. . . . . . . "1928"^^ . "Marx W. Wartofsky (1928\u20131997) was an American philosopher, specialising in historical epistemology. He was a professor of philosophy at Baruch College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and the editor of The Philosophical Forum. With Robert S. Cohen, he co-founded the Boston University Center for Philosophy and History of Science, in 1960."@en . . . . . "Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Categorization of artifacts"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "1928"^^ . . . "1997"^^ . "3143"^^ . "Marx W. Wartofsky (1928\u20131997) was an American philosopher, specialising in historical epistemology. He was a professor of philosophy at Baruch College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and the editor of The Philosophical Forum. With Robert S. Cohen, he co-founded the Boston University Center for Philosophy and History of Science, in 1960. His works include Feuerbach (Cambridge University Press, 1977), a philosophical and historical critique of German philosopher and moralist Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach; Conceptual Foundations of Scientific Thought (Macmillan, 1968) and Models: Representation and Scientific Understanding (1979), inquiries into the meaning of scientific models and metaphors."@en . "Marx W. Wartofsky"@en . . "Marx W. Wartofsky"@en . . . "\u9A6C\u514B\u65AF\u2022\u5A01\u5EC9\u2022\u74E6\u6258\u592B\u65AF\u57FA\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AMarx William Wartofsky\uFF0C1928\u5E74\uFF0D1997\u5E74\uFF09 \u662F\u5DF4\u9C81\u514B\u5B66\u9662\u53CA\u7EBD\u7EA6\u57CE\u5E02\u5927\u5B66\u7814\u7A76\u751F\u4E2D\u5FC3\u4E00\u4F4D\u8457\u540D\u7684\u54F2\u5B66\u6559\u6388\uFF0C\u4E3B\u8981\u5DE5\u4F5C\u662F\u4ED6\u6240\u79F0\u7684\u201C\u5386\u53F2\u8BA4\u8BC6\u8BBA\u201D \u3002\u4ED6\u751F\u4E8E\u7F8E\u56FD\u7EBD\u7EA6\u5E02\u5E03\u9C81\u514B\u6797\uFF0C\u5728\u54E5\u4F26\u6BD4\u4E9A\u5927\u5B66\u83B7\u5F97\u5B66\u58EB\u3001\u7855\u58EB\u548C\u535A\u58EB\u5B66\u4F4D\u3002\u5728\u6CE2\u58EB\u987F\u5927\u5B66\u4EFB\u655926\u5E74\uFF0C1960\u5E74\u4E0E\u7F57\u4F2F\u7279\u00B7\u79D1\u6069\u5171\u540C\u521B\u7ACB\u4E86\u6CE2\u58EB\u987F\u5927\u5B66\u54F2\u5B66\u548C\u79D1\u5B66\u53F2\u4E2D\u5FC3\uFF0C1967\u5E74\u51FA\u4EFB\u7CFB\u4E3B\u4EFB\u30021983\u5E74\u83B7\u5DF4\u9C81\u514B\u548C\u7EBD\u7EA6\u5E02\u7ACB\u5927\u5B66\u7814\u7A76\u751F\u4E2D\u5FC3\u6770\u51FA\u54F2\u5B66\u6559\u6388\u79F0\u53F7\u3002 \u4ED6\u7684\u8457\u4F5C\u5305\u62EC\u300A\u8D39\u5C14\u5DF4\u54C8\u300B\uFF08\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5B66\u51FA\u7248\u793E\uFF0C1977\u5E74\uFF09\uFF0C\u300A\u79D1\u5B66\u601D\u60F3\u7684\u6982\u5FF5\u57FA\u7840\u2014\u2014\u79D1\u5B66\u54F2\u5B66\u5BFC\u8BBA\u300B\uFF08\u9EA6\u514B\u7C73\u4F26\uFF0C1968\u5E74\uFF09\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u8BBA\u6587\u96C6\u300A\u6A21\u578B\uFF1A\u8868\u8FBE\u4E0E\u79D1\u5B66\u7684\u7406\u89E3\u300B\uFF08\u65AF\u666E\u6797\uFF0C1979\u5E74\uFF09\u2014\u2014\u63A2\u8BA8\u79D1\u5B66\u6A21\u578B\u548C\u9690\u55BB\u7684\u610F\u4E49\u3002"@zh . . "\u9A6C\u514B\u65AF\u2022\u5A01\u5EC9\u2022\u74E6\u6258\u592B\u65AF\u57FA\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AMarx William Wartofsky\uFF0C1928\u5E74\uFF0D1997\u5E74\uFF09 \u662F\u5DF4\u9C81\u514B\u5B66\u9662\u53CA\u7EBD\u7EA6\u57CE\u5E02\u5927\u5B66\u7814\u7A76\u751F\u4E2D\u5FC3\u4E00\u4F4D\u8457\u540D\u7684\u54F2\u5B66\u6559\u6388\uFF0C\u4E3B\u8981\u5DE5\u4F5C\u662F\u4ED6\u6240\u79F0\u7684\u201C\u5386\u53F2\u8BA4\u8BC6\u8BBA\u201D \u3002\u4ED6\u751F\u4E8E\u7F8E\u56FD\u7EBD\u7EA6\u5E02\u5E03\u9C81\u514B\u6797\uFF0C\u5728\u54E5\u4F26\u6BD4\u4E9A\u5927\u5B66\u83B7\u5F97\u5B66\u58EB\u3001\u7855\u58EB\u548C\u535A\u58EB\u5B66\u4F4D\u3002\u5728\u6CE2\u58EB\u987F\u5927\u5B66\u4EFB\u655926\u5E74\uFF0C1960\u5E74\u4E0E\u7F57\u4F2F\u7279\u00B7\u79D1\u6069\u5171\u540C\u521B\u7ACB\u4E86\u6CE2\u58EB\u987F\u5927\u5B66\u54F2\u5B66\u548C\u79D1\u5B66\u53F2\u4E2D\u5FC3\uFF0C1967\u5E74\u51FA\u4EFB\u7CFB\u4E3B\u4EFB\u30021983\u5E74\u83B7\u5DF4\u9C81\u514B\u548C\u7EBD\u7EA6\u5E02\u7ACB\u5927\u5B66\u7814\u7A76\u751F\u4E2D\u5FC3\u6770\u51FA\u54F2\u5B66\u6559\u6388\u79F0\u53F7\u3002 \u4ED6\u7684\u8457\u4F5C\u5305\u62EC\u300A\u8D39\u5C14\u5DF4\u54C8\u300B\uFF08\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5B66\u51FA\u7248\u793E\uFF0C1977\u5E74\uFF09\uFF0C\u300A\u79D1\u5B66\u601D\u60F3\u7684\u6982\u5FF5\u57FA\u7840\u2014\u2014\u79D1\u5B66\u54F2\u5B66\u5BFC\u8BBA\u300B\uFF08\u9EA6\u514B\u7C73\u4F26\uFF0C1968\u5E74\uFF09\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u8BBA\u6587\u96C6\u300A\u6A21\u578B\uFF1A\u8868\u8FBE\u4E0E\u79D1\u5B66\u7684\u7406\u89E3\u300B\uFF08\u65AF\u666E\u6797\uFF0C1979\u5E74\uFF09\u2014\u2014\u63A2\u8BA8\u79D1\u5B66\u6A21\u578B\u548C\u9690\u55BB\u7684\u610F\u4E49\u3002"@zh . "\u041C\u0430\u0440\u043A\u0441 \u0412. \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043E\u0301\u0444\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Marx W. Wartofsky, 5 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1928 \u2014 4 \u043C\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 1997, \u041D\u044C\u044E-\u0419\u043E\u0440\u043A, \u0421\u0428\u0410) \u2014 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444, \u0441\u043F\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u043F\u043E \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u044D\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u0421\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C \u0444\u0443\u043D\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0446\u0435\u043F\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F. \u0412\u0432\u0451\u043B \u043F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u00AB\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435\u00BB \u2014 \u0442\u043E \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044C, \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043C\u043E\u0435 \u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0435."@ru . . . . "\u9A6C\u514B\u65AF\u00B7\u74E6\u6258\u592B\u65AF\u57FA"@zh . "24863053"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1086419584"^^ . . . . . . "\u041C\u0430\u0440\u043A\u0441 \u0412. \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043E\u0301\u0444\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Marx W. Wartofsky, 5 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1928 \u2014 4 \u043C\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 1997, \u041D\u044C\u044E-\u0419\u043E\u0440\u043A, \u0421\u0428\u0410) \u2014 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444, \u0441\u043F\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u043F\u043E \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u044D\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u0421\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C \u0444\u0443\u043D\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0446\u0435\u043F\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F. \u0412\u0432\u0451\u043B \u043F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u00AB\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435\u00BB \u2014 \u0442\u043E \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044C, \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043C\u043E\u0435 \u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0435."@ru . "March"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0412\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043E\u0444\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439, \u041C\u0430\u0440\u043A\u0441"@ru . . . . . . . "Marx W. Wartofsky"@en .