@prefix owl: . owl:sameAs . @prefix foaf: . foaf:page . @prefix dbpprop: . dbpprop:reference . @prefix rdfs: . rdfs:label "Mandarijn (functie)"@nl , "Mandarin (\u00E4mbetsman)"@sv , "Mandariini (virkamies)"@fi , "\u041C\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D (\u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A)"@ru , "Mandaryn"@pl , "Mandarin (embedsmann)"@no , "Mandarin (bureaucrat)"@en , "Mandari"@pt , "Mandarin (Titel)"@de , "Mandarin (fonctionnaire)"@fr , "Mandarino (funzionario)"@it , "\u30DE\u30F3\u30C0\u30EA\u30F3 (\u5B98\u50DA)"@ja , "Mandar\u00EDn (bur\u00F3crata)"@es , "\u5B98"@zh . @prefix dbpedia-owl: . dbpedia-owl:thumbnail ; dbpprop:abstract "Mandarim ou mandari (do s\u00E2nscrito mantri, \u2018conselheiro de Estado\u2019; pelo malaio mantari) era um t\u00EDtulo que se dava a altos funcion\u00E1rios p\u00FAblicos, na antiga China. Os mandarins dividiam-se em duas categorias: a civil e a militar. Cada uma destas categorias divide-se em nove graus, subdividindo-se cada um destes em duas classes: a dos grandes mandarins e a dos mandarins ordin\u00E1rios. O acesso a esta classe privilegiada era feito por concurso, depois de obtido o grau de bacharel, licenciado e de doutor. As promo\u00E7\u00F5es na carreira eram obtidas por m\u00E9rito ou por favor. Existem ainda os mandarins honor\u00E1rios que s\u00E3o cargos comprados e que lhes conferem o direito de usar as ins\u00EDgnias de autoridade, sem usufru\u00EDrem contudo das suas atribui\u00E7\u00F5es. No que diz respeito \u00E0s suas fun\u00E7\u00F5es, os mandarins n\u00E3o podiam exercer cargos no mesmo lugar por um per\u00EDodo superior a tr\u00EAs anos, sendo respons\u00E1veis pelos seus atos. Uma vez n\u00E3o cumpridas as suas obriga\u00E7\u00F5es, eram destitu\u00EDdos do cargo e sujeitos a multas avultadas. Quanto \u00E0 sua indument\u00E1ria, os mandarins costumavam usar uma fivela no cintur\u00E3o e bordados na sua t\u00FAnica. Estes bordados representavam uma ave ou um animal terrestre, consoante o mandarim fosse civil ou militar. O s\u00EDmbolo mais caracter\u00EDstico da sua dignidade \u00E9 o grande bot\u00E3o que colocam na parte traseira do seu chap\u00E9u. Os mandarins mais importantes ou de primeiro grau usam este bot\u00E3o feito de rubis e os outros que lhes sucedem na hierarquia usam o bot\u00E3o feito de coral, safiras, l\u00E1pis-laz\u00FAli, cristal, madrep\u00E9rola, ouro ou prata."@pt , "En mandarin var en embedsmann i det keiserlige Kina. Begrepet stammer sannsynligvis fra det portugisiske ord mandarim, som betyr \u00ABminister\u00BB eller \u00ABr\u00E5dgiver\u00BB, og fra det eldre sanskrit-ordet mandari (kommand\u00F8r) som ble benyttet som oversettelse av det kinesiske ordet guan (\u5B98). En alternativ teori er at ordet kommer fra det kinesiske uttrykk mandaren (\u6EE1\u5927\u4EBA), som betyr en \u00ABmansju-\u00F8vrighetsperson\u00BB. N\u00E5r mandarin ogs\u00E5 benyttes om den nordlige variant av muntlig kinesisk, skyldes det at embedsverket under Ming- og Qing-dynastiene brukte dette talem\u00E5let. Ordet har kr\u00F8pet seg inn i andre spr\u00E5k i betydningen innflytelsesrik embedsmann i byr\u00E5kratiet, ikke minst i engelsk. Det kinesiske eksamenssystem for slike embedsmenn hadde tre trinn: Det laveste trinn var en eksamen p\u00E5 lokalt nov\u00E5- Bestod man den, fikk man tittelen sh\u0113ngyu\u00E1n (\u751F\u5458) eller xi\u00F9c\u00E1i \u79C0\u624D. Neste trinn var p\u00E5 provinsniv\u00E5, der man kunne absolvere med tittelen j\u01D4r\u00E9n (\u4E3E\u4EBA). Det h\u00F8yeste niv\u00E5 fulgte en eksamen p\u00E5 nasjonalt niv\u00E5. Den gav tittelen j\u00ECnsh\u00EC (\u8FDB\u58EB)."@no , "Een mandarijn was een ambtenaar in het oude China. De functie van mandarijn stond in hoog aanzien. Om mandarijn te kunnen worden, moest men een zeer moeilijk staatsexamen afleggen."@nl , "A Mandarin was a bureaucrat in imperial China, and also in the monarchist days of Vietnam where the system of Imperial examinations and scholar-bureaucrats was adopted under Chinese influence. The English term comes from the Portuguese mandarim ('Mandar' in Portuguese means 'to order around' or 'send,' in turn, from the Latin 'mandar,' which has the same meaning; cf. mandate) or Dutch mandar\u0133n, from Malay m\u0259nt\u0259ri, from Sanskrit mantrin. The term is also used to refer to the northern spoken variety of Chinese because it was the language used among officials during the Ming and Qing dynasties. According to Malaysian Royal Professor Ungku Abdul Aziz, the term originated when the Portuguese living in Malacca during the Malacca Sultanate wanted to meet with the higher officials in China, and used the Malay term \"menteri\", but with an added \"n\" due to their poor grasp of the language, to refer to higher officials. An alternative theory is that the term comes from the Chinese phrase \"Mandaren\" or \"Mandairin\" in some dialects (\u6EE1\u5927\u4EBA), meaning a \"Manchu official\". However, since there is no direct evidence supporting this hypothesis, and since the word \"mandarin\" is attested in the early 16th century before the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, this is deemed unlikely by linguists. In the West, the term \"Mandarin\" is associated with the concept of the scholar-official, who immersed himself in poetry, literature, and Confucian learning in addition to performing civil service duties. For around 1300 years, from 605 to 1905, Mandarins were selected by merit through the extremely rigorous imperial examination. China has had civil servants since at least the Zhou Dynasty. However most high ranking positions were filled by relatives of the sovereign and the nobility. It was not until the Tang Dynasty when the final form of the mandarin was completed with the replacement of the nine-rank system. The mandarins were the founders and core of the Chinese gentry. The mandarins were replaced with a modern civil service after the fall of the Qing Dynasty. In modern English, \"Mandarin\" is also used to refer to any (though usually a senior) civil servant, often in a satirical context, and particularly in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries."@en , "\u5B98\u50DA\u306E\u30DE\u30F3\u30C0\u30EA\u30F3\uFF08Mandarin\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u4E2D\u56FD\uFF08\u7279\u306B\u660E\u671D\u304B\u3089\u6E05\u671D\u307E\u3067\uFF09\u3084\u30D9\u30C8\u30CA\u30E0\u306E\u5B98\u50DA\u3092\u3001\u897F\u6D0B\u4EBA\u304C\u547C\u3093\u3060\u8A9E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u5143\u3005\u306F\u30DD\u30EB\u30C8\u30AC\u30EB\u8A9E\u3067\u300C\u547D\u4EE4\u8005\u300D\u300C\u5927\u81E3\u300D\u3092\u610F\u5473\u3059\u308B\u8A9E\u3067\u3001\u66F4\u306B\u30B5\u30F3\u30B9\u30AF\u30EA\u30C3\u30C8\u8A9E\u3067\u306F\u300C\u6307\u5C0E\u8005\u300D\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610F\u5473\u306B\u7531\u6765\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u5317\u4EAC\u5B98\u8A71\u3082\u897F\u6D0B\u8A9E\u570F\u3067\u306F\u300C\u30DE\u30F3\u30C0\u30EA\u30F3\u300D\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u304C\u3001\u3053\u308C\u306F\u8A00\u8A9E\u304C\u591A\u69D8\u306A\u4E2D\u56FD\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u5730\u65B9\u306E\u5F79\u5834\u306A\u3069\u3067\u4F7F\u308F\u308C\u308B\u5171\u901A\u8A9E\u3060\u3063\u305F\u304B\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u7570\u8AAC\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6E80\u5DDE\u306E\u5B98\u50DA\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610F\u5473\u3059\u308B\u300C\u6E80\u5927\u4EBA\u300D\u306E\u97F3\u8AAD\u307F\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8AAC\u304C\u3042\u308B\u304C\u3001\u6E05\u5EFA\u56FD\u524D\u306E16\u4E16\u7D00\u524D\u534A\u306B\u306F\u4F7F\u7528\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u3088\u3046\u306A\u306E\u3067\u6709\u529B\u3067\u306F\u306A\u3044\u3002 \u4E2D\u56FD\u3067\u306F\u3001\u5510\u738B\u671D\u304B\u3089\u79D1\u6319\u304C\u5B9F\u65BD\u3055\u308C\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u305D\u306E\u7AF6\u4E89\u306F\u71BE\u70C8\u3092\u6975\u3081\u305F\u3002\u79D1\u6319\u306B\u53CA\u7B2C\u3059\u308B\u4E8B\u306F\u3001\u6B74\u4EE3\u4E2D\u83EF\u5E1D\u56FD\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4F4E\u3044\u51FA\u81EA\u304B\u3089\u56FD\u52D9\u5927\u81E3\u7D1A\u306E\u5730\u4F4D\u3092\u624B\u306B\u3059\u308B\u307B\u307C\u552F\u4E00\u306E\u624B\u6BB5\u3060\u304B\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u53D7\u9A13\u8005\u305F\u3061\u306F\u3001\u5E7C\u5C11\u306E\u9803\u304B\u3089\u79D1\u6319\u306E\u8A66\u9A13\u79D1\u76EE\uFF08\u56DB\u66F8\u4E94\u7D4C\u306E\u6697\u8A18\u3001\u8A69\u4F5C\u3084\u6B74\u53F2\u306A\u3069\uFF09\u3092\u982D\u306B\u586B\u3081\u8FBC\u3080\u3002\u53CA\u7B2C\u3057\u3066\u5B98\u50DA\u306B\u306A\u3063\u305F\u8005\u305F\u3061\u306F\u3001\u79D1\u6319\u306E\u8A66\u9A13\u79D1\u76EE\u306B\u51DD\u308A\u56FA\u307E\u3063\u3066\u7279\u6A29\u610F\u8B58\u3092\u632F\u308A\u304B\u3056\u3057\u3001\u6C11\u8846\u306E\u751F\u6D3B\u306B\u95A2\u308B\u4E8B\u67C4\u3092\u8EFD\u3093\u3058\u305F\u3002\u3053\u308C\u306F\u6B74\u4EE3\u738B\u671D\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u4F55\u5EA6\u3082\u554F\u984C\u306B\u306A\u3063\u3066\u6765\u305F\u3002 \u3053\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306A\u6B74\u53F2\u304B\u3089\u304B\u3001\u897F\u6D0B\u3067\u306F\u3001\u516C\u52D9\u54E1\u8A66\u9A13\u306B\u5408\u683C\u3059\u308B\u70BA\u306B\u586B\u3081\u8FBC\u307F\u6559\u80B2\u3092\u53D7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308B\u8005\u3084\u3001\u6642\u4EE3\u9045\u308C\u306E\u767A\u60F3\u3092\u632F\u308A\u304B\u3056\u3059\u5B98\u50DA\u3092\u8AF7\u523A\u3057\u3066\u300C\u30DE\u30F3\u30C0\u30EA\u30F3\u300D\u3068\u547C\u3076\u5834\u5408\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja , "Un mandarino era un funzionario della Cina imperiale e del Vietnam feudale, dove il sistema degli esami imperiali e dei funzionari-studiosi fu adottato appunto sotto l'influenza cinese."@it , "Mandariini oli keisarillisen Kiinan virkamiehen arvonimi. Nimityst\u00E4 k\u00E4ytettiin my\u00F6s Vietnamissa ennen itsen\u00E4isyytt\u00E4, koska sik\u00E4l\u00E4isess\u00E4 hallintoj\u00E4rjestelm\u00E4ss\u00E4 oli paljon kiinalaisia vaikutteita. Sana on per\u00E4isin portugalin kielen kautta sanskritist\u00E4. Mandariiniksi p\u00E4\u00E4seminen vaati 1300 vuoden ajan (605\u20131905) perusteellisen keisarillisen virkamiestutkinnon l\u00E4p\u00E4isemisen. Niinp\u00E4 mandariinit olivat oman aikansa \u00E4lymyst\u00F6\u00E4. Kiinan kirjakielt\u00E4 kutsutaan nimell\u00E4 mandariinikiina."@fi , "\u041C\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D (\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0442. mandarim\u00A0\u2014 \u043C\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440, \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A)\u00A0\u2014 \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A \u0432 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435, \u043F\u043E\u0437\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u041A\u043E\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u0438 \u0412\u044C\u0435\u0442\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0435. \u041D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043F\u043E\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E (\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043E mandarim, \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043C\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430) \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430 (mandari \u2014 \u043A\u043E\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0440) \u0438 \u0441\u043E\u043E\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0443 \u0433\u0443\u0430\u043D\u044C (\u5B98). \u0412\u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u043A\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043C\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043B\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044E, \u044D\u0442\u043E \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043E \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u043E \u043D\u0435 \u0442\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432 \u041C\u0430\u043D\u0447\u0436\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438. \u041D\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u044F\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 1300 \u043B\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043D\u0437. \u0414\u043B\u044F \u043D\u0430\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043C\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0436\u043D\u0443\u044E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u044D\u043A\u0437\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438."@ru , "Le mandarin est le terme occidental utilis\u00E9 pour d\u00E9signer un haut fonctionnaire lettr\u00E9 et \u00E9duqu\u00E9 dans la tradition de Confucius, mis au service de l\u2019Empereur de Chine, \u00E0 l\u2019issue d\u2019une s\u00E9lection rigoureuse et tr\u00E8s limitative des meilleurs candidats. Pendant 1300 ans, entre les ann\u00E9es 605 et 1905, la haute administration imp\u00E9riale, tant centrale que provinciale, mais \u00E9galement l\u2019administration du Vietnam sous occupation chinoise, est tenue par une caste recrut\u00E9e sur la base de concours extr\u00EAmement difficiles : les examens imp\u00E9riaux. Les mandarins et le mod\u00E8le qu\u2019ils ont fait na\u00EEtre, le mandarinat, apparaissent comme le parangon de tous les syst\u00E8mes de bureaucraties d'\u00C9tat, \u00E0 la t\u00EAte desquels sont des hauts fonctionnaires de carri\u00E8re, recrut\u00E9s au m\u00E9rite intellectuel et litt\u00E9raire, form\u00E9s techniquement \u00E0 l\u2019administration et constitu\u00E9s en \u00E9lites \u00E9tatiques reproduites et ferm\u00E9es."@fr , "\u5B98\uFF0C\u4E5F\u7A31\u5B98\u54E1\u3002\u5728\u50B3\u7D71\u4E2D\u570B\u662F\u6307\u6709\u5B98\u54C1\u7684\u653F\u5E9C\u4EBA\u54E1\uFF0C\u76F8\u8F03\u65BC\u6C92\u6709\u54C1\u7D1A\u7684\u653F\u5E9C\u4EBA\u54E1\u7A31\u4F5C\u540F\uFF0C\u5B98\u548C\u540F\u7684\u53E6\u4E00\u500B\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u5206\u5225\u662F\u5B98\u6709\u56FA\u5B9A\u7684\u85AA\u4FF8\uFF0C\u800C\u540F\u5247\u5927\u591A\u60C5\u6CC1\u4E0B\u6C92\u6709\uFF08\u5C11\u6578\u4F8B\u5916\uFF0C\u5982\u5728\u738B\u5B89\u77F3\u8B8A\u6CD5\u6642\uFF0C\u6709\u767C\u85AA\u7D66\u4E2D\u592E\u7684\u540F\u7684\u4F5C\u6CD5\uFF09\u3002 \u5F9E\u51FA\u8EAB\u4F86\u770B\u5728\u5510\u4EE3\u4E2D\u696D\u4EE5\u5F8C\uFF0C\u5B98\u54E1\u5927\u591A\u6578\u51FA\u81EA\u65BC\u79D1\u8209\uFF0C\u56E0\u6B64\u8207\u4EE5\u5F9E\u4E8B\u5BE6\u52D9\u8D77\u5BB6\u7684\u540F\u4E4B\u9593\u6709\u6975\u5927\u7684\u5DEE\u7570\uFF0C\u5F7C\u6B64\u4E4B\u9593\u4E0D\u80FD\u6607\u964D\uFF0C\u800C\u50C5\u50C5\u5728\u5143\u671D\u6709\u8B93\u540F\u6607\u4F5C\u5B98\u7684\u7BA1\u9053\u3002 \u5728\u50B3\u7D71\u4E2D\u570B\u5927\u591A\u6642\u671F\uFF0C\u5B98\u4F4D\u4E0D\u8AD6\u4E2D\u592E\u6216\u5730\u65B9\u5B98\uFF0C\u4E00\u5171\u5206\u4F5C\u4E5D\u54C1\uFF0C\u4E00\u54C1\u5730\u4F4D\u85AA\u4FF8\u6700\u9AD8\uFF0C\u4E5D\u54C1\u6700\u4F4E\u3002\u6B64\u5916\u5B8B\u671D\u4E4B\u5F8C\uFF0C\u5B58\u5728\u5F88\u591A\u50C5\u662F\u7528\u4F86\u916C\u5EB8\u4EBA\u7269\u800C\u4E0D\u5177\u6709\u5BE6\u8077\u7684\u5B98\u54E1\u3002"@zh , "Mandarin, v\u00E4sterl\u00E4ndsk ben\u00E4mning p\u00E5 en \u00E4mbetsman i det kejserliga Kina. Ordet, som anv\u00E4ndes som \u00F6vers\u00E4ttning av det kinesiska ordet guan (\u5B98), kommer sannolikt ifr\u00E5n det portugisiska ordet mandarim, som betyder \"minister\" eller \"r\u00E5dgivare\", vilket i sin tur kan h\u00E4rledas till det \u00E4ldre sanskrit-ordet mandari (kommend\u00F6r). Alla civila och milit\u00E4ra \u00E4mbetsm\u00E4n, ofta sammanfattade under ben\u00E4mningen baiguan (\"de 100 sysslorna\"), tituleras guanfu. Under Qingdynastin var \u00E4mbetsmannahierarkien delad i 9 rangklasser, vilka utm\u00E4rkas genom olika knappar p\u00E5 hattarna och genom broderier p\u00E5 br\u00F6stet. D\u00E5 de adlas, tillfaller adelskapet endast deras f\u00F6rf\u00E4der. \u00C4rftliga titlar tillkom endast Konfucius och kejsarnas \u00E4ttlingar, men de senare kunde inte g\u00F6ra anspr\u00E5k p\u00E5 statstj\u00E4nst, om de inte avlagt n\u00F6dv\u00E4ndiga examina. De enda familjer, som i n\u00E5gon m\u00E5n liknade Europas aristokrati, \u00E4r de, vilka sedan \u00E5rhundraden, son efter fader, h\u00F6rt till rikets litter\u00E4rt verksamma. Det var dock inte endast meriter som best\u00E4mde de kinesiska \u00E4mbetsm\u00E4nnens utn\u00E4mning, tv\u00E4rtom f\u00F6rekom i Kina i stor skala f\u00F6rs\u00E4ljning av sysslor. Att bli provinsguvern\u00F6r kostade 600 000 \u00E0 700 000 kr. (1910 \u00E5rs penningv\u00E4rde). En guvern\u00F6r utn\u00E4mndes f\u00F6r 3 \u00E5r och skulle p\u00E5 den tiden skaffa sig ers\u00E4ttning f\u00F6r dessa utgifter, medan hans l\u00F6n var 15 500 kr. Dessutom \u00E5l\u00E5g det honom att s\u00F6rja f\u00F6r sina sl\u00E4ktingars b\u00E4sta. Det kinesiska \u00E4mbetsmannav\u00E4sendet avskaffades 1912 i samband med att Qingdynastin f\u00F6ll."@sv , "Die Mandarine waren Ehrenamtstr\u00E4ger im kaiserlichen China, von der Tang-Dynastie an bis zur letzten, der Qing-Dynastie. \u201EMandarin\u201C konnte man durch die Teilnahme an Pr\u00FCfungen werden, die allen M\u00E4nnern ohne Klassenunterschiede und ohne Altersbegrenzung offenstanden. Das chinesische Pr\u00FCfungssystem kannte drei Abstufungen: die unterste, lokale Pr\u00FCfungsebene, bei der man den Titel eines Shengyuan (sh\u0113ngyu\u00E1n \u751F\u5458/\u54E1) oder Xiucai (xi\u00F9c\u00E1i \u79C0\u624D) erwerben konnte, die Pr\u00FCfungen auf Provinzebene, die man mit dem Titel eines Juren (j\u01D4r\u00E9n \u4E3E/\u8209\u4EBA) abschlie\u00DFen konnte, und die h\u00F6chste Pr\u00FCfung, die man mit dem \"Doktortitel\", dem sog. \u201EJinshi\u201C (j\u00ECnsh\u00EC \u8FDB/\u9032\u58EB) bestehen konnte. Sie alle sind \"Mandarine\", auch wenn sie kein Amt innehatten. Pr\u00FCfungsgegenstand waren ausschlie\u00DFlich die kanonischen konfuzianischen Schriften."@de , "Un mandar\u00EDn era un bur\u00F3crata de la China imperial, y tambi\u00E9n durante el per\u00EDodo mon\u00E1rquico en Vietnam en que el sistema de ex\u00E1menes imperiales y bur\u00F3cratas estudiosos fue adoptado bajo influencia china. El t\u00E9rmino posee su ra\u00EDz en el vocablo portugu\u00E9s mandarim o neerland\u00E9s mandar\u0133n, en malayo m\u0259nt\u0259ri, y en s\u00E1nscrito mantrin. El t\u00E9rmino tambi\u00E9n es utilizado para hacer referencia al idioma chino hablado en la zona norte, debido a que era el idioma utilizado por los oficiales durante las dinast\u00EDas Ming y Qing. Una teor\u00EDa alternativa es que el t\u00E9rmino proviene de la frase china \"Mandaren\" o \"Mandairin\" en algunos dialectos (\u6EE1\u5927\u4EBA), significando un \"oficial manch\u00FA\". Sin embargo, esta teor\u00EDa no es apoyada por los ling\u00FCistas, por dos razones, por una parte no existe evidencia directa que la confirme, y adem\u00E1s la palabra \"mandarin\" ya se utilizaba a comienzos del siglo XVI antes de que se estableciera la dinast\u00EDa Qing. En Occidente, el t\u00E9rmino \"Mandarin\" se asocia con el concepto de oficial estudioso, que adem\u00E1s de cumplir con sus deberes de servicio civil, se dedicaba a la poes\u00EDa, literatura, y estudios sobre el confucianismo. Durante aproximadamente 1300 a\u00F1os, desde el 605 hasta 1905, los mandarines eran seleccionados por su m\u00E9rito mediante una serie de ex\u00E1menes imperiales extremadamente rigurosos. Se sabe que por lo menos a partir de la dinast\u00EDa Zhou, China tuvo oficiales civiles. Sin embargo la mayor\u00EDa de los cargos de mayor importancia eran asignados a familiares del soberano y a la nobleza. No fue sino hasta la dinast\u00EDa Tang cuando el sistema de mandarin fue complementado con el reemplazo del sistema de nueve rangos. Los mandarines fueron los fundadores y base de la burgues\u00EDa china. Luego de la ca\u00EDda de la dinast\u00EDa Qing los mandarines fueron reemplazados por un moderno sistema de oficiales p\u00FAblicos civiles. La vestimenta de un mandarin durante la dinast\u00EDa Qing inclu\u00EDa el gorro oficial manch\u00FA y el cuadrado mandarin en su t\u00FAnica. La oficina y la residencia de un mandarin se denominaba yamen."@es , "Mandaryn \u2013 to urz\u0119dnik biurokracji w cesarskich Chinach. Istnia\u0142o wiele rang mandaryn\u00F3w, od szczebla lokalnego, przez prowincj\u0119, a\u017C po urz\u0119dnik\u00F3w w\u0142adz centralnych pracuj\u0105cych bezpo\u015Brednio przy cesarskim dworze. Przez 1300 lat, od 605 do 1905 roku mandaryni uzyskiwali swoje stanowisko na drodze surowych egzamin\u00F3w urz\u0119dniczych. Chiny by\u0142ym pierwszym na \u015Bwiecie krajem, kt\u00F3ry wprowadzi\u0142 takie egzaminy, dlatego ustr\u00F3j Cesarstwa Chi\u0144skiego okre\u015Bla si\u0119 czasem jako feudalizm biurokratyczny."@pl ; rdfs:comment "Mandaryn \u2013 to urz\u0119dnik biurokracji w cesarskich Chinach. Istnia\u0142o wiele rang mandaryn\u00F3w, od szczebla lokalnego, przez prowincj\u0119, a\u017C po urz\u0119dnik\u00F3w w\u0142adz centralnych pracuj\u0105cych bezpo\u015Brednio przy cesarskim dworze. Przez 1300 lat, od 605 do 1905 roku mandaryni uzyskiwali swoje stanowisko na drodze surowych egzamin\u00F3w urz\u0119dniczych."@pl , "Un mandarino era un funzionario della Cina imperiale e del Vietnam feudale, dove il sistema degli esami imperiali e dei funzionari-studiosi fu adottato appunto sotto l'influenza cinese."@it , "\u041C\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D (\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0442. mandarim\u00A0\u2014 \u043C\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440, \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A)\u00A0\u2014 \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A \u0432 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435, \u043F\u043E\u0437\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u041A\u043E\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u0438 \u0412\u044C\u0435\u0442\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0435."@ru , "En mandarin var en embedsmann i det keiserlige Kina. Begrepet stammer sannsynligvis fra det portugisiske ord mandarim, som betyr \u00ABminister\u00BB eller \u00ABr\u00E5dgiver\u00BB, og fra det eldre sanskrit-ordet mandari (kommand\u00F8r) som ble benyttet som oversettelse av det kinesiske ordet guan (\u5B98). En alternativ teori er at ordet kommer fra det kinesiske uttrykk mandaren (\u6EE1\u5927\u4EBA), som betyr en \u00ABmansju-\u00F8vrighetsperson\u00BB."@no , "A Mandarin was a bureaucrat in imperial China, and also in the monarchist days of Vietnam where the system of Imperial examinations and scholar-bureaucrats was adopted under Chinese influence. The English term comes from the Portuguese mandarim ('Mandar' in Portuguese means 'to order around' or 'send,' in turn, from the Latin 'mandar,' which has the same meaning; cf. mandate) or Dutch mandar\u0133n, from Malay m\u0259nt\u0259ri, from Sanskrit mantrin."@en , "Die Mandarine waren Ehrenamtstr\u00E4ger im kaiserlichen China, von der Tang-Dynastie an bis zur letzten, der Qing-Dynastie. \u201EMandarin\u201C konnte man durch die Teilnahme an Pr\u00FCfungen werden, die allen M\u00E4nnern ohne Klassenunterschiede und ohne Altersbegrenzung offenstanden."@de , ""@zh , "Een mandarijn was een ambtenaar in het oude China. De functie van mandarijn stond in hoog aanzien. Om mandarijn te kunnen worden, moest men een zeer moeilijk staatsexamen afleggen."@nl , "Le mandarin est le terme occidental utilis\u00E9 pour d\u00E9signer un haut fonctionnaire lettr\u00E9 et \u00E9duqu\u00E9 dans la tradition de Confucius, mis au service de l\u2019Empereur de Chine, \u00E0 l\u2019issue d\u2019une s\u00E9lection rigoureuse et tr\u00E8s limitative des meilleurs candidats."@fr , "Un mandar\u00EDn era un bur\u00F3crata de la China imperial, y tambi\u00E9n durante el per\u00EDodo mon\u00E1rquico en Vietnam en que el sistema de ex\u00E1menes imperiales y bur\u00F3cratas estudiosos fue adoptado bajo influencia china. El t\u00E9rmino posee su ra\u00EDz en el vocablo portugu\u00E9s mandarim o neerland\u00E9s mandar\u0133n, en malayo m\u0259nt\u0259ri, y en s\u00E1nscrito mantrin."@es , "Mandarim ou mandari (do s\u00E2nscrito mantri, \u2018conselheiro de Estado\u2019; pelo malaio mantari) era um t\u00EDtulo que se dava a altos funcion\u00E1rios p\u00FAblicos, na antiga China. Os mandarins dividiam-se em duas categorias: a civil e a militar. Cada uma destas categorias divide-se em nove graus, subdividindo-se cada um destes em duas classes: a dos grandes mandarins e a dos mandarins ordin\u00E1rios."@pt , "Mandariini oli keisarillisen Kiinan virkamiehen arvonimi. Nimityst\u00E4 k\u00E4ytettiin my\u00F6s Vietnamissa ennen itsen\u00E4isyytt\u00E4, koska sik\u00E4l\u00E4isess\u00E4 hallintoj\u00E4rjestelm\u00E4ss\u00E4 oli paljon kiinalaisia vaikutteita. Sana on per\u00E4isin portugalin kielen kautta sanskritist\u00E4. Mandariiniksi p\u00E4\u00E4seminen vaati 1300 vuoden ajan (605\u20131905) perusteellisen keisarillisen virkamiestutkinnon l\u00E4p\u00E4isemisen. Niinp\u00E4 mandariinit olivat oman aikansa \u00E4lymyst\u00F6\u00E4. Kiinan kirjakielt\u00E4 kutsutaan nimell\u00E4 mandariinikiina."@fi , "Mandarin, v\u00E4sterl\u00E4ndsk ben\u00E4mning p\u00E5 en \u00E4mbetsman i det kejserliga Kina. Ordet, som anv\u00E4ndes som \u00F6vers\u00E4ttning av det kinesiska ordet guan (\u5B98), kommer sannolikt ifr\u00E5n det portugisiska ordet mandarim, som betyder \"minister\" eller \"r\u00E5dgivare\", vilket i sin tur kan h\u00E4rledas till det \u00E4ldre sanskrit-ordet mandari (kommend\u00F6r). Alla civila och milit\u00E4ra \u00E4mbetsm\u00E4n, ofta sammanfattade under ben\u00E4mningen baiguan (\"de 100 sysslorna\"), tituleras guanfu."@sv , ""@ja ; foaf:depiction . @prefix skos: . @prefix ns6: . skos:subject ns6:History_of_China ; dbpprop:hasPhotoCollection . @prefix dbpedia: . dbpedia:Mandarin dbpprop:disambiguates . dbpedia:Ton_That_Dinh dbpprop:forProperty . dbpprop:redirect .