@prefix dbpprop: .
@prefix dbpedia: .
dbpedia:Smalltalk dbpprop:influencedBy .
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dbpedia:Common_Lisp dbpprop:influencedBy ;
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@prefix rdf: .
@prefix opencyc: .
rdf:type opencyc:Mx4rvzmtx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA ,
opencyc:Mx4rvVkKbZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA ,
opencyc:Mx4rvi9EhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA ;
dbpprop:name "Lisp"@en .
@prefix owl: .
owl:sameAs ,
opencyc:Mx4rT2p0wT21EdaU7wACs0uFOQ .
@prefix ns5: .
owl:sameAs ns5:Mx4rGxWxgVL1EdaCtgACs0uXdw ,
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@prefix ns7: .
dbpprop:reference ns7:episode-84-dick-gabriel-lisp ,
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dbpprop:reference ns8:asdf ,
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@prefix rdfs: .
rdfs:label "Lisp"@no ,
"Lisp"@fr ,
"Lisp"@pl ,
"\u041B\u0438\u0441\u043F"@ru ,
"Lisp"@hu ,
"Lisp (programmeertaal)"@nl ,
"LISP"@ja ,
"Lisp"@tr ,
"Lisp"@es ,
"Lisp (programming language)"@en ,
"Lisp"@fi ,
"Lisp"@ca ,
"LISP"@ro ,
"Lisp"@cs ,
"Lisp"@sv ,
"LISP"@zh ,
"LISP"@de ,
"Lisp"@it ,
"LISP"@uk ,
"Lisp"@pt ;
dbpprop:abstract "A Lisp programoz\u00E1si nyelv (helyesebben nyelvcsal\u00E1d) hossz\u00FA t\u00F6rt\u00E9netre tekint vissza. Eredetileg rekurz\u00EDv f\u00FCggv\u00E9nyek absztrakt \u00E1br\u00E1zol\u00E1s\u00E1ra tervezt\u00E9k, de hamarosan a mesters\u00E9ges intelligencia kutat\u00E1s el\u0151szeretettel alkalmazott nyelv\u00E9v\u00E9 v\u00E1lt, amikor a 70-es, 80-as \u00E9vekben ezen ter\u00FClet a vir\u00E1gkor\u00E1t \u00E9lte. Ma a Lisp nyelveket sz\u00E1mos ter\u00FCleten alkalmazz\u00E1k, \u00E9s k\u00F6zkedvelt a sz\u00E1m\u00EDt\u00E1selm\u00E9let oktat\u00E1s\u00E1ban is. A Lisp n\u00E9v az angol \u201EList Processing\u201D (listafeldolgoz\u00E1s) kifejez\u00E9sre vezethet\u0151 vissza (maga a lisp sz\u00F3 angolul p\u00F6sz\u00E9t, p\u00F6sz\u00EDt\u00E9st jelent. ) A Lisp nyelvek f\u0151 adatstrukt\u00FAr\u00E1ja ugyanis a l\u00E1ncolt lista. Az alapvet\u0151 listakezel\u0151 m\u0171veletek az \u00F6sszes nyelvj\u00E1r\u00E1sban megegyeznek. Emellett k\u00F6z\u00F6s saj\u00E1toss\u00E1g a fut\u00E1sidej\u0171 t\u00EDpusoss\u00E1g, a funkcion\u00E1lis programoz\u00E1sra jellemz\u0151 jegyek, \u00E9s az, hogy a programk\u00F3d adatk\u00E9nt manipul\u00E1lhat\u00F3. Tetsz\u0151leges Lisp nyelven \u00EDrt program azonnal felismerhet\u0151 a jellegzetes szintaktik\u00E1j\u00E1r\u00F3l. A programk\u00F3d ugyanis egym\u00E1sba \u00E1gyazott list\u00E1k, azaz z\u00E1r\u00F3jelezett, \u00FAn. S-kifejez\u00E9sek (S-expression, sexp) sorozata. Ennek a primit\u00EDv szintaktik\u00E1nak k\u00F6sz\u00F6nhet\u0151en a Lisp nyelveken \u00EDrt programokhoz nagyon egyszer\u0171 elemz\u0151t (parser-t) \u00E9s k\u00F3dot gener\u00E1l\u00F3 (meta-) programokat \u00EDrni, ugyanakkor emberi szemmel k\u00F6nny\u0171 elveszni a nyit\u00F3- \u00E9s csuk\u00F3z\u00E1r\u00F3jelek erdej\u00E9ben. A k\u00F6nny\u0171 elemezhet\u0151s\u00E9g volt az egyik oka a nyelv n\u00E9pszer\u0171s\u00E9g\u00E9nek a 70-es \u00E9vekben, amikor m\u00E9g nem volt elegend\u0151 sz\u00E1m\u00EDt\u00E1si kapacit\u00E1s \u00F6sszetett, t\u00F6bbmenetes ford\u00EDt\u00F3- \u00E9s \u00E9rtelmez\u0151programok futtat\u00E1s\u00E1hoz. Form\u00E1lis specifik\u00E1ci\u00F3j\u00E1nak els\u0151, 958-ban k\u00E9sz\u00EDtett v\u00E1ltozat\u00E1val a Lisp a m\u00E1sodik leg\u00F6regebb magas szint\u0171 programoz\u00E1si nyelv. A megalkot\u00E1sa \u00F3ta elm\u00FAlt k\u00F6zel 50 \u00E9vben a nyelv sokat v\u00E1ltozott, \u00E9s sz\u00E1mos nyelvj\u00E1r\u00E1ssal gazdagodott. A ma legelterjedtebb v\u00E1ltozatai az \u00E1ltal\u00E1nos c\u00E9l\u00FA Common Lisp \u00E9s Scheme nyelvek."@hu ,
"LISP\uFF08\u30EA\u30B9\u30D7\u3001LISt Processing\u306E\u7565\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u95A2\u6570\u578B\u30D7\u30ED\u30B0\u30E9\u30DF\u30F3\u30B0\u8A00\u8A9E\u306E\u4E00\u7A2E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u62EC\u5F27\u3092\u591A\u7528\u3059\u308B\u72EC\u7279\u306A\u6587\u6CD5\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3002 LISP \u306E\u5B9F\u88C5\u306F\u6BD4\u8F03\u7684\u5BB9\u6613\u306A\u305F\u3081\u3001\u975E\u5E38\u306B\u591A\u304F\u306E\uFF08\u65B9\u8A00\uFF09\u304C\u5B58\u5728\u3057\u3001\u53B3\u5BC6\u306B\u306F\u3001\u300CLISP\u65B9\u8A00\u300D\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u305D\u308C\u3089\u306E\u65B9\u8A00\u306E\u96C6\u307E\u308A\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066 LISP \u3068\u547C\u3076\u3002\u305F\u3060\u3057\u3001\u4E00\u822C\u7684\u306B\u300CLisp\u300D\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3068\u304D\u306F Common Lisp \u306E\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u5834\u5408\u304C\u591A\u3044\u3002Common Lisp \u3092\u542B\u3081\u305FLisp \u65B9\u8A00\u306B\u306F\u3001\u5909\u6570\u3078\u306E\u5024\u306E\u4EE3\u5165\uFF08\u675F\u7E1B\uFF09\u3082\u53EF\u80FD\u306A\u3001\u624B\u7D9A\u304D\u578B\u8A00\u8A9E\u306E\u6027\u683C\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u305D\u306E\u4ED6\u306E LISP \u306E\u7279\u5FB4\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4EE5\u4E0B\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306A\u3082\u306E\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u52D5\u7684\u306A\u578B\u4ED8\u3051\uFF08\u5024\u306B\u306F\u578B\u60C5\u5831\u3092\u6301\u3064\u304C\u5909\u6570\u306F\u578B\u3092\u6301\u305F\u306A\u3044\uFF09 \u524D\u7F6E\u8A18\u6CD5 \u30B3\u30FC\u30C9\u81EA\u8EAB\u3092\u30D5\u30A1\u30FC\u30B9\u30C8\u30AF\u30E9\u30B9\uFF08\u4E00\u7D1A\u5E02\u6C11\uFF09\u30AA\u30D6\u30B8\u30A7\u30AF\u30C8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6271\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3067\u304D\u308B LISP\u306F\u3001\u5168\u3066\u306E\u30D7\u30ED\u30B0\u30E9\u30DF\u30F3\u30B0\u8A00\u8A9E\u306E\u4E2D\u3067\u30822\u756A\u76EE\u306B\u53E4\u3044\u9AD8\u7D1A\u8A00\u8A9E\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u73FE\u5728\u3067\u3082\u5E83\u304F\u4F7F\u308F\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u305F\u3060\u3057\u3001\u6700\u53E4\u306E\u9AD8\u7D1A\u8A00\u8A9EFORTRAN\u3068\u540C\u69D8\u306B\u3001\u8A00\u8A9E\u4ED5\u69D8\u306F\u521D\u671F\u3068\u6BD4\u3079\u3066\u5927\u304D\u304F\u5909\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja ,
"LISP este un limbaj de programare func\u0163ional cu un lung istoric. Conceput ini\u0163ial ca un model de calcul (asem\u0103n\u0103tor celui construit de Turing), a devenit limbajul cel mai folosit la crearea aplica\u0163iilor de inteligen\u0163\u0103 artificial\u0103 \u00EEn anii de glorie ai acestui domeniu (1970-1980). Denumirea provine de la \"LISt Processing\". Specificat ini\u0163ial \u00EEn 1958, Lisp este cel de-al doilea ca vechime limbaj de programare de nivel \u00EEnalt; doar Fortran este mai vechi. Precum Fortran, Lisp s-a schimbat mult fa\u0163\u0103 de forma ini\u0163ial\u0103,exist\u00E2nd de-a lungul vremii o serie de dialecte. Ast\u0103zi, cele mai r\u0103sp\u00E2ndite dialecte Lisp sunt Common Lisp \u015Fi Scheme."@ro ,
"\u041B\u0456\u0441\u043F (LISP) \u2014 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0437 \u043F\u0456\u0434\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043C\u043A\u043E\u044E \u043F\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0433\u043C \u0444\u0443\u043D\u043A\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0442\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F. \u0412\u0438\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0456\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044F \u0437\u0430\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0433\u043B\u044F\u0434\u0456 \u0441\u043F\u0438\u0441\u043A\u0456\u0432. \u041C\u043E\u0432\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u041B\u0456\u0441\u043F \u0431\u0443\u043B\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043E \u0432 \u043A\u0456\u043D\u0446\u0456 1950-\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u041C\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0447\u0443\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0422\u0435\u0445\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0406\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0456 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0434\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0435\u043C \u0448\u0442\u0443\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0456\u043D\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443. \u0410\u043B\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0443\u0436\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u043F\u0456\u0432, \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u041B\u0456\u0441\u043F \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043D\u0430 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044C\u043E\u0445 \u0456\u043D\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u044C."@uk ,
"Lisp \u00E9 uma fam\u00EDlia de linguagens de programa\u00E7\u00E3o concebida por John McCarthy em 958. Num c\u00E9lebre artigo, ele mostra que \u00E9 poss\u00EDvel usar exclusivamente fun\u00E7\u00F5es matem\u00E1ticas como estruturas de dados elementares . Durante os anos de 970 e 980, Lisp se tornou a principal linguagem da comunidade de intelig\u00EAncia artificial, tendo sido pioneiro em aplica\u00E7\u00F5es como administra\u00E7\u00E3o autom\u00E1tica de armazenamento, linguagens interpretadas e programa\u00E7\u00E3o funcional. O seu nome vem de LISt Processing (a lista \u00E9 a estrutura de dados fundamental desta linguagem). Tanto os dados como o programa s\u00E3o representados como listas, o que permite que a linguagem manipule o c\u00F3digo fonte como qualquer outro tipo de dados. Existem diversos dialetos de Lisp, sendo os mais conhecidos o Common Lisp e o Scheme."@pt ,
"Lisp est la plus ancienne famille de langages imp\u00E9ratifs et fonctionnels. D\u00E9velopp\u00E9 initialement en tant que mod\u00E8le pratique pour repr\u00E9senter des programmes (par contraste avec la notion th\u00E9orique de Machine de Turing), il est devenu dans les ann\u00E9es 970 et 80 le langage de choix pour la recherche en intelligence artificielle. Les langages Lisp sont aujourd'hui utilis\u00E9s dans de nombreux domaines, de la programmation Web \u00E0 la finance, et dans les cursus de formation en Informatique. Le terme Lisp a \u00E9t\u00E9 forg\u00E9 \u00E0 partir de l'anglais \u00AB list processing \u00BB. Tous les dialectes de Lisp partagent les m\u00EAmes op\u00E9rateurs de manipulation de listes cha\u00EEn\u00E9es simples. Lisp se distingue en outre par une syntaxe simple en notation pr\u00E9fix\u00E9e, son typage dynamique des donn\u00E9es, le support pour la programmation fonctionnelle, sa gestion automatique de la m\u00E9moire et la facult\u00E9 de manipuler le code source en tant que structure de donn\u00E9es. Les langages Lisp sont reconnaissables imm\u00E9diatement \u00E0 leur apparence. Le code source des programmes est \u00E9crit en utilisant la m\u00EAme syntaxe que celle des listes - la syntaxe parenth\u00E9s\u00E9e des s-expressions. Chaque sous-expression d'un programme (ou structure de donn\u00E9es) est d\u00E9limit\u00E9e par des parenth\u00E8ses. Cela simplifie grandement l'analyse syntaxique des programmes Lisp et rend simple la m\u00E9taprogrammation -- la cr\u00E9ation de programmes qui cr\u00E9ent d'autres programmes. Si l'on excepte le langage machine et le langage d'assemblage (ou plus commun\u00E9ment \u00AB assembleur \u00BB), Lisp est le deuxi\u00E8me langage le plus ancien parmi les langages qui se sont largement diffus\u00E9s. Lisp a beaucoup \u00E9volu\u00E9 depuis le d\u00E9but des ann\u00E9es 960 et a ainsi donn\u00E9 naissance \u00E0 de nombreux dialectes."@fr ,
"LISP (forkortelse for List Processing) er en familie av programmeringsspr\u00E5k. Den f\u00F8rste utgaven stammer fra John McCarthys arbeid ved MIT og ble utviklet i 1958. LISP har mye til felles med Lambda kalkulus. Historisk sett har LISP stort sett v\u00E6rt brukt innenfor forskning og det akademiske, og da spesielt til forskning p\u00E5 kunstig intelligens, som John McCarthy f\u00F8rst og fremst hadde i tankene da han fant det opp. Det er en rekke forskjellige LISP-dialekter, men \u00ABhovedgrenene\u00BB er Scheme og Common Lisp. Scheme er en veldig enkel og \u00ABren\u00BB LISP-dialekt, der regelf\u00F8lgende syntaks med kun det mest n\u00F8dvendige av datatyper og funksjoner er tilgjengelig. Dette gj\u00F8r det ideelt til oppl\u00E6ring i programmering og fundamentale programmeringskonsepter. Common Lisp er en mer kompleks LISP-dialekt, med et mye bredere utvalg av datatyper og funksjoner, og har ogs\u00E5 et objektorienteringssystem, samt et makrosystem som gj\u00F8r det mulig \u00E5 skrive kode som, ved hjelp av \u00E5 bruke Lisp selv, kan generere annen kode. Lisp har vist seg \u00E5 v\u00E6re et meget effektivt spr\u00E5k ogs\u00E5 til andre ting enn det akademiske og forskningsrelaterte som det ofte blir forbundet med. Spesielt Common Lisp har hatt en stor \u00F8kning i antall brukere de siste 10 \u00E5rene, noe som tyder p\u00E5 at folk har begynt \u00E5 f\u00E5 opp \u00F8ynene for Lisp som et anvendelig programmeringsspr\u00E5k til mer vanlige bruksomr\u00E5der."@no ,
"Lisp on usean l\u00E4hestymistavan refleksiivinen ohjelmointikieli. Nimi Lisp tulee englannin kielen sanoista \u201DList Processing\u201D. Linkitetyt listat ovat Lispin p\u00E4\u00E4asiallisia datarakenteita, ja identtiset perustason listaoperaatiot toimivat kaikissa Lispin murteissa. Muita yleisi\u00E4 ominaisuuksia Lispin murteissa ovat vahvat dynaamisen tyypit, tuki funktionaaliselle ohjelmoinnille ja kyky muokata l\u00E4hdekoodia datana. T\u00E4ll\u00E4 hetkell\u00E4 kaksi yleisint\u00E4 Lisp-murretta ovat Scheme ja Common Lisp. Lispist\u00E4 puhuttaessa tarkoitetaan yleens\u00E4 j\u00E4lkimm\u00E4ist\u00E4. Vaikka moni nykyisin suosittu kieli on alun perin ottanut vaikutteita Lispist\u00E4 (ehtorakenteet, silmukat, roskienkeruu jne. ), Lisp on t\u00E4ysin erilainen verrattuna esimerkiksi C#-kieleen. Lispiss\u00E4 ei tehd\u00E4 eroa sis\u00E4\u00E4nrakennetun ja ohjelmoijan tekem\u00E4n funktion v\u00E4lille, joten Lisp on helposti laajennettavissa. T\u00E4m\u00E4 mahdollistaa sen, ett\u00E4 Lispill\u00E4 on eritt\u00E4in helppo tehd\u00E4 sis\u00E4kk\u00E4isi\u00E4 ohjelmointikieli\u00E4, mist\u00E4 Common Lispin loop-makro on hyv\u00E4 esimerkki. Useimmiten Lisp-ohjelmoija kirjoittaa kielen sopimaan kulloiseenkin ohjelmointiteht\u00E4v\u00E4\u00E4n sen sijaan ett\u00E4 jakaisi ohjelman ratkaiseman ongelman jatkuvasti pienempiin osiin kunnes se on tarpeeksi pieni kielell\u00E4 ratkaistavaksi. T\u00E4t\u00E4 kutsutaan alhaalta yl\u00F6s -ohjelmointitekniikaksi, jossa kieli sovitetaan ohjelmaan."@fi ,
"Lisp, kullan\u0131mda olan en eski ve en g\u00FC\u00E7l\u00FC programlama dillerinden biridir. John McCarthy'in 1958'de icad etti\u011Fi dilden t\u00FCretilmi\u015F bir\u00E7ok dile verilen genel ad olmakla birlikte, g\u00FCn\u00FCm\u00FCzde \u00E7o\u011Funlukla ANSI Common Lisp'in k\u0131sa ad\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Di\u011Fer yayg\u0131n leh\u00E7eleri Emacs Lisp (elisp), Scheme, ve AutoCAD'in Autolisp'idir. Lisp leh\u00E7esi Scheme, MIT'de lisans \u00F6\u011Frencilerine ilk programlama dersi olarak \u00F6\u011Fretilmektedir. Bu derste Bilgisayar Programlar\u0131n\u0131n Yap\u0131s\u0131 ve Yorumlanmas\u0131 (Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs) kitab\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Dersin ba\u015F\u0131nda \u00F6\u011Frencilere geometri ile co\u011Frafya aras\u0131nda nas\u0131l bir ili\u015Fki varsa, programlama ile bilgisayar aras\u0131nda da b\u00F6yle bir ili\u015Fki oldu\u011Fu anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r."@tr ,
"Lisp \u2013 rodzina j\u0119zyk\u00F3w programowania z d\u0142ug\u0105 histori\u0105 i charakterystyczn\u0105 sk\u0142adni\u0105. Po raz pierwszy okre\u015Blony w 958 roku, Lisp jest drugim z kolei pod wzgl\u0119dem wieku j\u0119zykiem programowania wysokiego poziomu pozostaj\u0105cym w u\u017Cyciu (starszy jest tylko Fortran). Podobnie jak Fortran, Lisp wiele si\u0119 zmieni\u0142 w por\u00F3wnaniu ze swoimi pocz\u0105tkami. W historii istnia\u0142o wiele dialekt\u00F3w Lispu; dzi\u015B do najpopularniejszych nale\u017C\u0105 dwa - Common Lisp i Scheme. Lisp powsta\u0142 jako wygodna matematyczna notacja dla program\u00F3w komputerowych, oparta na rachunku lambda stworzonym przez Alonzo Churcha. Szybko zosta\u0142 najch\u0119tniej wybieranym j\u0119zykiem do badania i rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji. Poniewa\u017C nale\u017Cy do najstarszych j\u0119zyk\u00F3w programowania wysokiego poziomu, wywodzi si\u0119 z niego wiele technik programistycznych, takich jak struktury drzewiaste, garbage collection, dynamiczne typowanie, czy nowe koncepcje w programowaniu obiektowym. Nazwa Lisp pochodzi od List Processing Language. Podstawow\u0105 struktur\u0105 danych w Lispie jest lista; kod \u017Ar\u00F3d\u0142owy program\u00F3w w Lispie sk\u0142ada si\u0119 z list. W wyniku tego programy w Lispie mog\u0105 manipulowa\u0107 kodem \u017Ar\u00F3d\u0142owym jak zwyk\u0142\u0105 struktur\u0105 danych. Umo\u017Cliwia to pisanie makr, pozwalaj\u0105cych programi\u015Bcie tworzy\u0107 now\u0105 sk\u0142adni\u0119 lub nawet ma\u0142e zagnie\u017Cd\u017Cone w Lispie j\u0119zyki. Kod tworzony jako struktura danych sprawia, \u017Ce Lisp ma charakterystyczn\u0105 sk\u0142adni\u0119. Ca\u0142y kod \u017Ar\u00F3d\u0142owy ma posta\u0107 tzw. S-wyra\u017Ce\u0144 (S-expressions), czyli list otoczonych nawiasami. Wywo\u0142anie funkcji, makra lub formy specjalnej ma posta\u0107 listy, kt\u00F3rej pierwszym elementem jest nazwa funkcji, a nast\u0119pnymi elementami \u2013 jej argumenty. Na przyk\u0142ad funkcj\u0119 o nazwie f z argumentami a, b i c wywo\u0142uje si\u0119 za pomoc\u0105 kodu (f a b c)."@pl ,
"\u041B\u0438\u0441\u043F \u00A0\u2014 \u0441\u0435\u043C\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u043E\u0432 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043C\u043C\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043C\u043C\u044B \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043B\u0438\u043D\u0435\u0439\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u043F\u0438\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043C\u0432\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432. \u041B\u0438\u0441\u043F \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u043C \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u044B\u0441\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0443\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0435\u0432\u044B\u043C \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u043E\u043C \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043C\u043C\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043F\u043E \u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043D\u044C. \u0421\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043E \u00ABlisp\u00BB \u0438\u043C\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u00AB\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043B\u0435\u043F\u0435\u0442\u00BB, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u043D\u0435 \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043D\u043E, \u0442\u0430\u043A \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0430, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430\u044F \u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F \u041B\u0438\u0441\u043F\u0430 \u0414\u0436\u043E\u043D\u0430 \u041C\u0430\u043A\u043A\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u043D\u044B\u043C \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u043C \u0441\u0432\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438: \u041C\u0430\u043A\u043A\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043B\u0441\u044F \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u0432 \u043E\u0431\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u043B\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0438\u043C \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A \u043F\u043E \u0441\u0438\u044E \u043F\u043E\u0440\u0443 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0438\u0437 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043B\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0430\u0441\u043F\u0435\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u0418\u0418. \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u041B\u0438\u0441\u043F \u0438\u043C\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0443\u044E \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0443 \u0442\u0438\u043F\u043E\u0432. \u042F\u0437\u044B\u043A \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0444\u0443\u043D\u043A\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u043C, \u043D\u043E \u043C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0437\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043E\u0431\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043A \u0442\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0436\u0435, \u0438\u043C\u0435\u044F \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u043E\u0446\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043C\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u043A\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432\u043E\u0437\u043C\u043E\u0436\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C \u043E\u0431\u044A\u0435\u043A\u0442\u043D\u043E-\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C, \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0440\u043E\u043C \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430 CLOS. \u042F\u0437\u044B\u043A \u041B\u0438\u0441\u043F, \u043D\u0430\u0440\u044F\u0434\u0443 \u0441 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u043E\u043C Ada, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043B \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0444\u0443\u043D\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0434\u0435\u043B\u0435 \u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043C\u044B\u0448\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u044F\u0432\u0438\u043B\u0441\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 Common Lisp. \u0415\u0433\u043E \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044E\u0442 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C. \u0421 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0441\u043F\u0438\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043C\u043E\u0436\u043D\u043E \u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0438\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044C: Common Lisp Implementation. \u041E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0432\u044B\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u0430 Lisp \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043A\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0438\u043C\u0432\u043E\u043B\u0430 \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0443\u0437\u043B\u0430 \u043C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043E\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043C\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438; \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u043C \u043A\u043E\u043E\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0442\u044B, \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0443\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043D\u044B \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043A \u043D\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043C\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043C\u0432\u043E\u043B\u0430. \u041E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0442\u044B: \u0438\u043C\u044F \u0441\u0438\u043C\u0432\u043E\u043B\u0430 (\u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0410\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0432\u043E \u0410=\u0410 \u0438\u0437 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0432\u044B\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043B\u044F\u043C\u0431\u0434\u0430-\u0438\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435), \u0444\u0443\u043D\u043A\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0442, \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0442-\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u044F\u0435\u043C\u044B\u0439 \u0441\u043F\u0438\u0441\u043E\u043A \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432 (\u043C\u043E\u0436\u043D\u043E \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0443\u044E \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0443 \u0443\u0434\u043E\u0431\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0441\u043F\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u043E\u043C). \u041B\u0438\u0441\u043F \u0438\u043C\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u043F\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044E \u0442. \u00A0\u043D. \u041B\u0438\u0441\u043F-\u043C\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043D\u0430."@ru ,
"LISP\uFF08\u5168\u540DLISt Processor\uFF0C\u5373\u5217\u8868\u5904\u7406\u8BED\u8A00\uFF09\uFF0C\u7531\u7EA6\u7FF0\u00B7\u9EA6\u5361\u9521\u57281960\u5E74\u5DE6\u53F3\u521B\u9020\u7684\u4E00\u79CD\u57FA\u4E8E\u03BB\u6F14\u7B97\u7684\u51FD\u6570\u5F0F\u7F16\u7A0B\u8BED\u8A00\u3002 LISP\u6709\u5F88\u591A\u79CD\u65B9\u8A00\uFF0C\u5404\u4E2A\u5B9E\u73B0\u4E2D\u7684\u8BED\u8A00\u4E0D\u5B8C\u5168\u4E00\u6837\u30021980\u5E74\u4EE3Guy L. Steele\u7F16\u5199\u4E86Common Lisp\u8BD5\u56FE\u8FDB\u884C\u6807\u51C6\u5316\uFF0C\u8FD9\u4E2A\u6807\u51C6\u88AB\u5927\u591A\u6570\u89E3\u91CA\u5668\u548C\u7F16\u8BD1\u5668\u6240\u63A5\u53D7\u3002\u5728Unix/Linux\u7CFB\u7EDF\u4E2D\uFF0C\u8FD8\u6709\u4E00\u79CD\u548CEmacs\u4E00\u8D77\u7684Emacs Lisp\uFF08\u800CEmacs\u6B63\u662F\u7528Lisp\u7F16\u5199\u7684\uFF09\u975E\u5E38\u6D41\u884C\uFF0C\u5E76\u5EFA\u7ACB\u4E86\u81EA\u5DF1\u7684\u6807\u51C6\u3002 LISP\u8BED\u8A00\u7684\u4E3B\u8981\u73B0\u4EE3\u7248\u672C\u5305\u62ECCommon Lisp\u548CScheme\u3002"@zh ,
"Lisp (or LISP) is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized syntax. Originally specified in 958, Lisp is the second-oldest high-level programming language in widespread use today; only Fortran is older. Like Fortran, Lisp has changed a great deal since its early days, and a number of dialects have existed over its history. Today, the most widely known general-purpose Lisp dialects are Common Lisp and Scheme. Lisp was originally created as a practical mathematical notation for computer programs, based on Alonzo Church's lambda calculus. It quickly became the favored programming language for artificial intelligence (AI) research. As one of the earliest programming languages, Lisp pioneered many ideas in computer science, including tree data structures, automatic storage management, dynamic typing, and the self-hosting compiler. The name LISP derives from \"LISt Processing\". Linked lists are one of Lisp languages' major data structures, and Lisp source code is itself made up of lists. As a result, Lisp programs can manipulate source code as a data structure, giving rise to the macro systems that allow programmers to create new syntax or even new domain-specific programming languages embedded in Lisp. The interchangeability of code and data also gives Lisp its instantly recognizable syntax. All program code is written as s-expressions, or parenthesized lists. A function call or syntactic form is written as a list with the function or operator's name first, and the arguments following; for instance, a function f that takes three arguments might be called using (f x y z)."@en ,
"Lisp (o LISP) \u00E9s un dels grans pioners dels llenguatges de programaci\u00F3, creador del paradigma funcional. Originalment especificat l'any 1958 per John McCarthy, \u00E9s el segon llenguatge m\u00E9s antic dels que encara s'utilitzen avui en dia (\u00E9s superat pel Fortran). I, com aquest, Lisp ha canviat molt des dels seus inicis, i un gran nombre de dialectes li han aparegut. Per\u00F2, avui en dia, els seus dialectes m\u00E9s coneguts s\u00F3n el Common Lisp i el Scheme. Inicialment, Lisp va ser creat buscant una notaci\u00F3 matem\u00E0tica suficientment pr\u00E0ctica pels ordinadors, basant-se en els c\u00E0lculs lambda d'Alonzo Church. Tot i que r\u00E0pidament va acabar convertint-se en el llenguatge preferit per treballar amb intel\u00B7lig\u00E8ncies artificials. Essent un dels primers llenguatges, Lisp tamb\u00E9 va introduir nous conceptes al m\u00F3n de la programaci\u00F3. Entre ells trobem les estructures en forma d'arbre i els tipus din\u00E0mics. El mot Lisp deriva de les paraules angleses List Processing, ja que les llistes enlla\u00E7ades s\u00F3n l'estructura m\u00E9s usada pel llenguatge. S\u00F3n tan usades que el codi font \u00E9s fet per llistes, podent aix\u00ED des d'un programa manipular-lo com si fos una estructura m\u00E9s. A m\u00E9s, la seva sintaxi \u00E9s molt caracter\u00EDstica i f\u00E0cil de recon\u00E8ixer, car Lisp \u00E9s un llenguatge que clarament abusa de l'\u00FAs dels par\u00E8ntesis. Tot el codi del programa \u00E9s escrit com a llistes o expressions parentitzades. Per exemple, una crida a funci\u00F3 ser\u00E0 de l'estil (f x y), on f \u00E9s el nom de la rutina, i la resta s\u00F3n els par\u00E0metres."@ca ,
"El Lisp (o LISP) es una familia de lenguajes de programaci\u00F3n de computadora de tipo funcional con una larga historia y una sintaxis completamente entre par\u00E9ntesis. Especificado originalmente en 1958 por John McCarthy y sus colaboradores en el MIT, el Lisp es el segundo m\u00E1s viejo lenguaje de programaci\u00F3n de alto nivel de extenso uso hoy en d\u00EDa; solamente el FORTRAN es m\u00E1s viejo. Al igual que el FORTRAN, el Lisp ha cambiado mucho desde sus comienzos, y han existido un n\u00FAmero de dialectos en su historia. Hoy, los dialectos Lisp de prop\u00F3sito general m\u00E1s ampliamente conocidos son el Common Lisp y el Scheme. El Lisp fue creado originalmente como una notaci\u00F3n matem\u00E1tica pr\u00E1ctica para los programas de computadora, basada en el c\u00E1lculo lambda de Alonzo Church. Se convirti\u00F3 r\u00E1pidamente en el lenguaje de programaci\u00F3n favorecido en la investigaci\u00F3n de la inteligencia artificial (AI). Como uno de los primeros lenguajes de programaci\u00F3n, el Lisp fue pionero en muchas ideas en ciencias de la computaci\u00F3n, incluyendo las estructuras de datos de \u00E1rbol, el manejo de almacenamiento autom\u00E1tico, tipos din\u00E1micos, y el compilador auto contenido. El nombre LISP deriva del \"LISt Processing\" (Proceso de LIStas). Las listas encadenadas son una de las estructuras de datos importantes del Lisp, y el c\u00F3digo fuente del Lisp en s\u00ED mismo est\u00E1 compuesto de listas. Como resultado, los programas de Lisp pueden manipular el c\u00F3digo fuente como una estructura de datos, dando lugar a los macro sistemas que permiten a los programadores crar una nueva sintaxis de lenguajes de programaci\u00F3n de dominio espec\u00EDfico empotrados en el Lisp. La intercambiabilidad del c\u00F3digo y los datos tambi\u00E9n da a Lisp su instant\u00E1neamente reconocible sintaxis. Todo el c\u00F3digo del programa es escrito como expresiones S, o listas entre par\u00E9ntesis. Una llamada de funci\u00F3n o una forma sint\u00E1ctica es escrita como una lista, con la funci\u00F3n o el nombre del operador en primer lugar, y los argumentos a continuaci\u00F3n; por ejemplo, una funci\u00F3n f que toma tres argumentos puede ser llamada usando (f x y z)."@es ,
"Lisp, f\u00F6rkortning av \"LISt Processing\", \u00E4r ett funktionellt programspr\u00E5k skapat av John McCarthy 1958. Det \u00E4r det n\u00E4st \u00E4ldsta programspr\u00E5ket fortfarande i allm\u00E4nt bruk, bara Fortran \u00E4r \u00E4ldre. Liksom Fortran har det \u00E4ndrats mycket sedan den f\u00F6rsta versionen. P\u00E5 grund av de m\u00E5nga varianter och dialekter av Lisp som skapats sedan dess, \u00E4r det kanske riktigare att s\u00E4ga att Lisp inte \u00E4r ett spr\u00E5k, utan en grupp av besl\u00E4ktade spr\u00E5k. K\u00E4nda dialekter \u00E4r Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, AutoLISP och Scheme."@sv ,
"Lisp (List Processor) \u00E8 una famiglia di linguaggi di programmazione con implementazioni sia compilate che interpretate, spesso usato nei progetti di intelligenza artificiale. \u00C8 stato ideato nel 1958 da John McCarthy come linguaggio formale, per studiare le equazioni di ricorsione in un modello computazionale. \u00C8 un linguaggio di programmazione che si basa sul concetto di programma come funzione. Il primo software libero (free software) con un core LISP \u00E8 stato emacs, diffuso editor di testo per terminale progettato negli anni 80 da Richard Stallman sulle LISP machine dell'epoca e portato successivamente su tutti i sistemi operativi. Commercialmente, la diffusione pi\u00F9 rilevante del linguaggio \u00E8 avvenuta con la sua integrazione in programmi di uso comune, come nel CAD Autocad o come nel publisher Interleaf, che utilizza una versione personalizzata di Lisp e strettamente integrata con le funzioni di programmazione dell'ambiente grafico. La Symbolics Technology Inc. ha realizzato negli anni '80 delle workstation e server con sistema operativo multitasking e orientato agli oggetti con una potentissima interfaccia grafica di programmazione simbolica, tutto interamente programmato in LISP anche il microcodice del processore LISP: foto. Le prime LISPM (LISP Machine) erano state implementate al MIT. Anche la Xerox produsse delle macchine LISPM (Dandylion, Dandytiger) come pure la Texas Instrument (TI Explorer). Questi progetti dimostrano le enormi possibilit\u00E0 di questo linguaggio, talvolta erroneamente considerato solo accademico. Complessi software LISP restano ancora in servizio presso enti governativi, militari, aerospaziali, compagnie aeree, compagnie petrolifere, ecc. per complessi giochi di simulazione e valutazione di strategie operative, dimostrando che i progetti scritti in LISP di Intelligenza Artificiale mediante linguaggio simbolico sono validi e tutt'ora non eguagliati da altri linguaggi. Data la grande versatilit\u00E0 del linguaggio e quindi la facilit\u00E0 di estensione e personalizzazione da parte del programmatore, sono fioriti molti dialetti di LISP, tra cui, il pi\u00F9 diffuso, e quello a cui solitamente ci si riferisce parlando di LISP, \u00E8 il Common LISP. Altri sono lo Scheme e l'Arc."@it ,
"Lisp ist eine Familie von Programmiersprachen, die 1958 erstmals spezifiziert wurde und am Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Anlehnung an den Lambda-Kalk\u00FCl entstand. Es ist nach Fortran die zweit\u00E4lteste Programmiersprache, die noch verbreitet ist. Auf Basis von Lisp entstanden zahlreiche Dialekte. Zu den bekanntesten z\u00E4hlen Common Lisp und Scheme. Daher bezieht sich der Begriff Lisp oft auf die Sprachfamilie und nicht auf einen konkreten Dialekt oder eine konkrete Implementierung."@de ,
"Lisp je funkcion\u00E1ln\u00ED programovac\u00ED jazyk s dlouhou histori\u00ED. Jeho n\u00E1zev je zkratka pro List processing (zpracov\u00E1n\u00ED seznam\u016F). St\u00E1le se pou\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1 v oboru um\u011Bl\u00E1 inteligence. Pou\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1 ho tak\u00E9 nap\u0159\u00EDklad textov\u00FD editor Emacs \u010Di konstruk\u010Dn\u00ED program AutoCAD. Z Lispu jsou odvozeny i dal\u0161\u00ED jazyky - nap\u0159\u00EDklad Tcl, Smalltalk nebo Scheme. Tv\u016Frce jazyka je John McCarthy."@cs ,
"De programmeertaal Lisp is een functionele programmeertaal. Lisp is in 1958 ontworpen aan het MIT door John McCarthy. Lisp is de op een na oudste hogere programmeertaal die nog steeds in gebruik is. Alleen Fortran is een paar jaar ouder. Net als Fortran is Lisp over de jaren sterk veranderd. Van Lisp zijn diverse talen of dialecten afgeleid, zoals Scheme, Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp en AutoLISP. Hierdoor kan Lisp worden beschouwd als een familie van programmeertalen. Daarnaast zijn er veel functionele programmeertalen gekomen die niet op Lisp gebaseerd zijn, zoals OCaml, Haskell en F. Lisp was oorspronkelijk ontworpen als een praktische wiskundige notatie gebaseerd op Alonzo Church' Lambda calculus. De naam Lisp staat voor LISt Processing. Lisp-programma's bestaan inderdaad grotendeels uit bewerkingen op lijsten en zijn zelf ook bewerkbare lijsten. Het bekendste toepassingsgebied voor Lisp als programmeertaal voor zelfstandige programma's is de kunstmatige intelligentie (AI). Daarnaast heeft de taal populariteit gekregen als scripttaal voor bepaalde applicaties bijvoorbeeld Emacs Lisp voor Emacs (een editor) en AutoLISP voor AutoCAD (een CAD/CAM-programma). Lisp is feitelijk een multiparadigma-programmeertaal: naast zuiver functioneel programmeren ondersteunt het door zijn toewijzingsprimitieven ook imperatief programmeren, en er zijn verscheidene bibliotheken voor objectgeorienteerd programmeren, zoals het Common Lisp Object System (CLOS), een standaard onderdeel van Common Lisp. Lisp lijkt echter altijd belangrijker gebleven als taal in het programmeeronderwijs (vooral dat aan het MIT en Stanford, waar de auteur doceerde) dan als programmeertaal in de praktijk. Een hele programmeer-subcultuur is rond de taal ontstaan, die programmeren in Lisp verbindt met Zen en verlichting, en terug te vinden is in het werk van publicisten als Richard Stallman, Paul Graham, Douglas Hofstadter en Eric Raymond. Van de laatste een illustratief citaat: Er is een andere reden om LISP te leren: het gevoel van diepgaande verlichting als je het eindelijk snapt. Deze ervaring zal je de rest van je leven een betere programmeur maken, ook als je LISP zelf nauwelijks gebruikt."@nl ;
rdfs:comment "Lisp ist eine Familie von Programmiersprachen, die 1958 erstmals spezifiziert wurde und am Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Anlehnung an den Lambda-Kalk\u00FCl entstand. Es ist nach Fortran die zweit\u00E4lteste Programmiersprache, die noch verbreitet ist. Auf Basis von Lisp entstanden zahlreiche Dialekte. Zu den bekanntesten z\u00E4hlen Common Lisp und Scheme."@de ,
"\u041B\u0438\u0441\u043F \u00A0\u2014 \u0441\u0435\u043C\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u043E\u0432 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043C\u043C\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043C\u043C\u044B \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043B\u0438\u043D\u0435\u0439\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u043F\u0438\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043C\u0432\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432. \u041B\u0438\u0441\u043F \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u043C \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u044B\u0441\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0443\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0435\u0432\u044B\u043C \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u043E\u043C \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043C\u043C\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043F\u043E \u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043D\u044C."@ru ,
"Lisp (List Processor) \u00E8 una famiglia di linguaggi di programmazione con implementazioni sia compilate che interpretate, spesso usato nei progetti di intelligenza artificiale. \u00C8 stato ideato nel 1958 da John McCarthy come linguaggio formale, per studiare le equazioni di ricorsione in un modello computazionale. \u00C8 un linguaggio di programmazione che si basa sul concetto di programma come funzione."@it ,
"Lisp \u00E9 uma fam\u00EDlia de linguagens de programa\u00E7\u00E3o concebida por John McCarthy em 958. Num c\u00E9lebre artigo, ele mostra que \u00E9 poss\u00EDvel usar exclusivamente fun\u00E7\u00F5es matem\u00E1ticas como estruturas de dados elementares . Durante os anos de 970 e 980, Lisp se tornou a principal linguagem da comunidade de intelig\u00EAncia artificial, tendo sido pioneiro em aplica\u00E7\u00F5es como administra\u00E7\u00E3o autom\u00E1tica de armazenamento, linguagens interpretadas e programa\u00E7\u00E3o funcional."@pt ,
"LISP\uFF08\u5168\u540DLISt Processor\uFF0C\u5373\u5217\u8868\u5904\u7406\u8BED\u8A00\uFF09\uFF0C\u7531\u7EA6\u7FF0\u00B7\u9EA6\u5361\u9521\u57281960\u5E74\u5DE6\u53F3\u521B\u9020\u7684\u4E00\u79CD\u57FA\u4E8E\u03BB\u6F14\u7B97\u7684\u51FD\u6570\u5F0F\u7F16\u7A0B\u8BED\u8A00\u3002 LISP\u6709\u5F88\u591A\u79CD\u65B9\u8A00\uFF0C\u5404\u4E2A\u5B9E\u73B0\u4E2D\u7684\u8BED\u8A00\u4E0D\u5B8C\u5168\u4E00\u6837\u30021980\u5E74\u4EE3Guy L."@zh ,
"Lisp je funkcion\u00E1ln\u00ED programovac\u00ED jazyk s dlouhou histori\u00ED. Jeho n\u00E1zev je zkratka pro List processing (zpracov\u00E1n\u00ED seznam\u016F). St\u00E1le se pou\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1 v oboru um\u011Bl\u00E1 inteligence. Pou\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1 ho tak\u00E9 nap\u0159\u00EDklad textov\u00FD editor Emacs \u010Di konstruk\u010Dn\u00ED program AutoCAD. Z Lispu jsou odvozeny i dal\u0161\u00ED jazyky - nap\u0159\u00EDklad Tcl, Smalltalk nebo Scheme. Tv\u016Frce jazyka je John McCarthy."@cs ,
"Lisp on usean l\u00E4hestymistavan refleksiivinen ohjelmointikieli. Nimi Lisp tulee englannin kielen sanoista \u201DList Processing\u201D. Linkitetyt listat ovat Lispin p\u00E4\u00E4asiallisia datarakenteita, ja identtiset perustason listaoperaatiot toimivat kaikissa Lispin murteissa. Muita yleisi\u00E4 ominaisuuksia Lispin murteissa ovat vahvat dynaamisen tyypit, tuki funktionaaliselle ohjelmoinnille ja kyky muokata l\u00E4hdekoodia datana. T\u00E4ll\u00E4 hetkell\u00E4 kaksi yleisint\u00E4 Lisp-murretta ovat Scheme ja Common Lisp."@fi ,
""@ja ,
"Lisp (or LISP) is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized syntax. Originally specified in 958, Lisp is the second-oldest high-level programming language in widespread use today; only Fortran is older. Like Fortran, Lisp has changed a great deal since its early days, and a number of dialects have existed over its history. Today, the most widely known general-purpose Lisp dialects are Common Lisp and Scheme."@en ,
"Lisp est la plus ancienne famille de langages imp\u00E9ratifs et fonctionnels. D\u00E9velopp\u00E9 initialement en tant que mod\u00E8le pratique pour repr\u00E9senter des programmes (par contraste avec la notion th\u00E9orique de Machine de Turing), il est devenu dans les ann\u00E9es 970 et 80 le langage de choix pour la recherche en intelligence artificielle. Les langages Lisp sont aujourd'hui utilis\u00E9s dans de nombreux domaines, de la programmation Web \u00E0 la finance, et dans les cursus de formation en Informatique."@fr ,
"Lisp, kullan\u0131mda olan en eski ve en g\u00FC\u00E7l\u00FC programlama dillerinden biridir. John McCarthy'in 1958'de icad etti\u011Fi dilden t\u00FCretilmi\u015F bir\u00E7ok dile verilen genel ad olmakla birlikte, g\u00FCn\u00FCm\u00FCzde \u00E7o\u011Funlukla ANSI Common Lisp'in k\u0131sa ad\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Di\u011Fer yayg\u0131n leh\u00E7eleri Emacs Lisp (elisp), Scheme, ve AutoCAD'in Autolisp'idir. Lisp leh\u00E7esi Scheme, MIT'de lisans \u00F6\u011Frencilerine ilk programlama dersi olarak \u00F6\u011Fretilmektedir."@tr ,
"Lisp (o LISP) \u00E9s un dels grans pioners dels llenguatges de programaci\u00F3, creador del paradigma funcional. Originalment especificat l'any 1958 per John McCarthy, \u00E9s el segon llenguatge m\u00E9s antic dels que encara s'utilitzen avui en dia (\u00E9s superat pel Fortran). I, com aquest, Lisp ha canviat molt des dels seus inicis, i un gran nombre de dialectes li han aparegut. Per\u00F2, avui en dia, els seus dialectes m\u00E9s coneguts s\u00F3n el Common Lisp i el Scheme."@ca ,
"LISP este un limbaj de programare func\u0163ional cu un lung istoric. Conceput ini\u0163ial ca un model de calcul (asem\u0103n\u0103tor celui construit de Turing), a devenit limbajul cel mai folosit la crearea aplica\u0163iilor de inteligen\u0163\u0103 artificial\u0103 \u00EEn anii de glorie ai acestui domeniu (1970-1980). Denumirea provine de la \"LISt Processing\". Specificat ini\u0163ial \u00EEn 1958, Lisp este cel de-al doilea ca vechime limbaj de programare de nivel \u00EEnalt; doar Fortran este mai vechi."@ro ,
"A Lisp programoz\u00E1si nyelv (helyesebben nyelvcsal\u00E1d) hossz\u00FA t\u00F6rt\u00E9netre tekint vissza. Eredetileg rekurz\u00EDv f\u00FCggv\u00E9nyek absztrakt \u00E1br\u00E1zol\u00E1s\u00E1ra tervezt\u00E9k, de hamarosan a mesters\u00E9ges intelligencia kutat\u00E1s el\u0151szeretettel alkalmazott nyelv\u00E9v\u00E9 v\u00E1lt, amikor a 70-es, 80-as \u00E9vekben ezen ter\u00FClet a vir\u00E1gkor\u00E1t \u00E9lte. Ma a Lisp nyelveket sz\u00E1mos ter\u00FCleten alkalmazz\u00E1k, \u00E9s k\u00F6zkedvelt a sz\u00E1m\u00EDt\u00E1selm\u00E9let oktat\u00E1s\u00E1ban is."@hu ,
"Lisp, f\u00F6rkortning av \"LISt Processing\", \u00E4r ett funktionellt programspr\u00E5k skapat av John McCarthy 1958. Det \u00E4r det n\u00E4st \u00E4ldsta programspr\u00E5ket fortfarande i allm\u00E4nt bruk, bara Fortran \u00E4r \u00E4ldre. Liksom Fortran har det \u00E4ndrats mycket sedan den f\u00F6rsta versionen. P\u00E5 grund av de m\u00E5nga varianter och dialekter av Lisp som skapats sedan dess, \u00E4r det kanske riktigare att s\u00E4ga att Lisp inte \u00E4r ett spr\u00E5k, utan en grupp av besl\u00E4ktade spr\u00E5k."@sv ,
"Lisp \u2013 rodzina j\u0119zyk\u00F3w programowania z d\u0142ug\u0105 histori\u0105 i charakterystyczn\u0105 sk\u0142adni\u0105. Po raz pierwszy okre\u015Blony w 958 roku, Lisp jest drugim z kolei pod wzgl\u0119dem wieku j\u0119zykiem programowania wysokiego poziomu pozostaj\u0105cym w u\u017Cyciu (starszy jest tylko Fortran). Podobnie jak Fortran, Lisp wiele si\u0119 zmieni\u0142 w por\u00F3wnaniu ze swoimi pocz\u0105tkami. W historii istnia\u0142o wiele dialekt\u00F3w Lispu; dzi\u015B do najpopularniejszych nale\u017C\u0105 dwa - Common Lisp i Scheme."@pl ,
"De programmeertaal Lisp is een functionele programmeertaal. Lisp is in 1958 ontworpen aan het MIT door John McCarthy. Lisp is de op een na oudste hogere programmeertaal die nog steeds in gebruik is. Alleen Fortran is een paar jaar ouder. Net als Fortran is Lisp over de jaren sterk veranderd. Van Lisp zijn diverse talen of dialecten afgeleid, zoals Scheme, Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp en AutoLISP. Hierdoor kan Lisp worden beschouwd als een familie van programmeertalen."@nl ,
"El Lisp (o LISP) es una familia de lenguajes de programaci\u00F3n de computadora de tipo funcional con una larga historia y una sintaxis completamente entre par\u00E9ntesis. Especificado originalmente en 1958 por John McCarthy y sus colaboradores en el MIT, el Lisp es el segundo m\u00E1s viejo lenguaje de programaci\u00F3n de alto nivel de extenso uso hoy en d\u00EDa; solamente el FORTRAN es m\u00E1s viejo."@es ,
"LISP (forkortelse for List Processing) er en familie av programmeringsspr\u00E5k. Den f\u00F8rste utgaven stammer fra John McCarthys arbeid ved MIT og ble utviklet i 1958. LISP har mye til felles med Lambda kalkulus. Historisk sett har LISP stort sett v\u00E6rt brukt innenfor forskning og det akademiske, og da spesielt til forskning p\u00E5 kunstig intelligens, som John McCarthy f\u00F8rst og fremst hadde i tankene da han fant det opp."@no ,
"\u041B\u0456\u0441\u043F (LISP) \u2014 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0437 \u043F\u0456\u0434\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043C\u043A\u043E\u044E \u043F\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0433\u043C \u0444\u0443\u043D\u043A\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0442\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F. \u0412\u0438\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0456\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044F \u0437\u0430\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0433\u043B\u044F\u0434\u0456 \u0441\u043F\u0438\u0441\u043A\u0456\u0432."@uk .
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