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Conn studeerde in 1932 cum laude af en richtte zich eerst op een assistentschap chirurgie om later over te stappen op de interne geneeskunde. Hij werkte onder Louis H. Newburg op de Division of Clinical Research aan de relatie tussen obesitas en niet-insulineafhankelijke diabetes mellitus. Hij ontdekte een terugkeer naar een normale koolhydraattolerantie na het bereiken van een normaal gewicht bij twintig van de een-en-twintig onderzochte personen. Conn werd in 1935 fellow en in 1938 assistent hoogleraar. Vanaf 1943 kreeg Conn de leiding over de Division of Endocrinology en deed hij onderzoek naar problemen die de militairen in de Stille Zuidzee hadden met het klimaat. Uit zijn onderzoek bleek bij toenemende warmte een duidelijk daling in de uitscheiding van natrium via zweet, urine en speeksel. Tijdens een lezing voor de Society of Clinical Research op 29 oktober 1954 presenteerde Conn een 34-jarige vrouw met sinds zeven jaar perioden van spierzwakte in de onderbenen, tot vrijwel verlamming, met episoden van spierspasmen en kramp in de handen. Bij onderzoek had Conn verhoogde aldosteronspiegels gevonden en noemde dit beeld daarom primair hyperaldosteronisme. Later werd dit beeld naar hem \u201Csyndroom van Conn\u201D genoemd. In totaal had Conn 284 artikelen en hoofdstukken in boeken op zijn naam staan. Zijn kliniek was jarenlang toonaangevend in het onderzoek naar hyperaldosteronisme. In 1968 werd hij benoemd tot L. H. Newburgh Distinguished University Professor; andere eerbetonen vielen hem ten deel. Hij was lid van twaalf landelijk opererende instituten. Conn werd ook vooral geprezen vanwege zijn manier waarop hij anderen stimuleerde om onderzoek te doen. 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