fi ,
"Un meme es, en las teor\u00EDas sobre la difusi\u00F3n cultural, la unidad te\u00F3rica de informaci\u00F3n cultural transmisible de un individuo a otro o de una mente a otra (o de una generaci\u00F3n a la siguiente). Es un neologismo acu\u00F1ado por Richard Dawkins en El gen ego\u00EDsta, por la semejanza fon\u00E9tica con gen y para se\u00F1alar la similitud radical con la memoria y la m\u00EDmesis."@es .
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